{"id":80630,"date":"2020-05-07T13:43:03","date_gmt":"2020-05-07T11:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato"},"modified":"2020-05-07T13:43:03","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T11:43:03","slug":"istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00edbeh o prvom paralyzovan\u00ed Internetu: prekliatie sign\u00e1lu \u201evy\u0165a\u017een\u00e9\u201c","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pr\u00edbeh
\nMnoh\u00ed z prv\u00fdch poskytovate\u013eov Internetu, najm\u00e4 AOL, neboli pripraven\u00ed pon\u00faknu\u0165 neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup v polovici 90. rokov. Tento stav pretrv\u00e1val, k\u00fdm sa neobjavil ne\u010dakan\u00fd naru\u0161ite\u013e pravidiel: AT&T.<\/i><\/p>\n

V poslednej dobe sa v s\u00favislosti s Internetom akt\u00edvne diskutuje o jeho \u201e\u00fazkych miestach\u201c. Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee to je celkom logick\u00e9, preto\u017ee v\u0161etci teraz sedia doma, sna\u017eiac sa pripoji\u0165 na Zoom<\/a><\/noindex> z 12-ro\u010dn\u00e9ho k\u00e1blov\u00e9ho modemu. Napriek viacer\u00fdm pochybnostiam zo strany \u00faradn\u00edkov a verejnosti, Internet sa celkom dobre dr\u017e\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> v podmienkach epid\u00e9mie COVID-19. Av\u0161ak skuto\u010dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom je pr\u00edstup. Vidiecke oblasti s\u00fa zn\u00e1me zl\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom k Internetu, pou\u017e\u00edvatelia musia \u010deli\u0165 n\u00edzkor\u00fdchlostn\u00e9mu DSL alebo satelitn\u00e9mu pr\u00edstupu<\/a><\/noindex> v d\u00f4sledku nedodr\u017eania legislat\u00edvy, ktor\u00e1 v\u010das nevyplnila t\u00fato medzeru. Ale dnes by som sa chcel vr\u00e1ti\u0165 trochu sp\u00e4\u0165 a prediskutova\u0165 obdobie, ke\u010f mal Internet probl\u00e9my zo strany poskytovate\u013eov. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa porozpr\u00e1vame o \u0165a\u017ekostiach, ktor\u00fdm \u010delil Internet, ke\u010f sa prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t \u0161iroko roz\u0161\u00edril pr\u00edstup cez dial-up. \u201ePokra\u010dujte v vyt\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed, sk\u00f4r \u010di nesk\u00f4r sa v\u00e1m podar\u00ed pripoji\u0165.\u201c
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n

\r\n \"Prehrajte\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nZamyslime sa nad touto reklamou: jeden \u010dlovek prich\u00e1dza domov k priate\u013eovi, aby zistil, \u010di je ochotn\u00fd \u00eds\u0165 na baseball, ale v skuto\u010dnosti prizn\u00e1va, \u017ee on s\u00e1m \u00eds\u0165 nem\u00f4\u017ee. Pre\u010do v\u00f4bec pri\u0161iel? T\u00e1to reklama je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na logickej chybe.<\/em><\/p>\n

De\u0148, ke\u010f AOL otvorila br\u00e1ny Internetu<\/h3>\n

\nSkuto\u010dn\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvatelia Internetu u\u017e dlho poci\u0165ovali podozrenie vo\u010di America Online kv\u00f4li modelu, ktor\u00fd vytvorila. Nebol to \u201eskuto\u010dn\u00fd\u201c Internet \u2014 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 nen\u00fatila pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 pripojenie na nie\u010dom ako Trumpet Winsock<\/a><\/noindex> alebo termin\u00e1l; poskytovala priate\u013esk\u00e9 rozhranie, na opl\u00e1tku \u010d\u00edm ponech\u00e1vala kontrolu nad sebou. Vzh\u013eadom na kult\u00faru technickej vynaliezavosti, ktor\u00e1 vytvorila Internet, bol tak\u00fdto model \u013eahk\u00fdm ter\u010dom.<\/p>\n

Po desiatich rokoch sa ve\u013ek\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne siete stan\u00fa ve\u013emi podobn\u00fdmi AOL, ale poskytovatelia bud\u00fa \u00faplne in\u00ed. A to je do ve\u013ekej miery sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 prelomov\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 AOL urobila 1. decembra 1996. V ten de\u0148 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pon\u00fakla neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k svojmu servisu za pevn\u00fa cenu.<\/p>\n

Predt\u00fdm spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pon\u00fakala r\u00f4zne tarify, z ktor\u00fdch najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161ou bola mo\u017enos\u0165 20 hod\u00edn mesa\u010dne a 3 dol\u00e1re za ka\u017ed\u00fa \u010fal\u0161iu hodinu.<\/p>\n

Mesiac pred zaveden\u00edm novej tarify AOL ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee po zaplaten\u00ed 19,99 dol\u00e1ra mesa\u010dne bud\u00fa m\u00f4c\u0165 \u013eudia zosta\u0165 online, ko\u013eko bud\u00fa chcie\u0165. Okrem toho spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vylep\u0161\u00ed technol\u00f3giu pr\u00edstupu, aby pou\u017e\u00edvatelia mohli pracova\u0165 cez be\u017en\u00fd webov\u00fd prehliada\u010d, a nie prostredn\u00edctvom zabudovan\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho prehliada\u010da slu\u017eby. Ako vtedy poznamenal<\/a><\/noindex> st\u013ap\u010dek\u00e1r Chicago Tribune<\/em> James Coates, t\u00e1to zmena tie\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed prida\u0165 podporu pre Windows 95, \u010d\u00edm sa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 'premen\u00ed na plne funk\u010dn\u00e9ho 32-bitov\u00e9ho poskytovate\u013ea internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb s pevnou mesa\u010dnou platbou 20 dol\u00e1rov'. (Pou\u017e\u00edvatelia sa kone\u010dne mohli zbavi\u0165 hr\u00f4zy pou\u017e\u00edvania programov na prehliadanie webu vo Windows 95, ktor\u00e9 boli ur\u010den\u00e9 pre Windows 3.1!)<\/p>\n

Ale toto rozhodnutie sa premenilo na kyvadlo, ktor\u00e9 sa hojd\u00e1 na obe strany. V priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch mesiacov po zaveden\u00ed tarify bolo prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00edstup k sieti AOL \u2014 linky boli neust\u00e1le obsaden\u00e9. Niektor\u00ed \u013eudia sa sna\u017eili tento probl\u00e9m vyrie\u0161i\u0165 k\u00fapou dodato\u010dnej telef\u00f3nnej linky, aby bola neust\u00e1le obsaden\u00e1 a nemuseli sa znova dovola\u0165. Opakovan\u00e9 pokusy sa stali mu\u010den\u00edm. Pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e st\u00e1l bl\u00edzko obrovskej digit\u00e1lnej mori, ale musel sa k nemu dovola\u0165.<\/p>\n

\"Pr\u00edbeh
\nProbl\u00e9m zhor\u0161ovalo aj to, \u017ee v polovici 90. rokov AOL roz\u0161\u00edrila medzi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo diskov. (Foto: monkerino\/Flickr<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

V tej dobe zostal menej n\u00e1padn\u00fd fakt, ako v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 sa t\u00e1to zmena stala pre obchodn\u00fd model AOL. Jedn\u00fdm \u0165ahom najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed poskytovate\u013e internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb na svete otvoril pr\u00edstup k cel\u00e9mu internetu a odklonil sa vo svojom obchodnom modeli od sch\u00e9my 'mrkvy', ktor\u00fa dr\u017ealo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina online slu\u017eieb.<\/p>\n

Dovtedy boli tak\u00e9 online slu\u017eby ako AOL spolu so svojimi predchodcami ako CompuServe<\/a><\/noindex> a Prodigy<\/a><\/noindex>, mali cenov\u00e9 modely zalo\u017een\u00e9 na objeme vyu\u017eit\u00fdch slu\u017eieb; \u010dasom sa st\u00e1vali menej<\/em>, a nie drah\u0161\u00edmi. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee spolo\u010dnosti zdedili cenov\u00fa strat\u00e9giu od elektronick\u00fdch n\u00e1steniek a platforiem digit\u00e1lneho pr\u00edstupu, napr\u00edklad od informa\u010dn\u00e9ho online servisu Dow Jones<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00fa\u010dtuj\u00facich nad r\u00e1mec<\/i> mesa\u010dn\u00e9ho poplatku e\u0161te aj hodinov\u00fa tarifu. Tento model nebol ve\u013emi priate\u013esk\u00fd k svojim z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom a predstavoval prek\u00e1\u017eku pred t\u00fdm l\u00e1kav\u00fdm stup\u0148om dostupnosti internetu, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n

Samozrejme, existovali aj in\u00e9 \u00fazke miesta. Modemy boli pomal\u00e9 na oboch stran\u00e1ch rovnice \u2013 v polovici 90. rokov patrili najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ie modemy s r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 2400 a 9600 baud, pri\u010dom r\u00fdchlosti boli umelo obmedzen\u00e9 kvalitou pripojen\u00ed na druhej strane linky. Aj ke\u010f ste mali modem s r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 28,8 kilobitov, ak online poskytovate\u013e mohol poskytn\u00fa\u0165 iba 9600 baud, mali ste smolu.<\/p>\n

Pravdepodobne najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou prek\u00e1\u017ekou pre trval\u00fd pr\u00edstup bola obchodn\u00e1 strat\u00e9gia. Prv\u00ed poskytovatelia internetu jednoducho nevedeli, \u010di m\u00e1 zmysel pon\u00faknu\u0165 n\u00e1m v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edstup na internet, a \u010di sa im obchodn\u00fd model bez hodinovej platby oplat\u00ed. Mali aj infra\u0161trukt\u00farne probl\u00e9my: ak pon\u00fakate v\u0161etk\u00fdm neobmedzen\u00fd internet, bolo by dobr\u00e9 ma\u0165 infra\u0161trukt\u00faru dostato\u010dn\u00fa na spracovanie v\u0161etk\u00fdch t\u00fdchto po\u017eiadaviek.<\/p>\n

Vo svojej knihe z roku 2016 How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network<\/em><\/a><\/noindex> Shane Greenstein vysvet\u013euje, pre\u010do ceny pr\u00edstupu na internet boli v\u00e1\u017enym probl\u00e9mom. Nikto presne nevedel, \u010do sa stane v\u00ed\u0165azn\u00fdm argumentom pre \u00e9ru internetu. Takto Greenstein opisuje dva filozofick\u00e9 t\u00e1bory vo svete poskytovate\u013eov:<\/p>\n

Vznikli dva n\u00e1zory. Jeden z nich sa zameriaval na s\u0165a\u017enosti pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov o strate kontroly. Pou\u017e\u00edvatelia si v\u0161imli, \u017ee prehliadanie Webu ich hypnotizovalo. Pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov bolo \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 sledova\u0165, ko\u013eko \u010dasu tr\u00e1vi online. Okrem toho bolo takmer nemo\u017en\u00e9 sledova\u0165 \u010das str\u00e1ven\u00fd online, ak v jednej dom\u00e1cnosti bolo viacero pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Poskytovatelia, ktor\u00ed sa zauj\u00edmali o tak\u00e9to s\u0165a\u017enosti pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, pova\u017eovali za prijate\u013en\u00e9 rie\u0161enie neobmedzen\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie za fixn\u00fd mesa\u010dn\u00fd poplatok. Zv\u00fd\u0161enie ceny pokryje dodato\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup, av\u0161ak otvorenou zost\u00e1vala ot\u00e1zka v\u00fd\u0161ky tohto zv\u00fd\u0161enia. Tak\u00e9to tarifn\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny sa zvy\u010dajne naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa \u201es fixnou platbou\u201c (flat rate)<\/em> alebo \u201eneobmedzen\u00e9\u201c (unlimited)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Proti\u013eahl\u00fd n\u00e1zor kontrastoval s prv\u00fdm. Konkr\u00e9tne sa predpokladalo, \u017ee s\u0165a\u017enosti pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov boli do\u010dasn\u00e9 a nov\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov je potrebn\u00e9 \"nau\u010di\u0165\" sledova\u0165 si vlastn\u00fd \u010das. Podporovatelia tohto n\u00e1zoru uv\u00e1dzali pr\u00edklady mobiln\u00fdch telef\u00f3nov a elektronick\u00fdch n\u00e1steniek. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa za\u010d\u00ednala rozv\u00edja\u0165 mobiln\u00e1 telefonol\u00f3gia a platba za min\u00faty neodradila pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee jedna podnikav\u00e1 firma, ktor\u00e1 pon\u00fakala slu\u017eby elektronick\u00fdch n\u00e1steniek (bulletin board, BBS) \u2014 AOL, dokonca prosperovala v\u010faka takejto tarifiz\u00e1cii. Z\u00e1stancovia tohto n\u00e1zoru vyjadrovali presved\u010denie, \u017ee platba za objem spotrebovan\u00fdch slu\u017eieb zv\u00ed\u0165az\u00ed, a vyz\u00fdvali na presk\u00famanie nov\u00fdch kombin\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 by lep\u0161ie vyhovovali tradi\u010dn\u00e9mu modelu prehliadania technicky nekompetentn\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nTo viedlo k dos\u0165 smutn\u00e9mu stavu vec\u00ed a nebolo celkom jasn\u00e9, ktor\u00e1 z modelov prinesie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed prospech. Strana, ktor\u00e1 rozrezala tento gordick\u00fd uzol, zmenila v\u0161etko. Ironicky to bola spolo\u010dnos\u0165 AT&T.<\/p>\n

\"Pr\u00edbeh
\nJedna zo star\u00fdch rekl\u00e1m AT&T WorldNet \u2014 prv\u00e9ho poskytovate\u013ea internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00fd pon\u00fakol neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup s fixnou platbou. (Prevzat\u00e9 z Newspapers.com<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ako AT&T premenila neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup na de facto \u0161tandard pre mainstreamov\u00fd Internet<\/h3>\n

\nT\u00ed, ktor\u00ed poznaj\u00fa hist\u00f3riu AT&T, vedia, \u017ee t\u00e1to spolo\u010dnos\u0165 zvy\u010dajne nebola tou, ktor\u00e1 by b\u00faral bari\u00e9ry.<\/p>\n

Sk\u00f4r mala tendenciu udr\u017eiava\u0165 status quo. Sta\u010dilo len dozvedie\u0165 sa o hist\u00f3rii syst\u00e9mu TTY, v ktorom hluch\u00ed hackeri<\/a><\/noindex>, sna\u017eiaci sa n\u00e1js\u0165 sp\u00f4sob komunik\u00e1cie s priate\u013emi, v podstate vyna\u0161li akustick\u00fd prevodn\u00edk (zariadenie, do ktor\u00e9ho m\u00f4\u017eete doslovne polo\u017ei\u0165 telef\u00f3n na mikrof\u00f3n a reproduktor), aby ob\u00edsli obmedzenie \"Mama Bell\", ktor\u00e9 zabr\u00e1nilo extern\u00fdm zariadeniam pripoji\u0165 sa k jej telef\u00f3nnym link\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Ale na za\u010diatku roka 1996, ke\u010f AT&T spustila slu\u017ebu WorldNet, sa toho ve\u013ea zmenilo. Telef\u00f3nov\u00e1 z\u00e1suvka RJ11, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edvala prakticky vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch modemoch za\u010diatku 90-tych rokov, sa objavila ako v\u00fdsledok s\u00fadneho rozhodnutia, ktor\u00e9 zak\u00e1zalo AT&T obmedzova\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvanie extern\u00fdch perif\u00e9ri\u00ed. V\u010faka tomu sme z\u00edskali z\u00e1znamn\u00edky, bezdr\u00f4tov\u00e9 telef\u00f3ny a\u2026 modemy.<\/p>\n

Do roku 1996 sa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ocitla v \u010dudnej situ\u00e1cii, ke\u010f sa stala poru\u0161ovate\u013eom pravidiel mlad\u00e9ho internetu. Bola dos\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e1 na to, aby sa \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed nikdy nevyu\u017e\u00edvali slu\u017eby poskytovate\u013eov, rozhodli vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 ich, a v\u010faka pevn\u00e9mu poplatku sa spolo\u010dnosti podarilo pril\u00e1ka\u0165 akt\u00edvnych pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2014 19,95 dol\u00e1rov za neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup, ak ste mali pripojen\u00fa slu\u017ebu medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho volania spolo\u010dnosti, a 24,95 dol\u00e1rov, ak ste ju nemali. Aby bolo ponuka atrakt\u00edvnej\u0161ia, spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pon\u00fakla pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom p\u00e4\u0165 bezplatn\u00fdch hod\u00edn<\/a><\/noindex> pr\u00edstupu na internet mesa\u010dne po\u010das prv\u00e9ho roka pou\u017e\u00edvania. (Taktie\u017e stoj\u00ed za zmienku, \u017ee pon\u00fakala r\u00fdchlosti 28,8 kilobitov \u2014 celkom vysok\u00e9 v tej dobe.)<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m, pod\u013ea Greensteina, spo\u010d\u00edval v st\u00e1vke na masovos\u0165. V\u010faka takej n\u00edzkej cene za pr\u00edstup na internet spolo\u010dnos\u0165 v podstate d\u00fafala v pripojenie k WorldNet desiatok mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed \u2014 a ak to nebude m\u00f4c\u0165 zaru\u010di\u0165, ni\u010d sa neudeje. \"AT&T prevzala vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 rizik\u00e1, vybrala si model slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00fd nemohol prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 zisky, ak by nebol \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd vo viacer\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch USA.\"<\/p>\n

AT&T nebola prvou spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou s fixovanou sadzbou - osobne som vyu\u017e\u00edval slu\u017eby internetov\u00e9ho poskytovate\u013ea, ktor\u00fd pon\u00fakal neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup cez dial-up u\u017e v roku 1994. Musel som ho vyu\u017ei\u0165, preto\u017ee m\u00f4j nadmern\u00fd entuziazmus pre medzi\u0161t\u00e1tne volania na BBS sa nakoniec odrazil na telef\u00f3nnych \u00fa\u010dtoch mojich rodi\u010dov. Ale AT&T bola tak\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00e1, \u017ee dok\u00e1zala zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 spustenie celon\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho poskytovate\u013ea internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb s fixovanou sadzbou, ktor\u00fd by nepredbehol jej menej rozsiahly region\u00e1lny konkurent.<\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku New York Times<\/em> sl\u00e1vneho technick\u00e9ho autora Johna Markoffa<\/a><\/noindex> hovor\u00ed sa, \u017ee v ur\u010ditom obdob\u00ed AT&T chcela postavi\u0165 vlastn\u00fd \u201euzatvoren\u00fd syst\u00e9m\u201c, ako to urobila AOL alebo Microsoft so svoj\u00edm MSN. Ale pribli\u017ene v roku 1995 sa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 rozhodla jednoducho poskytn\u00fa\u0165 \u013eu\u010fom potrubie do internetu s pou\u017eit\u00edm otvoren\u00fdch \u0161tandardov.<\/p>\n

Markoff p\u00edsal: \u201eAk AT&T postav\u00ed atrakt\u00edvny a cenovo dostupn\u00fd port\u00e1l do internetu, z\u00eddu sa za \u0148ou z\u00e1kazn\u00edci? A ak pr\u00eddu, zostane nie\u010do v telekomunika\u010dnom priemysle nezmenen\u00e9?\u201c<\/p>\n

Samozrejme, odpove\u010f na druh\u00fa ot\u00e1zku bola z\u00e1porn\u00e1. Ale nielen v\u010faka AT&T, hoci z\u00edskala obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov rozhoduj\u00facich sa \u00fa\u010dtova\u0165 fixn\u00fa platbu za neobmedzen\u00fd internet. V skuto\u010dnosti t\u00e1to bran\u017ea nav\u017edy zmenila reakcia<\/em> na vstup AT&T na trh, ktor\u00fd stanovil nov\u00fd \u0161tandard pre pr\u00edstup na internet.<\/p>\n

Bar o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00ed sa zv\u00fd\u0161il. Teraz, aby nezostali pozadu, musel ka\u017ed\u00fd poskytovate\u013e v krajine pon\u00faknu\u0165 slu\u017eby neobmedzen\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu, ktor\u00e9 by zodpovedali cene WorldNet.<\/p>\n

Ako poznamen\u00e1va Grin\u0161tejn vo svojej knihe<\/a><\/noindex>, malo to devastuj\u00faci dopad na st\u00e1le mlad\u00fd sektor internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb: AOL a MSN sa stali jedn\u00fdmi z m\u00e1la dostato\u010dne ve\u013ek\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, schopn\u00fdch nastavi\u0165 tak\u00fato cenu. (Pozoruhodn\u00e9 je, \u017ee CompuServe reagovalo spusten\u00edm svojho slu\u017eby Sprynet<\/a><\/noindex> za rovnak\u00fa fixn\u00fa cenu 19,95 dol\u00e1ra, ak\u00fa mala WorldNet.) Ale AT&T roz\u010d\u00falilo dokonca aj \u201eBellov\u00fdch det\u00ed\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>: Asi pred desiatimi rokmi Feder\u00e1lna komisia pre komunik\u00e1ciu prijala rozhodnutie, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017enilo link\u00e1m pren\u00e1\u0161ania d\u00e1t spolo\u010dnosti nedodr\u017eiava\u0165 pravidl\u00e1 cenotvorby platn\u00e9 pre miestne hlasov\u00e9 hovory.<\/p>\n

AOL, ktor\u00e1 mala ve\u013ek\u00fd biznis s obsahom, ktor\u00fd existoval v jej vlastnom syst\u00e9me, sa p\u00f4vodne pok\u00fasila hra\u0165 na obe strany, pon\u00faknuc lacnej\u0161iu verziu<\/a><\/noindex> svojho servisu, ktor\u00fd fungoval nad pripojen\u00edm AT&T.<\/p>\n

Ale \u010doskoro sa aj ona musela vyrovna\u0165 s nov\u00fdm \u0161tandardom \u2014 po\u017eiadavkou na pevn\u00fa platbu za pr\u00edstup k internetu prostredn\u00edctvom dial-upu. Tak\u00e9to rozhodnutie v\u0161ak prinieslo mno\u017estvo probl\u00e9mov.<\/p>\n

60.3%<\/h3>\n

\nTak\u00e1 bola miera odmietan\u00fdch hovorov AOL<\/strong> pod\u013ea prieskumu z jari 1997<\/a><\/noindex>, ktor\u00fd vykonala firma Inverse, zaoberaj\u00faca sa anal\u00fdzou internetu. Tento \u00fadaj bol takmer dvojn\u00e1sobne vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako u druhej spolo\u010dnosti z tohto zoznamu ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch a pravdepodobne bol d\u00f4sledkom slab\u00e9ho prisp\u00f4sobenia siete dial-up zariaden\u00ed. Pre porovnanie: miera odmietan\u00fdch hovorov CompuServe (ktor\u00e1 sa v prieskume uk\u00e1zala ako najlep\u0161ia spolo\u010dnos\u0165) bola 6,5 percenta.<\/p>\n

\"Pr\u00edbeh
\nModem s r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 28,8 kilobitov, vysoko cenen\u00fd dom\u00e1cimi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi internetu v polovici 90. rokov. (Les Orchard\/Flickr<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1danie \u201eobsaden\u00fdch\u201c sign\u00e1lov: Pre\u010do sa pokusy o online pr\u00edstup stali v roku 1997 no\u010dnou morou<\/h3>\n

\nPosledn\u00e9 t\u00fd\u017edne \u010dasto po\u010dujem jednu ot\u00e1zku \u2014 zvl\u00e1dne internet zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie? T\u00fa ist\u00fa ot\u00e1zku sa p\u00fdtali za\u010diatkom roku 1997, ke\u010f \u010doraz viac \u013eud\u00ed za\u010dalo tr\u00e1vi\u0165 hodiny online.<\/p>\n

Odpove\u010f bola negat\u00edvna, a to nie preto, \u017ee by bolo \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00edstup na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. N\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie bolo z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00edstup na telefonick\u00e9 linky.<\/p>\n

(Niektor\u00e9 webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky pre\u0161li stresov\u00fdm testom v s\u00favislosti s tragick\u00fdmi udalos\u0165ami 11. septembra 2001, ke\u010f internet za\u010dal dusi\u0165 pod z\u00e1\u0165a\u017eou<\/a><\/noindex> z d\u00f4vodu z\u00e1ujmu o d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy a tie\u017e kv\u00f4li zni\u010deniu v\u00fdznamnej \u010dasti infra\u0161trukt\u00fary jedn\u00e9ho z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch miest sveta.)<\/p>\n

Infrastrukt\u00fara AOL, u\u017e aj tak pod stresom z popularity slu\u017eby, jednoducho nebola navrhnut\u00e1 na dodato\u010dn\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie. V janu\u00e1ri 1997, menej ako mesiac po poskytnut\u00ed neobmedzen\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu, za\u010dali na spolo\u010dnos\u0165 tla\u010di\u0165 pr\u00e1vnici z celej krajiny. AOL bola n\u00faten\u00e1 s\u013e\u00fabi\u0165 z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom vr\u00e1tenie pe\u0148az\u00ed a obmedzi\u0165 rozsah reklamy, k\u00fdm nevyrie\u0161i probl\u00e9m s infra\u0161trukt\u00farou.<\/p>\n

V porovnan\u00ed inform\u00e1cie The Baltimore Sun<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, AOL pribli\u017ene zdvojn\u00e1sobila po\u010det modemov dostupn\u00fdch pre svojich z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov, ale pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kto pou\u017e\u00edval telef\u00f3nny syst\u00e9m na pr\u00edstup k d\u00e1tov\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m a dost\u00e1val sign\u00e1l \u201eobsaden\u00e9\u201c, bolo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee probl\u00e9m je v\u00e1\u017enej\u0161\u00ed: telef\u00f3nny syst\u00e9m nebol na to pripraven\u00fd a to sa st\u00e1valo \u00faplne zrejm\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

V \u010dl\u00e1nku Slnko<\/em> hovorilo sa, \u017ee \u0161trukt\u00fara telef\u00f3nnej siete nie je ur\u010den\u00e1 na vyu\u017e\u00edvanie liniek v re\u017eime 24\/7, ku ktor\u00e9mu povzbudzovali dial-up modem. Tak\u00e1to z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e na telef\u00f3nnu sie\u0165 prin\u00fatila \u201edeti Bell\u201c pok\u00fasi\u0165 sa (ne\u00faspe\u0161ne) zavies\u0165 doplatok za pou\u017e\u00edvanie. Feder\u00e1lna komisia pre komunik\u00e1ciu (FCC) to neakceptovala, a preto jedin\u00e9 re\u00e1lne rie\u0161enie tohto zastoja by bola nov\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e1 by prevzala tieto telef\u00f3nne linky, \u010do sa nakoniec aj stalo.<\/p>\n

\u201ePou\u017e\u00edvame be\u017en\u00e9 telef\u00f3nne siete, preto\u017ee u\u017e existuj\u00fa,\u201c nap\u00edsal autor Michael J. Horowitz. \u201eS\u00fa pomal\u00e9 a nespolehliv\u00e9 pri prenose d\u00e1t a neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne nezru\u0161ite\u013en\u00e9 d\u00f4vody, pre ktor\u00e9 by potreby pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov internetu mali by\u0165 v konflikte so z\u00e1ujmami, ktor\u00ed vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa hlasov\u00e9 hovory.\u201c<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Prehrajte\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nTo znamenalo, \u017ee aspo\u0148 nieko\u013eko rokov sme boli n\u00faten\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u00faplne nestabiln\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd negat\u00edvne ovplyv\u0148oval nielen pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov AOL, ale aj v\u0161etk\u00fdch ostatn\u00fdch. Nie je zn\u00e1me, \u010di bol pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom AOL alebo inej slu\u017eby Todd Rundgren, autor notoricky zn\u00e1mej piesne o hneve a frustr\u00e1cii \u010dloveka, ktor\u00e9mu sa nedar\u00ed pripoji\u0165 k internetov\u00e9mu poskytovate\u013eovi: "Nen\u00e1vid\u00edm svojho zatraten\u00e9ho poskytovate\u013ea<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea Grinsteina sa poskytovatelia sna\u017eili vym\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 alternat\u00edvne obchodn\u00e9 modely, aby povzbudili pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov k menej \u010dast\u00e9mu pripojeniu na internet, sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fac si \u00fa\u010dtova\u0165 ni\u017e\u0161ie poplatky alebo tla\u010diac obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 agres\u00edvnych pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov k vo\u013ebe inej slu\u017eby odmietan\u00edm poskytovania bezlimitn\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu. Av\u0161ak po otvoren\u00ed Pando\u0159inej skrinky bolo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee bezlimitn\u00fd pr\u00edstup sa u\u017e stal \u0161tandardom.<\/p>\n

\u201eAkon\u00e1hle sa trh ako celok preorientoval na tento model, poskytovatelia nemohli n\u00e1js\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo fan\u00fa\u0161ikov jeho alternat\u00edvy,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e Grinstein. \u201eSily konkurencie sa orientovali na preferencie pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2014 bezlimitn\u00fd pr\u00edstup.\u201c<\/p>\n

Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 WorldNet od AT&T tie\u017e nemala imunitu vo\u010di probl\u00e9mom sp\u00f4soben\u00fdm bezlimitnou internetovou slu\u017ebou. Do marca 1998, len dva roky po spusten\u00ed slu\u017eby, firma ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee bude od pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u00fa\u010dtova\u0165 99 centov za hodinu<\/a><\/noindex> za ka\u017ed\u00fa hodinu, ktor\u00e1 presiahne mesa\u010dn\u00fdch 150 hod\u00edn. 150 hod\u00edn je st\u00e1le celkom rozumn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, na ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 pripad\u00e1 pribli\u017ene p\u00e4\u0165 hod\u00edn. M\u00f4\u017eete ich min\u00fa\u0165, ak namiesto sledovania \u201ePriate\u013eov\u201c<\/em> str\u00e1vite v\u0161etky ve\u010dery na internete, ale ur\u010dite je to menej, ako s\u013eubovali \u201ebezlimitn\u00fd\u201c internet.<\/p>\n

\u010co sa t\u00fdka AOL, zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee pri\u0161li na najlep\u0161ie rie\u0161enie v tejto nepr\u00edjemnej konkurencii: utratili st\u00e1tis\u00edce dol\u00e1rov na moderniz\u00e1ciu svojej architekt\u00fary, v roku 1997 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 k\u00fapila CompuServe<\/a><\/noindex>, \u010d\u00edm vlastne jedn\u00fdm krokom zdvojn\u00e1sobili objem svojich dial-up slu\u017eieb. Pod\u013ea Greenspanov\u00fdch \u00fadajov, pribli\u017ene v tom istom \u010dase spolo\u010dnos\u0165 predala svoje dial-up vybavenie a prenechala ho dod\u00e1vate\u013eom, aby sa sign\u00e1ly \u201eobsaden\u00e9\u201c stali niekoho in\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mom.<\/p>\n

Ak sa nad t\u00fdm zamysl\u00edte, rie\u0161enie bolo takmer geni\u00e1lne.<\/p>\n

Dnes sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 zrejm\u00e9,<\/strong>\u017ee sme boli ods\u00faden\u00ed na to, aby sme nejako dostali bezlimitn\u00fd pr\u00edstup na internet.<\/p>\n

Napokon si mo\u017eno predstavi\u0165, \u017ee \u0161tudenti vysok\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l, ktor\u00fdch intern\u00e1ty mali linky T1, boli mimoriadne sklaman\u00ed technol\u00f3giami mimo ich kampusov. Nerovnos\u0165 bola tak o\u010dividn\u00e1, \u017ee sa v \u017eiadnom pr\u00edpade nemohla udr\u017ea\u0165 nav\u017edy. Na to, aby sme boli produkt\u00edvnymi \u010dlenmi spolo\u010dnosti, potrebujeme neobmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup cez tieto k\u00e1ble.<\/p>\n

(Pam\u00e4tajte na moje slov\u00e1: pravdepodobne zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed \u0161tudovali na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch v 90. rokoch a na za\u010diatku 2000., pred\u013a\u017eilo svoje \u0161t\u00fadium len preto, \u017ee potrebovali pr\u00edstup k vtedy vz\u00e1cnemu vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00e9mu internetu. Z\u00edska\u0165 druh\u00fa \u0161pecializ\u00e1ciu? R\u00e1da, len nech je s\u0165ahovanie r\u00fdchle!)<\/p>\n

Asi bol internet v ubytovniach ohromn\u00fd, ale dial-up modemy zjavne nemohli zabezpe\u010di\u0165 tak\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti doma. Nedostatky vyt\u00e1\u010dan\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu v\u0161ak \u010dasom viedli k rozvoju pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed; DSL (kde sa vyu\u017e\u00edvali existuj\u00face telef\u00f3nne linky na vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00fd prenos d\u00e1t) a k\u00e1blov\u00fd internet (vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faci linky, na pripojenie ktor\u00fdch tie\u017e potrebovalo \u010das<\/a><\/noindex>) pomohli v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 sa k internetov\u00fdm r\u00fdchlostiam, ktor\u00e9 kedysi boli dostupn\u00e9 iba na kampusoch vysok\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l.<\/p>\n

Pri p\u00edsan\u00ed tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku som sa zamyslel: ako by vyzeral svet, keby sa infekcia ako COVID-19 objavila, ke\u010f sme sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou pripojovali online cez dial-up, preto\u017ee sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee tak\u00e9to choroby sa objavuj\u00fa raz za sto rokov. Bolo by pre n\u00e1s rovnako pohodln\u00e9 pracova\u0165 na dia\u013eku ako dnes? Nezabr\u00e1nili by sign\u00e1ly \u201eobsaden\u00e9\u201c rozvoju ekonomiky? Keby AOL skr\u00fdval \u010d\u00edsla vyt\u00e1\u010dan\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu od svojich pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, ako podozrievali, neviedlo by to k vzbur\u00e1m?<\/p>\n

Mohli by sme v\u00f4bec objedn\u00e1va\u0165 tovary domov?<\/p>\n

Nem\u00e1m odpovede na tieto ot\u00e1zky, ale viem, \u017ee pokia\u013e ide o internet, z h\u013eadiska komunik\u00e1cie, keby sme museli sedie\u0165 doma, dnes je najlep\u0161\u00ed \u010das na to.<\/p>\n

Nedok\u00e1\u017eem si predstavi\u0165, \u010do by sa dialo, keby sa sign\u00e1l \u201eobsaden\u00e9\u201c pridal k cel\u00e9mu tomu za\u0165a\u017eeniu, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00edme teraz zn\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 v podmienkach karant\u00e9ny.
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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