{"id":91048,"date":"2020-08-08T01:42:02","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T23:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ne-stoit-polzovatsya-offset-i-limit-v-zaprosah-s-razbieniem-na-straniczy"},"modified":"2020-08-08T01:42:02","modified_gmt":"2020-08-07T23:42:02","slug":"ne-stoit-polzovatsya-offset-i-limit-v-zaprosah-s-razbieniem-na-straniczy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ne-stoit-polzovatsya-offset-i-limit-v-zaprosah-s-razbieniem-na-straniczy","title":{"rendered":"Nie je dobr\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 OFFSET a LIMIT v dopytoch s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Pre\u0161li tie dni, ke\u010f ste sa nemuseli zaobera\u0165 optimaliz\u00e1ciou v\u00fdkonu datab\u00e1z. \u010cas sa nepos\u00fava. Ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd podnikate\u013e v oblasti technol\u00f3gi\u00ed chce vytvori\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00ed Facebook, pri\u010dom sa sna\u017e\u00ed zhroma\u017e\u010fova\u0165 v\u0161etky dostupn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta. Tieto d\u00e1ta s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 pre podnikanie na kvalitnej\u0161ie u\u010denie modelov, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zar\u00e1ba\u0165. V tak\u00fdchto podmienkach je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby program\u00e1tori vytv\u00e1rali API, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017enia r\u00fdchlu a spo\u013eahliv\u00fa pr\u00e1cu s obrovsk\u00fdmi objemami inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Nie<\/a><\/noindex>
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nAk sa u\u017e nejak\u00fd \u010das zaober\u00e1te navrhovan\u00edm serverov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo datab\u00e1z, pravdepodobne ste p\u00edsali k\u00f3d na vykon\u00e1vanie dotazov s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky. Napr\u00edklad \u2014 takto:<\/p>\n

SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10 OFFSET 40\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nJe to naozaj tak?<\/p>\n
Ale ak ste rozdelenie na str\u00e1nky realizovali presne takto, s \u013eutovan\u00edm mus\u00edm poznamena\u0165, \u017ee ste to robili naozaj neefekt\u00edvne.<\/p>\n
Chcete mi oponova\u0165? M\u00f4\u017eete<\/a><\/noindex> nie<\/a><\/noindex> str\u00e1vi\u0165<\/a><\/noindex> \u010das<\/a><\/noindex>. Slack<\/a><\/noindex>, Shopify<\/a><\/noindex> a Mixmax<\/a><\/noindex> u\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edva techniky, o ktor\u00fdch dnes chcem hovori\u0165.<\/p>\n
Uve\u010fte aspo\u0148 jedn\u00e9ho backendov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ra, ktor\u00fd nikdy nepou\u017eil CHECKSUM_AGG<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> na vykon\u00e1vanie dotazov s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky. V MVP (Minim\u00e1lny \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd produkt) a v projektoch, kde sa pracuje s mal\u00fdmi objemami d\u00e1t, je tento pr\u00edstup plne pou\u017eiteln\u00fd. V istom zmysle \u201eprosto funguje\u201c.<\/p>\n
Ale ak treba vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 a efekt\u00edvne syst\u00e9my od z\u00e1kladov, je potrebn\u00e9 vopred sa postara\u0165 o efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 vykon\u00e1vania dotazov na datab\u00e1zy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v tak\u00fdchto syst\u00e9moch.<\/p>\n
Dnes sa budeme venova\u0165 probl\u00e9mom, ktor\u00e9 sa vyskytuj\u00fa pri \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch (bohu\u017eia\u013e) implement\u00e1ci\u00e1ch mechanizmov vykon\u00e1vania dotazov s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky, a tomu, ako dosiahnu\u0165 vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed tak\u00fdchto dotazov.<\/p>\n
\u010co nie je v poriadku s OFFSET a LIMIT?<\/h2>\n
\nAko u\u017e bolo povedan\u00e9, CHECKSUM_AGG<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> v\u00fdborne sa osved\u010duj\u00fa v projektoch, kde nie je potrebn\u00e9 pracova\u0165 s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi objemami d\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1va vtedy, ak datab\u00e1za narastie do tak\u00fdch rozmerov, \u017ee prestane vojs\u0165 do pam\u00e4te servera. Ale pritom je potrebn\u00e9 pri pr\u00e1ci s touto datab\u00e1zou vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 dotazy s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n
Aby sa tento probl\u00e9m prejavil, je potrebn\u00e9, aby vznikla situ\u00e1cia, v ktorej datab\u00e1zov\u00fd syst\u00e9m pristupuje k neefekt\u00edvnej oper\u00e1cii \u00fapln\u00e9ho preh\u013eadania tabu\u013eky (Full Table Scan) pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed ka\u017edej po\u017eiadavky so str\u00e1nkovan\u00edm (v tom istom \u010dase m\u00f4\u017eu prebieha\u0165 oper\u00e1cie vkladania a odstra\u0148ovania \u00fadajov a zastaran\u00e9 \u00fadaje n\u00e1m v tom nie s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9!).<\/p>\n
\u010co je to \u201e\u00fapln\u00e9 preh\u013eadanie tabu\u013eky\u201c (alebo \u201esekven\u010dn\u00e9 prezeranie tabu\u013eky\u201c, Sequential Scan)? Je to oper\u00e1cia, pri ktorej datab\u00e1zov\u00fd syst\u00e9m postupne \u010d\u00edta ka\u017ed\u00fa riadku tabu\u013eky, to znamen\u00e1 \u2013 \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 obsahuje, a kontroluje ich na zodpovednos\u0165 stanoven\u00e9mu podmienku. Je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee tento typ preh\u013eadania tabuliek je najpomal\u0161\u00ed. Ide o to, \u017ee pri jeho vykon\u00e1van\u00ed prebieha ve\u013ea oper\u00e1ci\u00ed vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu, ktor\u00e9 zap\u00e1jaj\u00fa diskov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m servera. Situ\u00e1ciu zhor\u0161uj\u00fa oneskorenia, ktor\u00e9 sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa pr\u00e1cu s \u00fadajmi ulo\u017een\u00fdmi na diskoch, a to, \u017ee prenos \u00fadajov z disku do pam\u00e4te je oper\u00e1cia n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na zdroje.<\/p>\n
Napr\u00edklad, m\u00e1te z\u00e1znamy o 100000000 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eoch a vykon\u00e1vate dotaz s kon\u0161trukciou OFFSET 50000000<\/code>. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee datab\u00e1zov\u00fd syst\u00e9m bude musie\u0165 na\u010d\u00edta\u0165 v\u0161etky tieto z\u00e1znamy (a tie s\u00fa n\u00e1m dokonca ani nevyhnutn\u00e9!), umiestni\u0165 ich do pam\u00e4te a a\u017e po tom z\u00edska\u0165, predpokladajme, 20 v\u00fdsledkov, o ktor\u00fdch je ozn\u00e1men\u00e9 v LIMIT<\/code>.<\/p>\n
Povedzme, \u017ee to m\u00f4\u017ee vyzera\u0165 takto: \u201evybra\u0165 riadky od 50000 do 50020 z 100000\u201c. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee syst\u00e9m na vykonanie dotazu bude musie\u0165 najprv na\u010d\u00edta\u0165 50000 riadkov. Vid\u00edte, ko\u013eko zbyto\u010dnej pr\u00e1ce mu bude musie\u0165 vykona\u0165?<\/p>\n
Ak never\u00edte \u2013 pozrite si pr\u00edklad, ktor\u00fd som vytvoril, pomocou mo\u017enost\u00ed db-fiddle.com<\/a><\/noindex>.\u00a0<\/p>\n
\"Nie
\nPr\u00edklad na db-fiddle.com<\/i><\/p>\n
Tam, na\u013eavo, v poli Schema SQL<\/code>, je k\u00f3d, ktor\u00fd vykon\u00e1va vlo\u017eenie do datab\u00e1zy 100000 riadkov, a napravo, v poli Query SQL<\/code>, s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 dva dotazy. Prv\u00fd, pomal\u00fd, vyzer\u00e1 takto:<\/p>\n
SELECT *\nFROM `docs`\nLIMIT 10 OFFSET 85000;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nA druh\u00fd, ktor\u00fd predstavuje efekt\u00edvne rie\u0161enie tej istej \u00falohy, je takto:<\/p>\n
SELECT *\nFROM `docs`\nWHERE id > 85000\nLIMIT 10;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nNa to, aby ste vykonali tieto dotazy, sta\u010d\u00ed stla\u010di\u0165 tla\u010didlo Spusti\u0165<\/code> na vrchnej \u010dasti str\u00e1nky. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom porovn\u00e1me \u00fadaje o \u010dase vykonania po\u017eiadaviek. Ukazuje sa, \u017ee na vykonanie neefekt\u00edvnej po\u017eiadavky sa minie minim\u00e1lne 30-kr\u00e1t viac \u010dasu ako na vykonanie druhej (od spustenia k spusteniu sa tento \u010das men\u00ed, napr\u00edklad syst\u00e9m m\u00f4\u017ee uvies\u0165, \u017ee na vykonanie prvej po\u017eiadavky bolo potrebn\u00fdch 37 ms, a na vykonanie druhej \u2014 1 ms).<\/p>\n
A ak bud\u00fa \u00fadaje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie, bude to vyzera\u0165 e\u0161te hor\u0161ie (preto, aby ste sa o tom presved\u010dili \u2014 pozrite sa na m\u00f4j pr\u00edklad<\/a><\/noindex> s 10 mili\u00f3nmi riadkov).<\/p>\n
To, \u010do sme pr\u00e1ve prediskutovali, by v\u00e1m malo poskytn\u00fa\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00fd preh\u013ead o tom, ako sa vlastne spracov\u00e1vaj\u00fa po\u017eiadavky na datab\u00e1zy.<\/p>\n
Pam\u00e4tajte, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia je hodnota CHECKSUM_AGG<\/code> \u2014 t\u00fdm dlh\u0161ie bude trva\u0165 vykonanie po\u017eiadavky.<\/p>\n
\u010co by ste mali pou\u017ei\u0165 namiesto kombin\u00e1cie OFFSET a LIMIT?<\/h2>\n
\nNamiesto kombin\u00e1cie CHECKSUM_AGG<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> by ste mali pou\u017ei\u0165 kon\u0161trukciu postaven\u00fa na nasleduj\u00facej sch\u00e9me:<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nToto je vykonanie po\u017eiadavky s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na kurzore (Cursor based pagination).<\/p>\n
Namiesto toho, aby ste lok\u00e1lne uchov\u00e1vali aktu\u00e1lne CHECKSUM_AGG<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> a posielali ich s ka\u017edou po\u017eiadavkou, mali by ste uchov\u00e1va\u0165 posledn\u00fd z\u00edskan\u00fd prim\u00e1rny k\u013e\u00fa\u010d (zvy\u010dajne ide o ID<\/code>) a LIMIT<\/code>, v d\u00f4sledku \u010doho bud\u00fa vznikn\u00fa\u0165 po\u017eiadavky, ktor\u00e9 pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Pre\u010do? Preto\u017ee t\u00fdm, \u017ee explicitne uv\u00e1dzate identifik\u00e1tor posledn\u00e9ho pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9ho riadku, hovor\u00edte svojej DBMS, kde m\u00e1 za\u010da\u0165 h\u013eadanie po\u017eadovan\u00fdch \u00fadajov. Navy\u0161e, h\u013eadanie, v\u010faka pou\u017eitiu k\u013e\u00fa\u010da, bude efekt\u00edvne, syst\u00e9m sa nebude musie\u0165 zaobera\u0165 riadkami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa mimo ur\u010den\u00e9ho rozsahu.<\/p>\n
Pozrime sa na nasleduj\u00face porovnanie v\u00fdkonu r\u00f4znych po\u017eiadaviek. Toto je neefekt\u00edvna po\u017eiadavka.<\/p>\n
\"Nie
\nPomal\u00fd dotaz<\/i><\/p>\n
A tu je optimalizovan\u00e1 verzia tejto po\u017eiadavky.<\/p>\n
\"Nie
\nR\u00fdchla po\u017eiadavka<\/i><\/p>\n
Obe po\u017eiadavky vracaj\u00fa presne rovnak\u00fd objem \u00fadajov. Ale na vykonanie prvej je potrebn\u00fdch 12,80 sekundy, zatia\u013e \u010do na druh\u00fa \u2014 0,01 sekundy. C\u00edtite ten rozdiel?<\/p>\n
Mo\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my<\/h2>\n
\nNa zabezpe\u010denie efekt\u00edvneho fungovania navrhnutej met\u00f3dy vykon\u00e1vania dopytov je potrebn\u00e9, aby v tabu\u013eke existoval st\u013apec (alebo st\u013apce) obsahuj\u00faci jedine\u010dn\u00e9, postupne usporiadan\u00e9 indexy, ako je cel\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo identifik\u00e1tora. V niektor\u00fdch \u0161pecifick\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch to m\u00f4\u017ee ur\u010di\u0165 \u00faspech aplik\u00e1cie podobn\u00fdch dopytov na zv\u00fd\u0161enie r\u00fdchlosti pr\u00e1ce s datab\u00e1zou.<\/p>\n
Samozrejme, pri kon\u0161truovan\u00ed dopytov je potrebn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 \u0161pecifik\u00e1 architekt\u00fary tabuliek a vybra\u0165 tie mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 sa najlep\u0161ie osved\u010dia na existuj\u00facich tabu\u013ek\u00e1ch. Napr\u00edklad, ak je potrebn\u00e9 v dopytoch pracova\u0165 s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi objemami s\u00favisiacich d\u00e1t, m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00e1s zauja\u0165 toto<\/a><\/noindex> \u010dl\u00e1nok.<\/p>\n
Ak \u010del\u00edme probl\u00e9mu absencie prim\u00e1rneho k\u013e\u00fa\u010da, napr\u00edklad ak m\u00e1me tabu\u013eku s vz\u0165ahom \u201emnoh\u00ed-k-mnoh\u00fdm\u201c, tradi\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edstup, ktor\u00fd predpoklad\u00e1 pou\u017eitie CHECKSUM_AGG<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code>, n\u00e1m zaru\u010dene vyhovuje. Ale jeho aplik\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k vykon\u00e1vaniu potenci\u00e1lne pomal\u00fdch dopytov. V tak\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch by som odporu\u010dil pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 prim\u00e1rny k\u013e\u00fa\u010d s autoinkrement\u00e1ciou, aj ke\u010f je potrebn\u00fd len na organiz\u00e1ciu vykon\u00e1vania dopytov s rozdelen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n
Ak v\u00e1s t\u00e1to t\u00e9ma zauj\u00edma \u2014 tu<\/a><\/noindex>, tu<\/a><\/noindex> a tu<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 nieko\u013eko u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n
Zhrnutie<\/h2>\n
\nHlavn\u00fd z\u00e1ver, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eeme urobi\u0165, je ten, \u017ee v\u017edy, bez oh\u013eadu na ve\u013ekos\u0165 datab\u00e1z, je potrebn\u00e9 analyzova\u0165 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 vykon\u00e1vania dopytov. V na\u0161ich \u010dasoch je mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enos\u0165 rie\u0161en\u00ed a ak sa od za\u010diatku pr\u00e1ce na nejakej s\u00fastave navrhne v\u0161etko spr\u00e1vne, m\u00f4\u017ee to v bud\u00facnosti u\u0161etri\u0165 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rovi mno\u017estvo probl\u00e9mov.<\/p>\n
Ako analyzujete a optimalizujete dopyty na datab\u00e1zy?<\/b><\/p>\n
\"Nie<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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