{"id":85173,"date":"2020-06-14T01:42:30","date_gmt":"2020-06-13T23:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-avito-vyyavlyaet-moshennikov-i-boretsya-s-frodom"},"modified":"2020-06-14T01:42:30","modified_gmt":"2020-06-13T23:42:30","slug":"kak-avito-vyyavlyaet-moshennikov-i-boretsya-s-frodom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-avito-vyyavlyaet-moshennikov-i-boretsya-s-frodom","title":{"rendered":"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ahoj, Habr. Som Igor, ved\u00faci t\u00edmu, ktor\u00fd bojuje proti podvodn\u00edkom na Avite. Dnes sa budeme bavi\u0165 o ve\u010dnom boji s gaunermi, ktor\u00ed sa pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa, a niekedy aj podv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa internetov\u00fdch kupuj\u00facich pomocou dod\u00e1vky tovaru. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/7072532aa9ea0d0f66358cad1e0820d9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>U\u017e dlh\u00fa dobu bojujeme proti podvodom. Dne\u0161n\u00ed podvodn\u00edci oklam\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u013eud\u00ed, napodob\u0148uj\u00fac rozhrania a funkcie online obchodov. Napr\u00edklad, vym\u00fd\u0161\u013eaj\u00fa sch\u00e9my s kuri\u00e9rskou dod\u00e1vkou na trhov\u00fdch platform\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V janu\u00e1ri 2020 sa v internetovom prostred\u00ed objavili hotov\u00e9 n\u00e1vody pre podvodn\u00edkov a v\u0161etky potrebn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. N\u00e1sledne sa lockdown pridal na ohe\u0148: t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed predt\u00fdm podv\u00e1dzali a kradli na uliciach a v bytoch, museli prejs\u0165 online. Mo\u017eno aj v\u00e1m v poslednom \u010dase intenz\u00edvne zvonia, p\u00ed\u0161u prostredn\u00edctvom spr\u00e1v, SMS a emailov t\u00ed ist\u00ed \"podvodn\u00edci\". Predstavuj\u00fa sa ako zamestnanci b\u00e1nk a org\u00e1nov \u010dinn\u00fdch v trestnom konan\u00ed, vzdialen\u00ed pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed alebo not\u00e1ri. Nap\u00ed\u0161te do koment\u00e1rov, s ak\u00fdm druhom podvodu ste sa ned\u00e1vno stretli. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"standartnye-shemy-moshennichestva\">\u0160tandardn\u00e9 sch\u00e9my podvodu<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Najbe\u017enej\u0161ia sch\u00e9ma podvodu nakupuj\u00faceho s dod\u00e1vkou tovaru vyzer\u00e1 takto:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Podvodn\u00edk zverejn\u00ed inzer\u00e1t s popul\u00e1rnym tovarom strednej cenovej kateg\u00f3rie. Napr\u00edklad, predaj elektrick\u00e9ho kolobehu \u2014 v lete s\u00fa popul\u00e1rne.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi presvied\u010da potenci\u00e1lneho kupuj\u00faceho na dod\u00e1vku. D\u00f4vody m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 r\u00f4zne: odi\u0161iel som z mesta kv\u00f4li pand\u00e9mii alebo som jednoducho pr\u00edli\u0161 zanepr\u00e1zdnen\u00fd a nem\u00f4\u017eem pr\u00eds\u0165 na stretnutie.<\/li>\n<li>Po z\u00edskan\u00ed s\u00fahlasu podvodn\u00edk posiela falo\u0161n\u00fd odkaz na platbu. Str\u00e1nka pod\u013ea odkazu vyzer\u00e1 ako \u0161tandardn\u00fd formul\u00e1r Avito.<\/li>\n<li>Obe\u0165 plat\u00ed za n\u00e1kup a l\u00fa\u010di sa s peniazmi.<\/li>\n<li>Podvodn\u00edk sa sna\u017e\u00ed zarobi\u0165 viac pe\u0148az\u00ed pon\u00fakaj\u00faci vr\u00e1tenie platby. Posiela kupuj\u00facemu nov\u00fd formul\u00e1r na vr\u00e1tenie pe\u0148az\u00ed, ale v skuto\u010dnosti ich e\u0161te raz zoberie. Str\u00e1nka na vr\u00e1tenie \u2014 to ist\u00e9 platobn\u00e9 rozhranie, ale text na tla\u010didle sa zmenil z \"zaplatit\" na \"vr\u00e1ti\u0165\". <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ni\u017e\u0161ie&nbsp;je pr\u00edklad falo\u0161nej str\u00e1nky, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017ee posla\u0165 podvodn\u00edk. Dom\u00e9na sa mimitruje na&nbsp;Avito, pri\u010dom str\u00e1nka vyzer\u00e1 ako&nbsp;objedn\u00e1vkov\u00fd formul\u00e1r v&nbsp;internetovom obchode. Falo\u0161n\u00e9 str\u00e1nky s\u00fa \u010dasto na&nbsp;protokole https, a pod\u013ea tohto znaku ich nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Po vyplnen\u00ed \u00fadajov sa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e dostane na&nbsp;str\u00e1nku platby objedn\u00e1vky, kde mu pon\u00fakaj\u00fa zada\u0165 \u00fadaje z bankovej karty. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/9a465eb363bf7618c19587f4bdf686bc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/29c623cda8e1e84962d4a8a80ad72f2e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Falo\u0161n\u00e9 str\u00e1nky pre platbu tovaru a vr\u00e1tenie pe\u0148az\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Blokujeme podozriv\u00fdch predajcov. Preto musia podvodn\u00edci neust\u00e1le vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 nov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty na&nbsp;Avito, aby mohli vykon\u00e1va\u0165 podobn\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie. Bu\u010f si ich registruj\u00fa sami pomocou SMS na&nbsp;do\u010dasnom virtu\u00e1lnom \u010d\u00edsle, alebo kupuj\u00fa ukradnut\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty. Virtu\u00e1lna SIM karta stoj\u00ed od&nbsp;60 halierov, cudz\u00ed \u00fa\u010det na&nbsp;\u010diernom trhu \u2014 od&nbsp;10 rublov. N\u00e1klady na&nbsp;obe mo\u017enosti s\u00fa v porovnan\u00ed s jednorazov\u00fdm ziskom z&nbsp;podvodu neporovnate\u013ene ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>To bol Avito Scam&nbsp;1.0, ale u\u017e sa objavili verzie 2.0, 3.0 a dokonca aj 4.0. To nie s\u00fa na\u0161e ozna\u010denia&nbsp;\u2014 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ich sami podvodn\u00edci. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Obch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa nielen kupuj\u00facich, ale aj predajcov. Druh\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma vyzer\u00e1 takto: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Kupuj\u00faci \u00fadajne poslal peniaze prostredn\u00edctvom bezpe\u010dnej transakcie. <\/li>\n<li>Posiela predajcovi falo\u0161n\u00fd odkaz, kde m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165 platbu. <\/li>\n<li>Predajca sa dostane na&nbsp;str\u00e1nku, ktor\u00e1 \u017eiada o&nbsp;\u00fadaje jeho karty, a nakoniec sa suma strhne z jeho \u00fa\u010dtu. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1e87be7922a5bae7fc130c0503dc8219.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/63dd1c7ec1e67596106279a65a4052fc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sch\u00e9ma Scam&nbsp;3.0 funguje takto:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Predajca zverej\u0148uje inzer\u00e1ty s&nbsp;aktivovanou dod\u00e1vkou cez&nbsp;Avito. <\/li>\n<li>Ke\u010f kupuj\u00faci zaplat\u00ed za tovar, podvodn\u00edk mu po\u0161le sn\u00edmku obrazovky, na ktorej Avito \u00fadajne \u017eiada k\u00f3d potvrdzuj\u00faci platbu. <\/li>\n<li>Pomocou k\u00f3du sa predajca prihl\u00e1si do&nbsp;\u00fa\u010dtu pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea. V&nbsp;profile kupuj\u00faceho podvodn\u00edk za\u0161krtne pol\u00ed\u010dko, \u017ee tovar bol doru\u010den\u00fd. Kupuj\u00faci zost\u00e1va bez pe\u0148az\u00ed a bez tovaru. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/659a2d5f7eded8c314648b4e2044f444.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>A sch\u00e9ma&nbsp;4.0 funguje nasleduj\u00facim sp\u00f4sobom:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Kupuj\u00faci predstiera, \u017ee zaplatil za tovar, a posiela falo\u0161n\u00fa \u00fa\u010dtenku. \u00da\u010dtenky sa zasielaj\u00fa kamko\u013evek: na e-mail alebo do&nbsp;in\u00e9ho messengeru. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed od&nbsp;toho, ak\u00fd kontakt predajca dal podvodn\u00edkovi. <\/li>\n<li>Predajca dost\u00e1va SMS, ktor\u00e1 sa mimitruje na prip\u00edsanie z&nbsp;banky. <\/li>\n<li>O nieko\u013eko min\u00fat kupuj\u00faci nap\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee by mu lep\u0161ie vyhovoval tovar od&nbsp;in\u00e9ho predajcu, a \u017eiada o vr\u00e1tenie pe\u0148az\u00ed. \u010casto sa pou\u017e\u00edva argument \u201evra\u0165te, ve\u010f nie ste podvodn\u00edk\u201c. Predajca po\u0161le kupuj\u00facemu sumu, ale zo svojich vlastn\u00fdch prostriedkov, preto\u017ee \u017eiadna platba nebola vykonan\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"na-chto-davyat-moshenniki\">Na \u010do tla\u010dia podvodn\u00edci<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00e4\u0165 najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00edch kontextov, v ktor\u00fdch sa \u013eudia dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do r\u00fak podvodn\u00edkov:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Unik\u00e1tna obchodn\u00e1 ponuka. Cena alebo tovar sa v\u00fdhodne odli\u0161uj\u00fa od ostatn\u00fdch pon\u00fak.<\/li>\n<li>Hore\u010dka. Predajca m\u00e1 nieko\u013eko z\u00e1ujemcov o tovar, preto n\u00fati zaplati\u0165 z\u00e1lohu.<\/li>\n<li>Naliehavos\u0165. Kupuj\u00faci pon\u00faka okam\u017eit\u00e9 zak\u00fapenie tovaru za ak\u00fako\u013evek cenu a \u017eiada v\u0161etky \u00fadaje z bankovej karty, aby previedol peniaze.<\/li>\n<li>Dobrosrde\u010dnos\u0165. Podvodn\u00edk \u017eiada o pomoc pri n\u00e1kupe tovaru: napr\u00edklad m\u00e1 kupuj\u00faci zdravotn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my alebo nem\u00f4\u017ee si tovar osobne prevzia\u0165. Podvodn\u00edk \u017eiada o \u00fadaje karty, aby previedol peniaze, pri\u010dom tovar \u00fadajne prevezme kuri\u00e9r.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f4zne obce a mest\u00e1. V tomto pr\u00edpade je z\u00e1loha povinnou podmienkou obchodu, \u010do otv\u00e1ra obrovsk\u00e9 pole p\u00f4sobnosti pre podvodn\u00edkov.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"shema-raboty-moshennikov\">Sch\u00e9ma \u201epr\u00e1ce\u201c podvodn\u00edkov<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V podvodnej sch\u00e9me sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa tri skupiny os\u00f4b: pracovn\u00edci, podpora, T\u0421.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Workers, od slova worker, s\u00fa najpo\u010detnej\u0161ou skupinou os\u00f4b, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm \u0161tudenti a \u017eiaci. Samostatne si vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dty na Avito a h\u013eadaj\u00fa obete, ktor\u00e9 naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa mamuti. \u010ealej pomocou zru\u010dnost\u00ed soci\u00e1lneho in\u017einierstva presvied\u010daj\u00fa obete, aby nie\u010do zaplatili a posielaj\u00fa falo\u0161n\u00fd odkaz. Ak obe\u0165 zaplat\u00ed za 'tovar', \u00falohou pracovn\u00edkov je s pomocou podpory presmerova\u0165 obe\u0165 na vr\u00e1tenie, odvol\u00e1vaj\u00fac sa na nejak\u00fa technick\u00fa chybu. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Podpora s\u00fa \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed za fixn\u00fd pr\u00edjem pom\u00e1haj\u00fa nov\u00e1\u010dikom v podvodoch okr\u00e1da\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. D\u00e1vaj\u00fa rady, odpor\u00fa\u010daj\u00fa 'ziskov\u00e9' tovary, a \u010dasto za ur\u010dit\u00fd percentu\u00e1lny podiel z podvodnej transakcie s\u00fa ochotn\u00ed poskytn\u00fa\u0165 aj in\u00e9 slu\u017eby, napr\u00edklad pripravi\u0165 v Photoshope pas, zavola\u0165 obeti, nap\u00edsa\u0165 jej v mene technickej podpory.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>TS, od Topic Starter na tienist\u00fdch f\u00f3rach, kde p\u00f4vodne naj\u00edmali pracovn\u00edkov, vlastne s\u00fa organiz\u00e1tori. Stiahnu alebo k\u00fapia softv\u00e9r, ktor\u00fd pozost\u00e1va z dvoch \u010dast\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Telegram bot, ktor\u00fd je hlavn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom podvodn\u00edkov. V \u0148om je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edska\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00fd odkaz na tovar, z\u00edska\u0165 ozn\u00e1menia o prechodoch alebo platb\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li>Webov\u00e1 verzia, ktor\u00e1 zodpoved\u00e1 za zobrazovanie str\u00e1nky platby\/vr\u00e1tenia\/pr\u00edjmu pe\u0148az\u00ed. K nej je pripojen\u00fd platobn\u00fd syst\u00e9m na prij\u00edmanie platieb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Organiz\u00e1tori zarabaj\u00fa na percent\u00e1ch z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho prevodu obete, ktor\u00fd naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa ziskom. Preto sa sna\u017eia propagova\u0165 svoj projekt a platia supportu, aby \u0161kolil nov\u00e1\u010dikov. Na nich le\u017eia v\u0161etky n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s n\u00e1kupom nov\u00fdch dom\u00e9n a kariet, na ktor\u00e9 prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa peniaze.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pozhliadnuc p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 k\u00f3dy mnoh\u00fdch vari\u00e1nt podvodn\u00edckych skriptov, dospeli sme k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich je nap\u00edsan\u00e1 v PHP, ale na ve\u013emi slabom leveli. <strong>Takmer v\u0161etky skripty zhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie o svojich pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eoch, vr\u00e1tane robotn\u00edkov.<\/strong> Jedno z predpokladov, pre\u010do to robia, spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee ke\u010f na organiz\u00e1tora vyst\u00fapia org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v trestnom konan\u00ed, sna\u017e\u00ed sa \u00eds\u0165 v \u00fastrety vy\u0161etrovaniu a maximalizova\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017eenie trestu za pomoc pri odhalen\u00ed pracovn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Okrem skriptov podvodn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj bombers. To s\u00fa boti, ktor\u00ed poskytuj\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 zahlti\u0165 telef\u00f3n SMSkami a hovorom. Bombers funguj\u00fa takto: chodia na r\u00f4zne webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky a \u017eiadaj\u00fa o registr\u00e1ciu alebo obnovenie hesla na telef\u00f3nne \u010d\u00edslo. Zvy\u010dajne podvodn\u00edci prip\u00e1jaj\u00fa svoje obete na 2\u201472 hod\u00edn. A to je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 d\u00f4vod, pre\u010do neukazova\u0165 svoje telef\u00f3nne \u010d\u00edslo na internete. <\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ee91928bf52b5001edb30fdf614be7e8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00e9 TS tie\u017e naj\u00edmaj\u00fa v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov, ktor\u00ed robia vylep\u0161enia pre bota alebo web. Napr\u00edklad pripojuj\u00fa hodnotenie pracovn\u00edkov alebo chr\u00e1nia skripty pred zranite\u013enos\u0165ami, ktor\u00e9 existuj\u00fa vo vo\u013en\u00fdch verzi\u00e1ch. Av\u0161ak v honbe za r\u00fdchlym ziskom si TS m\u00f4\u017ee vzia\u0165 v\u0161etky v\u00fdnosy pre seba, podv\u00e1dzaj\u00fac vlastn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edkov. Pri tom existuje skupina chalanov, ktor\u00ed zar\u00e1baj\u00fa na samotn\u00fdch podvodn\u00edkoch, podv\u00e1dzaj\u00fac ich na r\u00f4znych slu\u017eb\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Priemern\u00fd denn\u00fd pr\u00edjem podvodn\u00edka-exek\u00fatora \u010din\u00ed 20 000 rub\u013eov, zatia\u013e \u010do podvodn\u00edka-organiz\u00e1tora \u2014 200 000 rub\u013eov. Hlavn\u00e9 je pam\u00e4ta\u0165: napriek zdanlivej beztrestnosti a zisku \u201ebiznisu\u201c, v\u0161etka t\u00e1to \u010dinnos\u0165 spad\u00e1 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.consultant.ru\/document\/cons_doc_LAW_10699\/8012ecdf64b7c9cfd62e90d7f55f9b5b7b72b755\/\">pod \u010dl\u00e1nok 159 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona RF<\/a><\/noindex>. Podvodn\u00edkov zadr\u017eiavaj\u00fa a d\u00e1vaj\u00fa im re\u00e1lne tresty aj v pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f \u0161koda z podvodu predstavuje 5\u20147 tis\u00edc rub\u013eov. <\/p>\n<p>V\u0161etky inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1me o faktoch podvodov, pred\u00e1vame org\u00e1nom \u010dinn\u00fdm v trestnom konan\u00ed. Sme presved\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee napriek zdanlivej ziskovosti a jednoduchosti sch\u00e9my, na\u0161i \u010ditatelia ch\u00e1pu, \u017ee podvodom sa zaoberaj\u00fa iba \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed si neuvedomuj\u00fa v\u0161etky rizik\u00e1. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"epicheskaya-bitva-antifroda-i-moshennikov\">Epick\u00fd s\u00faboj proti podvodn\u00edkom<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Povieme, ak\u00e9 kroky sme podnikli po\u010das prv\u00fdch mesiacov roku 2020, aby sme chr\u00e1nili na\u0161ich pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, a \u010d\u00edm odpovedali podvodn\u00edci. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00e1 metrika, na ktor\u00fa sme sa zameriavali pri hodnoten\u00ed efekt\u00edvnosti na\u0161ej pr\u00e1ce, je po\u010det podan\u00ed do podpory s platenou podvodnou dod\u00e1vkou. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu podvodn\u00fdch inzer\u00e1tov blokujeme e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ako sa dostan\u00fa na str\u00e1nku. Ale ke\u010f takmer cel\u00e9 obchodovanie pre\u0161lo do online, zaznamenali sme n\u00e1rast podan\u00ed. T\u00fato inform\u00e1ciu potvrdzuj\u00fa aj banky: v apr\u00edli a m\u00e1ji masovo rozosielali varovania o raste podvodov pri online n\u00e1kupoch.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0f585faf03e455fa6e176c3d8062f344.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Aby sme z\u00edskali r\u00fdchlu sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu na nov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, jeden z na\u0161ich \u010dlenov t\u00edmu sa zapojil do desiatok uzavret\u00fdch skup\u00edn podvodn\u00edkov. V jednej z nich absolvoval pohovor na v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ra a z\u00edskal pr\u00edstup k zdrojov\u00fdm k\u00f3dexom podvodn\u00fdch botov, ako aj sa dostal do skupiny organiz\u00e1torov. V\u010faka tomu sme mali v\u017edy \u010derstv\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie z prvej ruky.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Uvedomuj\u00fac si rizik\u00e1 z d\u00f4vodu za\u010diatku lockdownu, sme za\u010dali pr\u00e1cu pred akt\u00edvnym n\u00e1rastom podan\u00ed. Jedn\u00fdm z prv\u00fdch technick\u00fdch opatren\u00ed bola implement\u00e1cia anti-hacku, aby sme vytrhli \u00fa\u010dty pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov z paz\u00farov p\u00e1chate\u013eov. Na to sme pri spr\u00e1vnom zadan\u00ed prihlasovac\u00edch \u00fadajov, no podozrilej geopoz\u00edcii, po\u017eadovali k\u00f3d z sms, ktor\u00fd pri\u0161iel vlastn\u00edkovi \u00fa\u010dtu. V reakcii na to za\u010dali podvodn\u00edci registrova\u0165 viac samostatn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dtov. To n\u00e1m vyhovuje \u2014 nov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty predajcov vzbudzuj\u00fa menej d\u00f4very. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010ealej sme za\u010dali varova\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov pred preklik\u00e1van\u00edm na podozriv\u00e9 odkazy v messengeri. Tak sme zn\u00ed\u017eili po\u010det prekliknut\u00ed o tretinu, ale na na\u0161ej hlavnej metrike to takmer nemalo \u017eiadny dopad: t\u00fdch, ktor\u00fdch podv\u00e1dzali podvodn\u00edci, nezastavilo \u017eiadne varovanie.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/013ca498711ede9a6920a8f6624df5a0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1sledne sme zaviedli biely zoznam odkazov. Prestali sme zv\u00fdraz\u0148ova\u0165 nezn\u00e1me odkazy v messengeri Avito, prejs\u0165 na ne jedn\u00fdm klikom u\u017e nie je mo\u017en\u00e9. Pri kop\u00edrovan\u00ed podozriv\u00e9ho odkazu sme tie\u017e zobrazovali varovanie. Toto rozhodnutie prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pozit\u00edvne ovplyvnilo na\u0161u metriku. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dali sme akt\u00edvne tresta\u0165 za prenos podozriv\u00fdch odkazov v messengeri Avito: blokovan\u00edm alebo odmietan\u00edm inzer\u00e1tov predajcu. V reakcii na to podvodn\u00edci za\u010dali pres\u00fava\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov z na\u0161ej chatovej miestnosti do extern\u00fdch messengerov. Potom sme vydali varovanie, aby sme neprech\u00e1dzali do in\u00e9ho messengera, ak vid\u00edme jeho zmienku v chate. T\u00e1to funkcia sa spustila cez h\u013eadanie pomocou regul\u00e1rneho v\u00fdrazu, potom sme ju nahradili modelom ML.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/be1549f0b6b3dfda83406b9ad351851d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Vtedy podvodn\u00edci za\u010dali pres\u00fava\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov na elektronick\u00fa po\u0161tu. Na to potrebovali to ist\u00e9, \u010do v\u0161etci ostatn\u00ed \u2014 d\u00f4veru. Za\u010dali posiela\u0165 potenci\u00e1lnym obetiam sn\u00edmky, kde Avito \u00fadajne po\u017eaduje email kupuj\u00faceho. To je podvod \u2014 emaily kupuj\u00facich nepotrebujeme. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/d10d74ec6eb09bd8545299812ce3fd67.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Tu na\u0161a podpora \u00fadajne odpoved\u00e1, \u017ee na doru\u010denie je potrebn\u00fd email kupuj\u00faceho.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/afeba0a0501fe3f13c4f12a2253a7002.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>A tu sa v na\u0161om rozhran\u00ed akoby objavilo nov\u00e9 pole na zadanie e-mailu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ak niekto mohol rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00fd odkaz, tak list je \u013eahko kvalitne fal\u0161ovate\u013en\u00fd a vzbudzuje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu d\u00f4veru. Za\u010dali sme maza\u0165 spr\u00e1vy s emailom a zobrazova\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi varovanie pred nebezpe\u010denstvom tak\u00e9hoto konania. Ak po varovan\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e op\u00e4\u0165 po\u0161le email, u\u017e ho nema\u017eeme. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Podvodn\u00edci za\u010dali \u017eiada\u0165 kupuj\u00facich, aby poslali adresu elektronickej po\u0161ty v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch spr\u00e1vach alebo so zmenou znaku @ na in\u00fd. Potom sme za\u010dali zobrazova\u0165 varovanie u\u017e pri \u017eiadosti o po\u0161tu. Komplex t\u00fdchto opatren\u00ed umo\u017enil takmer \u00faplne zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u00fateku pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov do po\u0161ty z messengera Avito.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/cafa780a7956592c9a05beb9ad9703bb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161a aktu\u00e1lna mechanika je celkom efekt\u00edvna, ale nie priate\u013esk\u00e1 k pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom. Spr\u00e1va s elektronickou po\u0161tou sa ma\u017ee \u00faplne, a \u010dasto v nej b\u00fdva aj in\u00fd text. Ale bolo to najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a najlacnej\u0161ie v dizajne rie\u0161enie. Prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eame o tom, ako ho prepracova\u0165 a vylep\u0161i\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jedna z na\u0161ich posledn\u00fdch iniciat\u00edv je zavola\u0165 na \u010d\u00edslo. Zvy\u010dajne \u010d\u00edsla podvodn\u00edkov, na ktor\u00e9 registrovali \u00fa\u010dty, \u017eij\u00fa kr\u00e1tko. Vol\u00e1me na \u010d\u00edslo predajcu po podan\u00ed inzer\u00e1tu na Avito. Ak sa nedovol\u00e1me, moderovanie odmieta inzer\u00e1t. Podvodn\u00edci za\u010dali meni\u0165 telef\u00f3nne \u010d\u00edslo pr\u00e1ve pred publikovan\u00edm, aby sme sa stihli dovola\u0165, k\u00fdm je e\u0161te dostupn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/65cb547c3a1bf9ea84c184704341dd77.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>A tu je sp\u00e4tn\u00e1 v\u00e4zba od podvodn\u00edka<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V&nbsp;podozriv\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch zni\u017eujeme prioritu ozn\u00e1menia vo&nbsp;vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed a odstra\u0148ujeme ho z&nbsp;odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed. Nastavujeme me\u0161kanie vo&nbsp;vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00ed a\u017e do&nbsp;48&nbsp;hod\u00edn, aby sme mohli v\u0161etko d\u00f4kladne skontrolova\u0165 a sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 o&nbsp;nie\u010do viac nepr\u00edjemnost\u00ed podvodn\u00edkom.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"eto-lish-verhushka-aysberga-vidov-moshennichestva-namnogo-bolshe\">To je len \u0161pi\u010dka \u013eadovca, druhov podvodov je ove\u013ea viac<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u017dia\u013e, nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 op\u00edsa\u0165 v\u0161etky druhy podvodov v&nbsp;jednom \u010dl\u00e1nku. Ke\u010f sme sa dozvedeli o&nbsp;zaveden\u00ed re\u017eimu sebaizol\u00e1cie, okam\u017eite bolo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee podvodn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed zar\u00e1bali offline, sa presun\u00fa online. Nechc\u00fa predsa zmeni\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie na&nbsp;nieko\u013eko mesiacov a sta\u0165 sa poriadnymi ob\u010danmi. To viedlo k&nbsp;skuto\u010dn\u00e9mu boomu podvodov na&nbsp;v\u0161etk\u00fdch online platform\u00e1ch a po telef\u00f3ne. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Medzi druhmi podvodov sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zriedkav\u00e9 a dokonca aj z\u00e1bavn\u00e9. Napr\u00edklad, tu sa podvodn\u00edk vyd\u00e1va za robota, aby zn\u00ed\u017eil n\u00e1klady na&nbsp;komunik\u00e1ciu:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/a65efac23ec1be04d5079644d33d72db.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee podvodn\u00edkov na&nbsp;Avite s&nbsp;ka\u017ed\u00fdm d\u0148om ub\u00fada a po&nbsp;celej krajine prebiehaj\u00fa razie, kde zamestnanci org\u00e1nov \u010dinn\u00fdch v&nbsp;trestnom konan\u00ed ich n\u00e1jdu, bez oh\u013eadu na&nbsp;proxy a VPN, zadr\u017eia a prived\u00fa k&nbsp;realizovaniu skuto\u010dn\u00fdch trestn\u00fdch sankci\u00ed do&nbsp;2&nbsp;rokov od\u0148atia slobody za podvody na&nbsp;\u010dastk\u00e1ch 2500\u20145000 rub\u013eov, \u00faplne sa zbavi\u0165 podvodov nie je mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nebudeme verejne opisova\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie n\u00e1pady a novinky, aby sme u\u013eah\u010dili pr\u00e1cu podvodn\u00edkom. Rozumieme, \u017ee tento boj bude pokra\u010dova\u0165. Na\u0161ou \u00falohou je maximalizova\u0165 obtia\u017enos\u0165 \u017eivota podvodn\u00edkom, spravi\u0165 tak\u00fdto sp\u00f4sob \u010dinnosti na&nbsp;na\u0161om zdroji jednoducho nevhodn\u00fdm a pr\u00edli\u0161 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm, pri\u010dom minim\u00e1lne zasiahnu\u0165 dobr\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/a2370f78204c2829f5f5c8d8ff08deb5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rezultaty-raboty\">V\u00fdsledky pr\u00e1ce<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tu je graf \u017eiadost\u00ed o&nbsp;podporu t\u00fdkaj\u00facu sa podvodov v&nbsp;doprave. Posledn\u00e9 t\u00fd\u017edne sa udr\u017eiava na&nbsp;stabilne n\u00edzkej \u00farovni:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ako Avito odha\u013euje podvodn\u00edkov a bojuje s podvodmi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/c77227ea9be20b98c74eee2113c21351.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kak-ne-stat-zhertvoy-moshennika\">Ako sa nestat obetou podvodn\u00edka<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Podvodn\u00edci s\u00fa ly\u017ei\u010dka dechtu v&nbsp;bare v\u00fdhodn\u00fdch pon\u00fak. Aby ste v\u017edy zostali v&nbsp;bezpe\u010d\u00ed, sta\u010d\u00ed dodr\u017eiava\u0165 nasleduj\u00face pravidl\u00e1:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nesdie\u013eajte citliv\u00e9 \u00fadaje. \u017diadne: meno a priezvisko, telef\u00f3nne \u010d\u00edslo, adresu, e-mail, d\u00e1tum a miesto narodenia, inform\u00e1cie o&nbsp;rodine a pr\u00edjmoch, \u00fadaje o&nbsp;platobnej karte, kontakty v&nbsp;in\u00fdch messengeroch. Nikdy nehovorte k\u00f3dy z&nbsp;SMS a push notifik\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0161etku komunik\u00e1ciu vedzte iba v&nbsp;na\u0161om messengeri, v\u010faka \u010domu v\u00e1s m\u00f4\u017eeme varova\u0165 v&nbsp;pr\u00edpade nebezpe\u010denstva. <\/li>\n<li>Skontrolujte hodnotenie predajcu a vek profilu. Podozriv\u00e9 s\u00fa n\u00edzke ceny, ned\u00e1vny d\u00e1tum registr\u00e1cie na str\u00e1nke a negat\u00edvne recenzie. <\/li>\n<li>Ak tla\u010didlo \u201eK\u00fapi\u0165 s doru\u010den\u00edm\u201c nie je akt\u00edvne, doru\u010denie tovaru prostredn\u00edctvom overen\u00fdch partnerov Avito nie je mo\u017en\u00e9. In\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby doru\u010denia s\u00fa v\u017edy rizikom.<\/li>\n<li>Neprehliadnite odkazy. Odkaz na platbu alebo prijatie pe\u0148az\u00ed by mal pr\u00eds\u0165 do zabudovan\u00e9ho messengeru Avito ako syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 spr\u00e1va. Skuto\u010dn\u00fd odkaz v\u017edy za\u010d\u00edna dom\u00e9nou www.avito.ru. Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek in\u00e9 kombin\u00e1cie slov a znakov s\u00fa podvod.<\/li>\n<li>Nepon\u00e1h\u013eajte sa a vykon\u00e1vajte v\u0161etky n\u00e1kupy s triezvou hlavou. Bu\u010fte opatrn\u00ed vo\u010di ak\u00fdmko\u013evek detailom. Podvodn\u00edci \u010dasto tla\u010dia na potenci\u00e1lnych z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov a hrozia, \u017ee predaj\u00fa tovar niekomu in\u00e9mu. Poctiv\u00ed predajcovia s\u00fa loj\u00e1lni a s\u00fa otvoren\u00ed dodato\u010dn\u00fdm ot\u00e1zkam. <\/li>\n<li>Neposielajte z\u00e1lohu za \u017eiadne slu\u017eby, ak si nie ste ist\u00ed predajcom.<\/li>\n<li>Neinstalujte \u017eiadne extern\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenia a programy.<\/li>\n<li>Ak ste videli podozriv\u00fd profil alebo inzer\u00e1t, nap\u00ed\u0161te o tom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/support.avito.ru\/request\/317?eventData%5BcontextId%5D=117\">na\u0161u podporu<\/a><\/noindex>. Skontrolujeme predajcu. Na internete je lep\u0161ie nikomu neveri\u0165 a robi\u0165 dodato\u010dn\u00e9 kontroly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/avito\/blog\/505916\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440. \u042f \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441&nbsp;\u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e&nbsp;\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441&nbsp;\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044f\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441&nbsp;\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441&nbsp;\u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441&nbsp;\u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430&nbsp;\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435 2020&nbsp;\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432&nbsp;\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":85174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-85173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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