{"id":94293,"date":"2020-09-15T07:42:20","date_gmt":"2020-09-15T05:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/informaczionnaya-sreda-na-princzipah-open-data"},"modified":"2020-09-15T07:42:20","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T05:42:20","slug":"informaczionnaya-sreda-na-princzipah-open-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/informaczionnaya-sreda-na-princzipah-open-data","title":{"rendered":"Informa\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie na princ\u00edpoch Open Data","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Informa\u010dn\u00e9
\n
\nNavrhovan\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie je akousi decentralizovanou soci\u00e1lnou sie\u0165ou. Av\u0161ak na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch existuj\u00facich rie\u0161en\u00ed toto prostredie m\u00e1 mno\u017estvo u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed okrem decentraliz\u00e1cie a je postaven\u00e9 na pomerne jednoduch\u00fdch a \u0161tandardn\u00fdch technick\u00fdch rie\u0161eniach (email, json, textov\u00e9 s\u00fabory a trocha blockchainu). To umo\u017e\u0148uje ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kto m\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 znalosti programovania, vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 svoje slu\u017eby pre toto prostredie.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Univerz\u00e1lny identifik\u00e1tor<\/h3>\n

\nV ka\u017edom online prostred\u00ed s\u00fa identifik\u00e1tory pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov a objektov jedn\u00fdm z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch prvkov syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

V tomto pr\u00edpade ako identifik\u00e1tor pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea vystupuje email, ktor\u00fd sa u\u017e v podstate stal be\u017ene akceptovan\u00fdm identifik\u00e1torom na autentifik\u00e1ciu na str\u00e1nkach a in\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch (jaber, openId). <\/p>\n

V skuto\u010dnosti identifik\u00e1tor pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea v tomto online prostred\u00ed je p\u00e1r login+domain, ktor\u00fd je pre pohodlie zap\u00edsan\u00fd v be\u017enej forme pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu. Pri\u010dom pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu decentraliz\u00e1ciu by mal ma\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e svoj vlastn\u00fd dom\u00e9n. To je bl\u00edzke princ\u00edpom indiw\u00e9ba, kde ako pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fd identifik\u00e1tor sa vyu\u017e\u00edva dom\u00e9na. V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade si pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e k svojej dom\u00e9ne prid\u00e1va prez\u00fdvku, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 nieko\u013eko \u00fa\u010dtov na jednej dom\u00e9ne (napr\u00edklad pre priate\u013eov) a \u010din\u00ed syst\u00e9m adresovania flexibilnej\u0161\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00fdto form\u00e1t identifik\u00e1tora pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea nie je viazan\u00fd na \u017eiadnu sie\u0165. Ak pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e zverej\u0148uje svoje \u00fadaje v TOR sieti \u2014 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 dom\u00e9ny v z\u00f3ne .onion, ak je to sie\u0165 s DNS syst\u00e9mom na blockchainu \u2014 tak dom\u00e9ny v z\u00f3ne typu .bit. Nakoniec, form\u00e1t adres\u00e1cie pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov a ich \u00fadajov nez\u00e1vis\u00ed od siete, cez ktor\u00fa s\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 (v\u0161ade sa pou\u017e\u00edva spojenie login+domain). Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ako identifik\u00e1tor bitcoin\/ethereum adresu, je mo\u017en\u00e9 system upravi\u0165 na pou\u017e\u00edvanie pseudo emailov\u00fdch adries typu xaca1b7c8126806f672f9dbee4951527bb0f2c4e4@ethereum.blockchain<\/code><\/p>\n

Adres\u00e1cia objektov<\/h3>\n

\nToto online prostredie je v podstate s\u00fabor objektov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pop\u00edsan\u00e9 v \u0161trukt\u00farovanom strojovo \u010ditate\u013enom form\u00e1te, odkazuj\u00fa na in\u00e9 objekty a s\u00fa viazan\u00e9 na konkr\u00e9tneho pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea (email) alebo projekt\/organiz\u00e1ciu (dom\u00e9na).<\/p>\n

Ako identifik\u00e1tory objektov sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa urn v mennom priestore urn:opendata. Napr\u00edklad, profil pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea m\u00e1 adresu vo forme: <\/p>\n

urn:opendata:profile:user@domain.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nKoment\u00e1r pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea m\u00e1 adresu vo forme:<\/p>\n
urn:opendata:comment:user@domain.com:08adbed93413782682fd25da77bd93c99dfd0548<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nkde 08adbed93413782682fd25da77bd93c99dfd0548 \u2014 n\u00e1hodn\u00fd sha-1 hash, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017ei ako id objektu, a user@domain.com \u2014 majite\u013e tohto objektu.<\/p>\n
Princ\u00edp publikovania pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fdch d\u00e1t<\/h3>\n
\nMaj\u00fac pod svojou spr\u00e1vou dom\u00e9nu, m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e pomerne \u013eahko publikova\u0165 svoje d\u00e1ta a obsah. A na rozdiel od indibeba, na to nie je potrebn\u00e9 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 webov\u00fa str\u00e1nku s html str\u00e1nkami, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa vlo\u017een\u00e9 s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 d\u00e1ta.<\/p>\n
Napr\u00edklad, z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 v s\u00fabore datarobots.txt, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza na adrese vo forme <\/p>\n
http:\/\/55334.ru\/konstantin@55334.ru\/datarobots.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nA m\u00e1 obsah tak\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu:<\/p>\n
Object: user\nServices-Enabled: 55334.ru,newethnos.ru\nEthnos: newethnos\nDelegate-Tokens: http:\/\/55334.ru\/konstantin@55334.ru\/delegete.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nTeda fakticky \u2014 je to s\u00fabor riadkov s d\u00e1tami vo forme k\u013e\u00fa\u010d->hodnota, ktor\u00fdch anal\u00fdza je jednoduchou \u00falohou pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kto m\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 programovacie znalosti. A d\u00e1ta mo\u017eno upravi\u0165, ak si to \u017eel\u00e1te, pomocou be\u017en\u00e9ho textov\u00e9ho editora.<\/p>\n
Zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie d\u00e1ta (profil, koment\u00e1r, pr\u00edspevok at\u010f.), ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa svoj urn \u2014 s\u00fa poskytnut\u00e9 vo forme JSON objektu prostredn\u00edctvom \u0161tandardn\u00e9ho API (http:\/\/opendatahub.org\/api_1.0?lang=ru), ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e9 bu\u010f na dom\u00e9ne pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea, alebo na extern\u00fdch str\u00e1nkach, ktor\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e delegoval ulo\u017eenie, publikovanie a \u00fapravu svojich d\u00e1t (v riadku Services-Enabled s\u00faboru datarobots.txt). O tak\u00fdchto extern\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch je uveden\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/p>\n
Jednoduch\u00e1 ontol\u00f3gia a JSON<\/h3>\n
\nOntol\u00f3gia komunika\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia je relat\u00edvne jednoduch\u00e1 v porovnan\u00ed s ontol\u00f3giami odvetvov\u00fdch datab\u00e1z znalost\u00ed. Preto\u017ee v komunika\u010dnom prostred\u00ed existuje relat\u00edvne mal\u00fd s\u00fabor \u0161tandardn\u00fdch objektov (pr\u00edspevok, koment\u00e1r, lajky, profil, recenzia) s relat\u00edvne mal\u00fdm s\u00faborom vlastnost\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Preto na opis objektov v takom prostred\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed pou\u017ei\u0165 JSON namiesto zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9ho a parsovan\u00e9ho XML (d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je nezabudn\u00fa\u0165 na potrebu n\u00edzkeho prahu vstupu a \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enos\u0165).<\/p>\n
Aby ste z\u00edskali objekt s n\u00e1m zn\u00e1mym urn \u2014 je potrebn\u00e9 sa obr\u00e1ti\u0165 na dom\u00e9nu pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea, alebo na extern\u00e9 slu\u017eby, ktor\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e delegoval spr\u00e1vu svojich d\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
V tejto online prostred\u00ed m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 dom\u00e9na, na ktorej existuje online slu\u017eba, tie\u017e svoj datarobots.txt umiestnen\u00fd na adrese typu example.com\/datarobots.txt s podobn\u00fdm obsahom:<\/p>\n
Objekt: slu\u017eba\nApi: http:\/\/newethnos.ru\/api\nApi-Verzia: http:\/\/opendatahub.org\/api_1.0<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nZ ktor\u00e9ho m\u00f4\u017eeme zisti\u0165, \u017ee z\u00edskanie \u00fadajov o objekte je mo\u017en\u00e9 na adrese typu:<\/p>\n
http:\/\/newethnos.ru\/api?urn=urn:opendata:profile:konstantin@55334.ru<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n
JSON objekt m\u00e1 tak\u00fato \u0161trukt\u00faru:<\/p>\n
{\n    \"urn\": \"urn:opendata:profile:expample@55334.ru\",\n    \"status\": 1,\n    \"message\": \"Ok\",\n    \"timestamp\": 1596429631,\n    \"service\": \"example.com\",\n    \"data\": {\n        \"name\": \"J\u00e1n\",\n        \"surname\": \"Gald\",\n        \"gender\": \"male\",\n        \"city\": \"Moskva\",\n        \"img\": \"http:\/\/domain.com\/image.jpg\",\n        \"birthtime\": 332467200,\n        \"community_friends\": {\n            \"example1@domain.com\": \"1\",\n            \"example2@domain.com\": \"0.5\",\n            \"example3@domain.com\": \"0.7\"\n        },\n        \"interests_tags\": \"auta,ma\u010dky,kino\",\n        \"mental_cards\": {\n            \"no_alcohol@main\": 8,\n            \"data_accumulation@main\": 8,\n            \"open_data@main\": 8\n        }\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Servisn\u00e1 architekt\u00fara<\/h3>\n
\nExtern\u00e9 slu\u017eby s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 na zjednodu\u0161enie procesu publikovania a vyh\u013ead\u00e1vania \u00fadajov koncov\u00fdmi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi. <\/p>\n
Vy\u0161\u0161ie bol spomenut\u00fd jeden z druhov slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi publikova\u0165 jeho \u00fadaje na sieti. M\u00f4\u017ee existova\u0165 mno\u017estvo podobn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00e1 poskytuje pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi pohodln\u00e9 rozhranie na \u00fapravu jedn\u00e9ho z typov \u00fadajov (f\u00f3rum, blog, ot\u00e1zka-odpove\u010f, at\u010f.). Ak pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e ned\u00f4veruje extern\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m, m\u00f4\u017ee si nain\u0161talova\u0165 na svoju dom\u00e9nu skript slu\u017eby na pr\u00e1cu s \u00fadajmi alebo si ho vyvin\u00fa\u0165 s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n
Okrem slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom publikova\u0165\/upravova\u0165 \u00fadaje, je v online prostred\u00ed predpokladan\u00e1 rada in\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa relat\u00edvne zlo\u017eit\u00e9 \u00falohy, ktor\u00e9 je dos\u0165 problematick\u00e9 realizova\u0165 na uzloch koncov\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n
Jedn\u00fdm z druhov tak\u00fdchto slu\u017eieb s\u00fa d\u00e1tov\u00e9 huby ( opendatahub.org\/ru<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 pr\u00edklad), ktor\u00e9 vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u00falohu ak\u00e9hosi webov\u00e9ho arch\u00edvu, ktor\u00fd zhroma\u017e\u010fuje v\u0161etky verejn\u00e9 strojovo \u010ditate\u013en\u00e9 \u00fadaje pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov a poskytuje k nim pr\u00edstup cez API. <\/p>\n
Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 slu\u017eieb v takejto otvorenej decentralizovanej online prostred\u00ed podstatne zni\u017euje prah vstupu pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, preto\u017ee nie je potrebn\u00e9 in\u0161talova\u0165 a nastavova\u0165 vlastn\u00fd uzol. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e kontrolu nad svojimi \u00fadajmi (v ktoromko\u013evek okamihu m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 slu\u017ebu, ktorej delegoval publikovanie \u00fadajov, alebo si vytvori\u0165 svoj uzol).<\/p>\n
Ak sa pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi v\u00f4bec nezauj\u00edma vlastn\u00edctvo jeho \u00fadajov a nem\u00e1 vlastn\u00fa dom\u00e9nu alebo niekoho, kto m\u00e1 s dom\u00e9nom sk\u00fasenosti, jeho \u00fadajmi spravuje predvolene opendatahub.org.<\/p>\n
Na ak\u00fd n\u00e1klad sa toto v\u0161etko deje?<\/h3>\n
\nMo\u017eno najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m takmer v\u0161etk\u00fdch podobn\u00fdch decentralizovan\u00fdch projektov je nemo\u017enos\u0165 ich monetiz\u00e1cie na \u00farovni, ktor\u00e1 by bola dostato\u010dn\u00e1 na stabiln\u00fd rozvoj a podporu.<\/p>\n
Na pokrytie n\u00e1kladov na v\u00fdvoj a marketing v tejto online sf\u00e9re sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa dary + tokeny.<\/p>\n
V\u0161etky dary, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edvatelia vkladaj\u00fa do vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch projektov\/slu\u017eieb, s\u00fa verejne dostupn\u00e9, strojovo \u010ditate\u013en\u00e9 a prepojen\u00e9 na email. To umo\u017e\u0148uje ich zoh\u013eadnenie pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte vn\u00fatrosietov\u00e9ho soci\u00e1lneho hodnotenia a ich zverejnenie na str\u00e1nkach u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Ke\u010f prestan\u00fa by\u0165 dary anonymn\u00e9, u\u017e\u00edvatelia v skuto\u010dnosti nedaruj\u00fa, ale \u201aprispievaj\u00fa\u2018 na podporu spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho informa\u010dn\u00e9ho prostredia. Rovnako ako \u013eudia prispievaj\u00fa na opravy spolo\u010dn\u00fdch priestorov s pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm postojom k t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed sa rozhodli neprispie\u0165.<\/p>\n
Okrem darov sa na pril\u00e1kanie prostriedkov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tokeny emitovan\u00e9 v obmedzenom mno\u017estve (400 000), ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pridelovan\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed prispievaj\u00fa do hlavn\u00e9ho fondu (ethnogenesis).<\/p>\n
\u010eal\u0161ie funkcie tokenov<\/h3>\n
\nKa\u017ed\u00fd token je \u201ak\u013e\u00fa\u010dom\u2018 pre pr\u00edstup do tejto online sf\u00e9ry. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee slu\u017eby a \u00fa\u010das\u0165 v online prostred\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e1 iba s aspo\u0148 jedn\u00fdm tokenom, ktor\u00fd sa via\u017ee na email.<\/p>\n
Tokeny s\u00fa dobr\u00fdm spamov\u00fdm filtrom kv\u00f4li svojej obmedzenosti. \u010c\u00edm viac u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov je v syst\u00e9me, t\u00fdm \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie je z\u00edska\u0165 token a t\u00fdm n\u00e1kladnej\u0161ie je vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 botov. <\/p>\n
\u013dudia, ich \u00fadaje a soci\u00e1lne v\u00e4zby s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ako technol\u00f3gie.<\/h3>\n
\nOp\u00edsan\u00e9 online prostredie je technicky relat\u00edvne primit\u00edvnym rie\u0161en\u00edm. Ale d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ne\u017e technol\u00f3gie s\u00fa v \u0148om \u013eudia a soci\u00e1lne v\u00e4zby a \u00fadaje (obsah), ktor\u00e9 sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa v r\u00e1mci prostredia. <\/p>\n
Vytvoren\u00e1 soci\u00e1lna komunitn\u00e1 skupina, ktorej \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci maj\u00fa svoje univerz\u00e1lne identifik\u00e1tory (email a vlastn\u00fa dom\u00e9nu) a \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje (s URN adresami, ontol\u00f3giou a JSON objektmi) m\u00f4\u017ee, pri vzniku lep\u0161ieho technick\u00e9ho rie\u0161enia, prenies\u0165 v\u0161etky tieto \u00fadaje do in\u00e9ho online prostredia a pritom zachova\u0165 vytvoren\u00e9 v\u00e4zby (hodnotenia, n\u00e1zory) a obsah. <\/p>\n
V tomto pr\u00edspevku je pop\u00edsan\u00fd jeden z prvkov sie\u0165ovej samoorganizovanej komunity, ktor\u00e1 okrem decentralizovan\u00e9ho online prostredia zah\u0155\u0148a aj rad offline smerovan\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 zvy\u0161uj\u00fa pr\u00ednos online prostredia a s\u00fa \"objedn\u00e1vate\u013emi\", ktor\u00e9 do ve\u013ekej miery ur\u010duj\u00fa jej funk\u010dnos\u0165. Ale to u\u017e s\u00fa t\u00e9my pre in\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky, ktor\u00e9 nemaj\u00fa priame spojenie s IT a technol\u00f3giami.<\/i>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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