{"id":94866,"date":"2020-09-22T19:42:27","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T17:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-izobreteniya-fleshki-v-liczah-i-zanimatelnyh-faktah"},"modified":"2020-09-22T19:42:27","modified_gmt":"2020-09-22T17:42:27","slug":"istoriya-izobreteniya-fleshki-v-liczah-i-zanimatelnyh-faktah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-izobreteniya-fleshki-v-liczah-i-zanimatelnyh-faktah","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ca0398246cdd167b5b3e6f9b83342740.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPr\u00edpady, ke\u010f vyn\u00e1lezca vytv\u00e1ra zlo\u017eit\u00fd elektroin\u017einiersky pr\u00edstroj od nuly, pri\u010dom sa spolieha v\u00fdlu\u010dne na vlastn\u00e9 poznatky, s\u00fa mimoriadne zriedkav\u00e9. Spravidla sa r\u00f4zne zariadenia rodia na priese\u010dn\u00edku viacer\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a \u0161tandardov vytvoren\u00fdch r\u00f4znymi \u013eu\u010fmi v r\u00f4znej dobe. Na pr\u00edklade ban\u00e1lneho flash disku: je to prenosn\u00fd d\u00e1tov\u00fd nosi\u010d zalo\u017een\u00fd na energoindependentnej NAND pam\u00e4ti a vybaven\u00fd vstavan\u00fdm USB portom, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017ei na pripojenie \u00falo\u017eiska k klientsk\u00e9mu zariadeniu. Aby sme pochopili, ako sa tak\u00e9 zariadenie v\u00f4bec mohlo objavi\u0165 na trhu, je potrebn\u00e9 sledova\u0165 hist\u00f3riu vyn\u00e1lezu nielen samotn\u00fdch pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch \u010dipov, ale aj pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho rozhrania, bez ktor\u00e9ho by be\u017en\u00e9 flash disky jednoducho neexistovali. Po\u010fme sa teda pok\u00fasi\u0165 to urobi\u0165.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 zariadenia, ktor\u00e9 podporovali mazanie zaznamenan\u00fdch \u00fadajov, sa objavili pred takmer pol storo\u010d\u00edm: prv\u00e9 EPROM bolo vytvoren\u00e9 izraelsk\u00fdm in\u017einierom Dovom Fromanom u\u017e v roku 1971.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/387abbb643435e283cc0ede8c51c1017.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Dov Froman, vyn\u00e1lezca EPROM<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Inovat\u00edvne pre svoju dobu EPROM pam\u00e4te sa pomerne \u00faspe\u0161ne aplikovali pri v\u00fdrobe mikroregul\u00e1torov (napr\u00edklad Intel 8048 alebo Freescale 68HC11), av\u0161ak uk\u00e1zali sa by\u0165 \u00faplne nevhodn\u00e9 na vytv\u00e1ranie prenosn\u00fdch \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed. Hlavn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom EPROM bola pr\u00edli\u0161 zlo\u017eit\u00e1 proced\u00fara mazania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed: na to bolo potrebn\u00e9 oziari\u0165 integrovan\u00fd obvod ultrafialov\u00fdm spektrom. Fungovalo to nasledovne: fot\u00f3ny UV \u017eiarenia dod\u00e1vali nadbyto\u010dn\u00fdm elektron\u00f3m energiu dostato\u010dn\u00fa na rozpt\u00fdlenie n\u00e1boja na pl\u00e1vaj\u00facom hradle.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/b5716a3b32f8b8ba812bff319de0ca45.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>V \u010dipoch EPROM boli predpokladan\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne okn\u00e1 na mazanie \u00fadajov, uzavret\u00e9 kremenn\u00fdmi plat\u0148ami<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Toto sp\u00f4sobovalo dve podstatn\u00e9 nepr\u00edjemnosti. Po prv\u00e9, vymazanie d\u00e1t na takomto \u010dipe bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 v rozumn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch r\u00e1mcoch iba s pomocou dostato\u010dne v\u00fdkonej ortu\u0165ovej lampy, a aj v tomto pr\u00edpade proces trval nieko\u013eko min\u00fat. Pre porovnanie: be\u017en\u00e1 ne\u00f3nov\u00e1 lampa by odstr\u00e1nila inform\u00e1cie po\u010das nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokov, a ak by tak\u00fa mikrosch\u00e9ma nechali pod priamym slne\u010dn\u00fdm svetlom, jej \u00fapln\u00e9 vy\u010distenie by trvalo t\u00fd\u017edne. Po druh\u00e9, aj keby sa tento proces nejako optimalizoval, selekt\u00edvne vymazanie konkr\u00e9tneho s\u00faboru by aj tak nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9: inform\u00e1cie na EPROM sa mazali naraz.<\/p>\n<p>Uveden\u00e9 probl\u00e9my boli vyrie\u0161en\u00e9 v nasleduj\u00facej gener\u00e1cii \u010dipov. V roku 1977 Eli Harari (mimochodom, nesk\u00f4r zalo\u017eil SanDisk, ktor\u00fd sa stal jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch svetov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov d\u00e1tov\u00fdch nosi\u010dov na b\u00e1ze flash pam\u00e4te) pomocou technol\u00f3gie autoelektronickej emisie vytvoril prv\u00fd prototyp EEPROM \u2013 pam\u00e4\u0165, v ktorej sa vymazanie d\u00e1t, rovnako ako programovanie, vykon\u00e1valo \u010disto elektricky.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/473ed64a0cf9ee4e215939070611cb69.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Eli Harari, zakladate\u013e SanDisk, ktor\u00fd dr\u017e\u00ed jednu z prv\u00fdch SD kariet<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Princ\u00edp fungovania EEPROM bol takmer identick\u00fd s t\u00fdm modern\u00fdm NAND pam\u00e4te: ako nosi\u010d n\u00e1boja sa pou\u017e\u00edval pl\u00e1vaj\u00faci hradlo a prenos elektronov cez vrstvy dielektrika sa uskuto\u010d\u0148oval v\u010faka tunelov\u00e9mu efektu. Samotn\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch buniek predstavovala dvojrozmern\u00fa mrie\u017eku, \u010do u\u017e umo\u017e\u0148ovalo adresne zapisova\u0165 a maza\u0165 d\u00e1ta. Okrem toho mala EEPROM dos\u0165 slu\u0161n\u00fa \u017eivotnos\u0165: ka\u017ed\u00e1 bunka mohla by\u0165 prep\u00edsan\u00e1 a\u017e 1 mili\u00f3nkr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>Ale ani tu to nebolo tak\u00e9 ru\u017eov\u00e9. Aby sa z\u00edskala mo\u017enos\u0165 elektricky maza\u0165 d\u00e1ta, do ka\u017edej pam\u00e4\u0165ovej bunky bolo potrebn\u00e9 implementova\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00ed tranzistor, ktor\u00fd riadil proces z\u00e1pisu a mazenia. Teraz na ka\u017ed\u00fd element mrie\u017eky pripadli 3 vodi\u010de (1 vodi\u010d st\u013apcov a 2 vodi\u010de riadkov), \u010do skomplikovalo rozvod komponentov matice a vznikli v\u00e1\u017ene probl\u00e9my s \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013enos\u0165ou. A t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom o vytvoren\u00ed miniaturizovan\u00fdch a kapacitn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed nemohla by\u0165 re\u010d.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee hotov\u00fd model polovodi\u010dovej pam\u00e4te u\u017e existoval, \u010fal\u0161ie vedeck\u00e9 v\u00fdskumy pokra\u010dovali s cie\u013eom vytvori\u0165 \u010dipy, ktor\u00e9 by umo\u017enili hustej\u0161ie ukladanie \u00fadajov. A tieto snahy boli korunovan\u00e9 \u00faspechom v roku 1984, ke\u010f Fud\u017ei Masuoka, ktor\u00fd pracoval v spolo\u010dnosti Toshiba, predstavil prototyp energonez\u00e1vislej flash pam\u00e4te na medzin\u00e1rodnej konferencii International Electron Devices Meeting, konanej v priestoroch In\u0161tit\u00fatu in\u017einierov elektrick\u00e9ho in\u017einierstva a elektroniky (IEEE).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/87bdbaff8ba91ecd565bd4ed0e8fc0c3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fud\u017ei Masuoka, \u201eotec\u201c flash pam\u00e4te<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Mimochodom, samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zov nevymyslel Fud\u017ei, ale jeden z jeho kolegov, \u0160\u00f3d\u017ei Ariidzumi, ktor\u00e9mu proces mazania \u00fadajov pripom\u00ednal \u017eiariaci z\u00e1blesk blesku (z anglick\u00e9ho \u201eflash\u201c \u2014 \u201ez\u00e1blesk\u201c). Na rozdiel od EEPROM bola flash pam\u00e4\u0165 zalo\u017een\u00e1 na MOS tranzistoroch s dodato\u010dnou pl\u00e1vaj\u00facou br\u00e1nou umiestnenou medzi p-\u00farov\u0148om a riadiacou br\u00e1nou, \u010do umo\u017enilo zbavi\u0165 sa nadbyto\u010dn\u00fdch prvkov a vytvori\u0165 skuto\u010dne miniatu\u00farne \u010dipy.<\/p>\n<p>Prv\u00fdmi komer\u010dn\u00fdmi vzorkami flash pam\u00e4te sa stali \u010dipy Intel, vyroben\u00e9 technol\u00f3giou NOR (Not-Or), ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdroba bola spusten\u00e1 v roku 1988. Rovnako ako v pr\u00edpade EEPROM, ich matice predstavovali dvojrozmern\u00fa maticu, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 bunka sa nach\u00e1dzala na priese\u010dn\u00edku riadku a st\u013apca (prisl\u00fachaj\u00face vodi\u010de boli pripojen\u00e9 k r\u00f4znym br\u00e1nam tranzistora, a zdroj k spolo\u010dnej z\u00e1kladni). Av\u0161ak u\u017e v roku 1989 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Toshiba predstavila vlastn\u00fa verziu flash pam\u00e4te, ktor\u00e1 dostala n\u00e1zov NAND. Matrica mala podobn\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru, ale v ka\u017edom jej uzle sa miesto jednej bunky nach\u00e1dzalo nieko\u013eko s\u00e9riovo zapojen\u00fdch. Okrem toho bola v ka\u017edom riadku pou\u017eit\u00e1 dvojica MOS tranzistorov: riadiaci, umiestnen\u00fd medzi v\u00fdstupnou l\u00edniou a st\u013apcom buniek, a tranzistor uzemnenia.<\/p>\n<p>Vy\u0161\u0161ia hustota usporiadania pomohla zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 kapacitu \u010dipu, av\u0161ak z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa zlo\u017eil aj algoritmus \u010d\u00edtania\/z\u00e1pisu, \u010do nevyhnutne ovplyvnilo r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pren\u00e1\u0161ania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu nov\u00e1 architekt\u00fara tak nikdy nedok\u00e1zala \u00faplne nahradi\u0165 NOR, ktor\u00e1 na\u0161la uplatnenie pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed vstavan\u00fdch pam\u00e4t\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa v\u0161ak NAND uk\u00e1zala ako ide\u00e1lne vhodn\u00e1 na v\u00fdrobu prenosn\u00fdch \u00falo\u017en\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed \u2014 SD kariet a samozrejme flash diskov.<\/p>\n<p>Napr\u00edklad, vznik posledn\u00fdch bol mo\u017en\u00fd a\u017e v roku 2000, ke\u010f cena flash pam\u00e4te dostato\u010dne klesla a v\u00fdroba tak\u00fdchto zariaden\u00ed pre maloobchodn\u00fd trh sa mohla za\u010da\u0165 vypl\u00e1ca\u0165. Prv\u00fdm na svete USB flash diskom bol produkt izraelskej spolo\u010dnosti M-Systems: kompaktn\u00fd flash disk DiskOnKey (\u010do sa d\u00e1 prelo\u017ei\u0165 ako \u201edisk-na-k\u013e\u00fa\u010di\u201c, preto\u017ee na tele zariadenia bol umiestnen\u00fd kovov\u00fd kr\u00fa\u017eok, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148oval nosi\u0165 flash disk spolu so zv\u00e4zkom k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov) vyvinuli in\u017einieri Amir Ban, Dov Moran a Oren Ogdan. Za miniatu\u00farne zariadenie, ktor\u00e9 bolo schopn\u00e9 pojm\u00fa\u0165 8 MB inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a nahradilo nieko\u013eko 3,5-palcov\u00fdch disket, vtedy p\u00fdtali 50 dol\u00e1rov.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/5b9be58e9b8e4eb9b77213896805d35e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>DiskOnKey \u2014 prv\u00fd na svete flash disk od izraelskej spolo\u010dnosti M-Systems<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd fakt: na \u00fazem\u00ed USA mal DiskOnKey ofici\u00e1lneho vydavate\u013ea, ktor\u00fdm bola IBM. \u201eLokalizovan\u00e9\u201c flash disky sa od origin\u00e1lov ni\u010d\u00edm nel\u00ed\u0161ili, s v\u00fdnimkou loga na prednej strane, kv\u00f4li \u010domu si mnoh\u00ed mylne pripisuj\u00fa vznik prv\u00e9ho USB flash disku pr\u00e1ve americkej korpor\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/24a4b3933a25cc4ae476afc9a3e4cec1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>DiskOnKey, IBM Edition<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Hne\u010f po origin\u00e1lnej verzii, len o p\u00e1r mesiacov nesk\u00f4r, sa na svetlo dostali objemnej\u0161ie modifik\u00e1cie DiskOnKey s kapacitou 16 a 32 MB, za ktor\u00e9 p\u00fdtali u\u017e 100 a 150 dol\u00e1rov. Napriek vysokej cene, kombin\u00e1cia kompaktn\u00fdch rozmerov, kapacity a vysokej r\u00fdchlosti \u010d\u00edtania\/z\u00e1pisu (ktor\u00e1 bola asi 10-kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161ia ako pri \u0161tandardn\u00fdch disket\u00e1ch) oslovila mno\u017estvo z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov. A od tohto momentu sa flash disky za\u010dali svoje triumf\u00e1lne putovanie po plan\u00e9te.<\/p>\n<h2>Jeden vo vojne: bitka o USB<\/h2>\n<p>\nAv\u0161ak, flash disk by nebol flash diskom, keby sa pred piatimi rokmi neobjavila \u0161pecifik\u00e1cia Universal Serial Bus \u2014 presne takto sa roz\u0161ifruje zn\u00e1ma skratka USB. A hist\u00f3riu vzniku tohto \u0161tandardu je mo\u017en\u00e9 naz\u00fdva\u0165 azda e\u0161te zauj\u00edmavej\u0161ou ako vyn\u00e1lez samotnej flash pam\u00e4te.<\/p>\n<p>Vo v\u0161eobecnosti s\u00fa nov\u00e9 rozhrania a \u0161tandardy v oblasti IT v\u00fdsledkom \u00fazkej spolupr\u00e1ce medzi ve\u013ek\u00fdmi podnikmi, \u010dasto aj konkurentmi, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa n\u00faten\u00ed zl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 svoje \u00fasilie za \u00fa\u010delom vytvorenia unified rie\u0161enia, ktor\u00e9 by umo\u017enilo z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161enie v\u00fdvoja nov\u00fdch produktov. Takto to napr\u00edklad dopadlo s pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi kartami form\u00e1tu SD: prv\u00e1 verzia Secure Digital Memory Card bola vytvoren\u00e1 v roku 1999 za \u00fa\u010dasti SanDisk, Toshiby a Panasonicu, pri\u010dom nov\u00fd \u0161tandard bol tak \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd, \u017ee bol ocenen\u00fd titulom odvetvov\u00e9ho \u0161tandardu u\u017e po roku. Dnes m\u00e1 SD Card Association viac ne\u017e 1000 \u010dlensk\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00fdch in\u017einieri sa zaoberaj\u00fa v\u00fdvojom nov\u00fdch a rozvojom existuj\u00facich \u0161pecifik\u00e1ci\u00ed opisuj\u00facich r\u00f4zne parametre flashov\u00fdch kariet.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/a6b571167ab9d17b4e2ed243b667bcd9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead je hist\u00f3ria USB \u00faplne identick\u00e1 tomu, \u010do sa dialo so \u0161tandardom Secure Digital. Aby sa osobn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de stali priate\u013eskej\u0161\u00edmi k be\u017en\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom, v\u00fdrobcovia hardv\u00e9ru potrebovali, okrem in\u00e9ho, univerz\u00e1lne rozhranie pre pr\u00e1cu s perif\u00e9riami, ktor\u00e9 podporovalo 'hor\u00face' pripojenie a nevy\u017eadovalo dodato\u010dn\u00e9 nastavenie. Okrem toho by vytvorenie unified \u0161tandardu umo\u017enilo zbavi\u0165 sa 'zoo' portov (COM, LPT, PS\/2, MIDI-port, RS-232 at\u010f.), \u010do by v bud\u00facnosti pomohlo z\u00e1sadne zjednodu\u0161i\u0165 a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdvoj nov\u00e9ho hardv\u00e9ru, ako aj implement\u00e1ciu podpory r\u00f4znych zariaden\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na pozad\u00ed uveden\u00fdch predpokladov sa nieko\u013eko spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa zaoberaj\u00fa v\u00fdvojom po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch komponentov, perif\u00e9ri\u00ed a softv\u00e9ru, pri\u010dom medzi nimi boli najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed Intel, Microsoft, Philips a US Robotics, spojilo v pokuse n\u00e1js\u0165 ten spr\u00e1vny spolo\u010dn\u00fd menovate\u013e, ktor\u00fdm sa nakoniec stal USB. Populariz\u00e1ciu tohto nov\u00e9ho \u0161tandardu vo ve\u013ekej miere podporil Microsoft, ktor\u00fd pridal podporu rozhrania e\u0161te vo Windows 95 (pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 oprava bola s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou Service Release 2) a nesk\u00f4r implementoval potrebn\u00fd ovl\u00e1da\u010d v ofici\u00e1lnej verzii Windows 98. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 na hardv\u00e9r pri\u0161la pomoc z ne\u010dakanej strany: v roku 1998 sa predstavil iMac G3 \u2014 prv\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u201ev\u0161etko v jednom\u201c od Apple, ktor\u00fd na pripojenie vstupn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed a \u010fal\u0161ej perif\u00e9rie (okrem mikrof\u00f3nu a sl\u00fachadiel) vyu\u017e\u00edval v\u00fdlu\u010dne USB porty. Tento obrat o 180 stup\u0148ov (ve\u010f v tom \u010dase Apple vs\u00e1dzalo na FireWire) bol do zna\u010dnej miery sp\u00f4soben\u00fd n\u00e1vratom Steva Jobsa na poz\u00edciu CEO spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00fd sa uskuto\u010dnil o rok sk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/757c397eb914914108e7c1782585f9d8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Origin\u00e1lny iMac G3 \u2014 prv\u00fd \u201eUSB po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u201c<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V skuto\u010dnosti v\u0161ak narozenie univerz\u00e1lnej s\u00e9riovej zbernice prebiehalo omnoho komplikovanej\u0161ie, pri\u010dom samo o sebe objavenie USB je do ve\u013ekej miery z\u00e1sluhou nie megakorpor\u00e1ci\u00ed a ani nie jedn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho oddelenia v r\u00e1mci nejakej spolo\u010dnosti, ale konkr\u00e9tnej osoby \u2014 in\u017einiera spolo\u010dnosti Intel indick\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu menom Ajay Bhatt.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/c925c200a2fb7347f67369fa481a90ca.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Ajay Bhatt, hlavn\u00fd ideol\u00f3g a tvorca rozhrania USB<\/i><\/p>\n<p>U\u017e v roku 1992 sa Ajay zamyslel nad t\u00fdm, \u017ee \u201eosobn\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u201c pr\u00edli\u0161 neodr\u00e1\u017ea svoje vlastn\u00e9 meno. Aj tak\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e1 \u00faloha, ako pripojenie tla\u010diarne a tla\u010d dokumentu, vy\u017eadovala od pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea ur\u010dit\u00fa kvalifik\u00e1ciu (hoci by sa zdalo, pre\u010do by mal kancel\u00e1rsky pracovn\u00edk, ktor\u00e9ho \u00falohou je vytvori\u0165 spr\u00e1vu alebo v\u00fdkaz, rozumie\u0165 zlo\u017eit\u00fdm technol\u00f3giam?) alebo n\u00fatila sa obraca\u0165 na odborn\u00edkov. A ak by v\u0161etko zostalo tak, ak\u00e9 to je, po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nikdy nebude masov\u00fdm produktom, a teda niet ani re\u010di o tom, \u017ee by prekonal hranicu desiatich mili\u00f3nov pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov na celom svete.<\/p>\n<p>Pochopenie potreby ur\u010ditej \u0161tandardiz\u00e1cie bolo v tom \u010dase aj u Intelu, aj u Microsoftu. V\u00fdskumy v tejto oblasti viedli k vzniku zbernice PCI a konceptu Plug&amp;Play, a teda iniciat\u00edva Bhatta, ktor\u00fd sa rozhodol zamera\u0165 \u00fasilie pr\u00e1ve na h\u013eadanie univerz\u00e1lneho rie\u0161enia pre pripojenie perif\u00e9ri\u00ed, mala by\u0165 prijat\u00e1 pozit\u00edvne. Ale nebolo to tak: priamy nadriaden\u00fd Adhaya, ktor\u00fd si vypo\u010dul in\u017einiera, vyhl\u00e1sil, \u017ee t\u00e1to \u00faloha je tak\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, \u017ee nestoj\u00ed za to na \u0148u m\u00ed\u0148a\u0165 \u010das.<\/p>\n<p>V tom \u010dase sa Adhaya za\u010dal sna\u017ei\u0165 z\u00edska\u0165 podporu v paraleln\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch a na\u0161iel ju u jedn\u00e9ho zo zasl\u00fa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov Intelu (Intel Fellow) Freda Pollaka, zn\u00e1meho v tom \u010dase svojou pr\u00e1cou ako ved\u00faci in\u017einier Intel iAPX 432 a hlavn\u00fd architekt Intel i960, ktor\u00fd dal projektu zelen\u00fa. To v\u0161ak bolo len za\u010diatok: realiz\u00e1cia takej rozsiahlej my\u0161lienky by bola nemo\u017en\u00e1 bez \u00fa\u010dasti in\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010dov na trhu. Od tohto okamihu sa za\u010dali prav\u00e9 \u201emu\u010div\u00e9 chodenia\u201c, preto\u017ee Adhaya musel presved\u010di\u0165 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov pracovn\u00fdch skup\u00edn Intelu o perspekt\u00edvach tejto my\u0161lienky a z\u00edska\u0165 podporu od \u010fal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobcov hardv\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ba454643ddd973a71a4d79d597c16e15.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNa po\u010detn\u00e9 diskusie, schv\u00e1lenia a brainstormingy sa minul takmer rok a pol. Po\u010das tohto \u010dasu sa k Adhayovi pridal Bala Kadambi, ktor\u00fd viedol t\u00edm zodpovedn\u00fd za v\u00fdvoj PCI a Plug&amp;Play, a nesk\u00f4r sa stal riadite\u013eom Intelu pre technologick\u00e9 \u0161tandardy vstupno\/v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch rozhran\u00ed, a Jim Pappas, expert na syst\u00e9my vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu. V lete 1994 sa kone\u010dne podarilo zriadi\u0165 pracovn\u00fa skupinu a za\u010da\u0165 \u00fazko spolupracova\u0165 s in\u00fdmi spolo\u010dnos\u0165ami.<\/p>\n<p>V priebehu nasleduj\u00faceho roku sa Adhaya a jeho t\u00edm stretli s predstavite\u013emi viac ako 50 firiem, medzi ktor\u00fdmi boli ako mal\u00e9, \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 podniky, tak aj obri ako Compaq, DEC, IBM a NEC. Pr\u00e1ca nesmierne fi\u010dala doslova v re\u017eime 24\/7: od skor\u00e9ho r\u00e1na trojica vyr\u00e1\u017eala na po\u010detn\u00e9 stretnutia, a v noci sa stret\u00e1vala v najbli\u017e\u0161ej kaviarni, aby prediskutovala pl\u00e1n akci\u00ed na nasleduj\u00faci de\u0148.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017eno, niekomu sa tak\u00fdto \u0161t\u00fdl pr\u00e1ce m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165 ako zbyto\u010dn\u00e9 plytvanie \u010dasom. Napriek tomu to v\u0161etko prinieslo svoje ovocie: v d\u00f4sledku toho sa vytvorilo nieko\u013eko multifunk\u010dn\u00fdch t\u00edmov, do ktor\u00fdch patrili in\u017einieri z IBM a Compaq, \u0161pecializuj\u00faci sa na v\u00fdrobu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch komponentov, \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed sa zaoberali v\u00fdvojom \u010dipov z Intelu a NEC, program\u00e1tori, ktor\u00ed pracovali na vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ovl\u00e1da\u010dov a opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov (vr\u00e1tane \u013eud\u00ed z Microsoftu), a mnoh\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00edci. Pr\u00e1ve s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca na viacer\u00fdch frontoch nakoniec pomohla vytvori\u0165 naozaj flexibiln\u00fd a univerz\u00e1lny \u0161tandard.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/50c4672f5aeb7973978c609939932a28.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Ajay Bhatt a Bala Kadambi na cerem\u00f3nii odovzd\u00e1vania Eur\u00f3pskej ceny vyn\u00e1lezcu<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Hoci sa t\u00edmu Ajaya podarilo brilantne vyrie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9my politick\u00e9ho (dosiahnutie spolupr\u00e1ce r\u00f4znych spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, vr\u00e1tane priamych konkurentov) a technick\u00e9ho (zhroma\u017edenie pod jednou strechou mnoh\u00fdch expertov v r\u00f4znych oblastiach) charakteru, zost\u00e1val e\u0161te jeden aspekt, ktor\u00fd si vy\u017eadoval pozorn\u00e9 sledovanie \u2014 ekonomick\u00e1 str\u00e1nka ot\u00e1zky. A tu bolo treba ust\u00fapi\u0165 od podstatn\u00fdch po\u017eiadaviek. Tak, napr\u00edklad, t\u00fa\u017eba zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady na k\u00e1bel viedla k tomu, \u017ee be\u017en\u00fd USB Type-A, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edvame dodnes, sa stal jednostrann\u00fdm. Ve\u010f na vytvorenie naozaj univerz\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla by bolo potrebn\u00e9 nielen zmeni\u0165 kon\u0161trukciu konektora na symetrick\u00fa, ale aj zdvojn\u00e1sobi\u0165 po\u010det elektrick\u00fdch vodi\u010dov, \u010do by viedlo k zdvojn\u00e1sobeniu n\u00e1kladov na k\u00e1bel. Zato teraz m\u00e1me ve\u010dn\u00fd mem o kvantovej povahe USB.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/546857de72d37511ed08fb3485a6f318.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNa zn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ceny trvali aj \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci projektu. Jim Pappas si na to r\u00e1d spom\u00edna na telefon\u00e1t od Betsy Tanner z Microsoftu, ktor\u00e1 jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee, \u017eia\u013e, spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pl\u00e1nuje vzda\u0165 sa pou\u017eitia USB rozhrania pri v\u00fdrobe po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch my\u0161\u00ed. V\u0161etko bolo sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdm, \u017ee prenosov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 5 Mbit\/s (presne tak\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu d\u00e1t sa pl\u00e1novala p\u00f4vodne) bola nadmerne vysok\u00e1 a in\u017einieri sa ob\u00e1vali, \u017ee sa nebud\u00fa m\u00f4c\u0165 zmesti\u0165 do \u0161pecifik\u00e1ci\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa elektromagnetickej interferencie, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee tak\u00e1 \u201eturbo my\u0161\u201c m\u00f4\u017ee naru\u0161i\u0165 norm\u00e1lne fungovanie nielen samotn\u00e9ho PC, ale aj in\u00fdch perif\u00e9rnych zariaden\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na rozumn\u00fd argument o tienen\u00ed Betsy odpovedala, \u017ee dodato\u010dn\u00e1 izol\u00e1cia sp\u00f4sob\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161enie ceny k\u00e1bla: o 4 centy navy\u0161e na ka\u017ed\u00fd stopu, alebo 24 centov na \u0161tandardnom k\u00e1bli 1,8 metra (6 st\u00f4p), \u010do cel\u00fa z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165 zbyto\u010dne komplikuje. Okrem toho, k\u00e1bel my\u0161i by mal zosta\u0165 dostato\u010dne flexibiln\u00fd, aby neobmedzoval pohyby ruky. Na vyrie\u0161enie tohto probl\u00e9mu bolo rozhodnut\u00e9 prida\u0165 rozdelenie na vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00fd (12 Mbit\/s) a n\u00edzkor\u00fdchlostn\u00fd (1,5 Mbit\/s) re\u017eimy. Rezerva 12 Mbit\/s umo\u017enila pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 rozbo\u010dova\u010de a huby na s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 pripojenie viacer\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed na jednom porte, zatia\u013e \u010do 1,5 Mbit\/s bol optim\u00e1lny pre pripojenie my\u0161\u00ed, kl\u00e1vesn\u00edc a in\u00fdch podobn\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed k PC.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e1m Jim pova\u017euje tento pr\u00edbeh za kame\u0148 \u00farazu, ktor\u00fd nakoniec zabezpe\u010dil \u00faspech cel\u00e9ho projektu. Ve\u010f bez podpory Microsoftu by bolo ove\u013ea \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie propagova\u0165 nov\u00fd \u0161tandard na trhu. Navy\u0161e, n\u00e1jden\u00fd kompromis pomohol spravi\u0165 USB v\u00fdrazne lacnej\u0161ie, a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom atrakt\u00edvnej\u0161ie v o\u010diach v\u00fdrobcov perif\u00e9rnych zariaden\u00ed. <\/p>\n<h2>\u010co ti hovor\u00ed moje meno, alebo \u0160ialen\u00e9 rebranding<\/h2>\n<p>\nA ke\u010f\u017ee dnes diskutujeme o USB flash diskoch, po\u010fme tie\u017e objasni\u0165 situ\u00e1ciu s verziami a r\u00fdchlostn\u00fdmi charakteristikami tohto \u0161tandardu. Tu to nie je tak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9, ako sa m\u00f4\u017ee na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead zda\u0165, preto\u017ee od roku 2013 organiz\u00e1cia USB Implementers Forum vynalo\u017eila maxim\u00e1lne \u00fasilie, aby definit\u00edvne zamotala nielen oby\u010dajn\u00fdch spotrebite\u013eov, ale aj profesion\u00e1lov zo sveta IT.<\/p>\n<p>Predt\u00fdm to bolo celkom jednoduch\u00e9 a logick\u00e9: m\u00e1me pomal\u00e9 USB 2.0 s maxim\u00e1lnou priepustnos\u0165ou 480 Mbit\/s (60 MB\/s) a desa\u0165kr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie USB 3.0, ktor\u00e9ho maxim\u00e1lna prenosov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 dosahuje u\u017e 5 Gbit\/s (640 MB\/s). V\u010faka sp\u00e4tnej kompatibilite je mo\u017en\u00e9 pripoji\u0165 zariadenie s USB 3.0 do portu USB 2.0 (alebo naopak), av\u0161ak pri tom bude r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u010d\u00edtania a z\u00e1pisu s\u00faborov obmedzen\u00e1 na 60 MB\/s, preto\u017ee pomal\u0161ie zariadenie bude fungova\u0165 ako \u201e\u00fazke hrdlo\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>31. j\u00fana 2013 sa USB-IF postaralo o slu\u0161n\u00fd chaos v tejto preh\u013eadnej s\u00fastave: pr\u00e1ve v tento de\u0148 bola ozn\u00e1men\u00e1 nov\u00e1 \u0161pecifik\u00e1cia - USB 3.1. A \u00e1no, nejde o zlomkov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslovanie verzi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 bolo u\u017e sk\u00f4r (aj ke\u010f spravodlivosti hodn\u00e9 je poznamena\u0165, \u017ee USB 1.1 bola upravenou verziou 1.0, a nie nie\u010d\u00edm kvalitat\u00edvne nov\u00fdm), ale o to, \u017ee USB Implementers Forum sa akosi rozhodlo premenova\u0165 aj star\u00fd \u0161tandard. Sledujte pozorne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>USB 3.0 sa premenovalo na USB 3.1 Gen 1. Je to \u010d\u00edre premenovanie: neboli uskuto\u010dnen\u00e9 \u017eiadne zlep\u0161enia a maxim\u00e1lna r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zostala rovnak\u00e1 - 5 Gbit\/s a \u017eiadny bit viac.<\/li>\n<li>Naozaj nov\u00fdm \u0161tandardom sa stal USB 3.1 Gen 2: prechod na k\u00f3dovanie 128b\/132b (predt\u00fdm sa pou\u017e\u00edvalo 8b\/10b) v re\u017eime full-duplex umo\u017enil zdvojn\u00e1sobi\u0165 priepustnos\u0165 rozhrania a dosiahnu\u0165 ohromuj\u00facich 10 Gbit\/s, alebo 1280 MB\/s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAle to sa chalanom z USB-IF zdalo m\u00e1lo, a tak sa rozhodli prida\u0165 aj p\u00e1r alternat\u00edvnych n\u00e1zvov: USB 3.1 Gen 1 sa stal SuperSpeed, a USB 3.1 Gen 2 - SuperSpeed+. A tento krok je \u00faplne opodstatnen\u00fd: maloobchodn\u00e9mu z\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi, ktor\u00fd je \u010faleko od sveta po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej techniky, je omnoho jednoduch\u0161ie zapam\u00e4ta\u0165 si v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 meno, ne\u017e sekvenciu p\u00edsmen a \u010d\u00edslic. A tu je to v\u0161etko intuit\u00edvne: m\u00e1me \u201esuperr\u00fdchle\u201c rozhranie, ktor\u00e9, ako m\u00f4\u017eeme us\u00fadi\u0165 z n\u00e1zvu, je ve\u013emi r\u00fdchle, a m\u00e1me \u201esuperr\u00fdchle+\u201c rozhranie, ktor\u00e9 je e\u0161te r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie. Ale pre\u010do sa bolo potrebn\u00e9 zaobera\u0165 tak \u0161pecifick\u00fdm \u201erebrandingom\u201c indexov gener\u00e1ci\u00ed - to je rozhodne nejasn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u0161ak dokonalos\u0165 nem\u00e1 hran\u00edc: 22. septembra 2017 bola situ\u00e1cia e\u0161te viac s\u0165a\u017een\u00e1 so zverejnen\u00edm \u0161tandardu USB 3.2. Za\u010dneme s dobrou spr\u00e1vou: obojstrann\u00fd konektor USB Type-C, ktor\u00e9ho \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie boli vyvinut\u00e9 u\u017e pre predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu gener\u00e1ciu, umo\u017enil zdvojn\u00e1sobi\u0165 maxim\u00e1lnu priepustnos\u0165 zbernice v\u010faka pou\u017eitiu duplicuj\u00facich v\u00fdvodov ako samostatn\u00e9ho prenosov\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la. Tak vznikol USB 3.2 Gen 2\u00d72 (pre\u010do ho nemohli nazva\u0165 USB 3.2 Gen 3, to ost\u00e1va z\u00e1hadou), ktor\u00fd pracuje r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou a\u017e do 20 Gbit\/s (2560 MB\/s) a na\u0161iel vyu\u017eitie napr\u00edklad pri v\u00fdrobe extern\u00fdch SSD diskov (pr\u00e1ve tak\u00fdmto portom s\u00fa vybaven\u00e9 vysoko r\u00fdchlostn\u00e9 WD_BLACK P50, zameran\u00e9 na hr\u00e1\u010dov).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29d99995b6e076c942b75649d34df4fb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nA v\u0161etko by bolo v poriadku, keby sa okrem zavedenia nov\u00e9ho \u0161tandardu nepri\u0161lo aj s premenovan\u00edm t\u00fdch predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich: USB 3.1 Gen 1 sa premenovalo na USB 3.2 Gen 1 a USB 3.1 Gen 2 na USB 3.2 Gen 2. Zmeny sa udiali aj v marketingov\u00fdch n\u00e1zvoch, pri\u010dom USB-IF sa vzdali predt\u00fdm prijatej koncepcie \u201eintuit\u00edvne jasn\u00e9 a \u017eiadne \u010d\u00edsla\u201c: namiesto toho, aby USB 3.2 Gen 2\u00d72 nazvali napr\u00edklad SuperSpeed++ alebo UltraSpeed, sa rozhodli prida\u0165 priame ozna\u010denie maxim\u00e1lnej prenosovej r\u00fdchlosti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>USB 3.2 Gen 1 sa stal SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps,<\/li>\n<li>USB 3.2 Gen 2 \u2014 SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps,<\/li>\n<li>USB 3.2 Gen 2\u00d72 \u2014 SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA ako sa zorientova\u0165 v zoo \u0161tandardov USB? Aby sme v\u00e1m u\u013eah\u010dili \u017eivot, zostavili sme s\u00fahrnn\u00fa tabu\u013eku, s ktorou nebude \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 porovn\u00e1va\u0165 r\u00f4zne verzie rozhran\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Verzia \u0161tandardu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Marketingov\u00fd n\u00e1zov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165, Gbit\/s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>USB 3.0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>USB 3.1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>USB 3.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Verzia USB 3.1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Verzia USB 3.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>USB 3.0<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>USB 3.1 Gen 1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>USB 3.2 Gen 1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SuperSpeed<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>5<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>USB 3.1 Gen 2<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>USB 3.2 Gen 2<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SuperSpeed+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>10<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>USB 3.2 Gen 2\u00d72<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>20<\/p>\n<h2>Rozmanitos\u0165 USB flash diskov na pr\u00edklade produktov SanDisk<\/h2>\n<p>\nAle vr\u00e1\u0165me sa priamo k predmetu dne\u0161n\u00e9ho rozhovoru. Flash disky sa stali neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1\u0161ho \u017eivota a z\u00edskali mno\u017estvo modifik\u00e1ci\u00ed, niekedy dos\u0165 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnych. Naj\u00faplnej\u0161\u00ed preh\u013ead mo\u017enost\u00ed modern\u00fdch USB diskov poskytuje portf\u00f3lio spolo\u010dnosti SanDisk. <\/p>\n<p>V\u0161etky aktu\u00e1lne modely flashov\u00fdch pam\u00e4t\u00ed SanDisk podporuj\u00fa \u0161tandard prenosu d\u00e1t USB 3.0 (taktie\u017e USB 3.1 Gen 1, USB 3.2 Gen 1, alebo SuperSpeed \u2014 takmer ako vo filme \u201eMoskva slz\u00e1m never\u00ed\u201c). Medzi nimi n\u00e1jdete ako klasick\u00e9 flashky, tak aj \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 zariadenia. Napr\u00edklad, ak si chcete zaobstara\u0165 kompaktn\u00e9 univerz\u00e1lne \u00falo\u017eisko, m\u00e1 zmysel venova\u0165 pozornos\u0165 radom SanDisk Ultra.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/5b50dfdf1115e53b947e8cb6a7469a6d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Ultra<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u0161iestich modifik\u00e1ci\u00ed r\u00f4znej kapacity (od 16 do 512 GB) pom\u00e1ha zvoli\u0165 najoptim\u00e1lnej\u0161iu variantu v z\u00e1vislosti od va\u0161ich potrieb a neprepl\u00e1ca\u0165 za zbyto\u010dn\u00e9 gigabajty. R\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu d\u00e1t a\u017e do 130 MB\/s umo\u017e\u0148uje dos\u0165 r\u00fdchlo s\u0165ahova\u0165 aj objemn\u00e9 s\u00fabory, a praktick\u00fd vys\u00favac\u00ed kryt spo\u013eahlivo chr\u00e1ni konektor pred po\u0161koden\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Milovn\u00edkom elegantn\u00fdch tvarov odpor\u00fa\u010dame rady USB pam\u00e4t\u00ed SanDisk Ultra Flair a SanDisk Luxe.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3120ddbe27f07bd313d1cabc3d663353.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Ultra Flair<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Technicky s\u00fa tieto flashky \u00faplne identick\u00e9: obe s\u00e9rie sa vyzna\u010duj\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou prenosu d\u00e1t a\u017e do 150 MB\/s a ka\u017ed\u00e1 obsahuje 6 modelov s kapacitou od 16 do 512 GB. Rozdiely spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00fa iba v dizajne: Ultra Flair m\u00e1 dodato\u010dn\u00fd kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd prvok z odoln\u00e9ho plastu, zatia\u013e \u010do kryt verzie Luxe je celkom vyroben\u00fd z hlin\u00edkovej zliatiny.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/c73b310be3f07457edf8094f30a6fbba.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Luxe<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Okrem p\u00fatav\u00e9ho dizajnu a vysokej r\u00fdchlosti prenosu d\u00e1t maj\u00fa uveden\u00e9 \u00falo\u017eisk\u00e1 aj jednu ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00fa vlastnos\u0165: ich USB konektory s\u00fa priamym pokra\u010dovan\u00edm monolitick\u00e9ho krytu. Tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup zabezpe\u010duje najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed level ochrany flashky: n\u00e1hodne zlomi\u0165 tak\u00fdto konektor je prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Okrem plnoform\u00e1tov\u00fdch \u00falo\u017e\u00edsk m\u00e1 kolekcia SanDisk aj rie\u0161enia kateg\u00f3rie \u201epripoj a zabudni\u201c. Re\u010d je samozrejme o superkompaktn\u00fdch SanDisk Ultra Fit, ktor\u00fdch rozmery s\u00fa len 29,8 \u00d7 14,3 \u00d7 5,0 mm.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/25ff47fb972f91a18ef5a0b47f3513df.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Ultra Fit<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00fdto mali\u010dk\u00fd len m\u00e1lo vy\u010dnieva nad povrch USB konektora, \u010do rob\u00ed z neho ide\u00e1lne rie\u0161enie na roz\u0161\u00edrenie \u00falo\u017eiska klientsk\u00e9ho zariadenia, \u010di u\u017e ide o ultrabook, autoaudio syst\u00e9m, Smart telev\u00edzor, hern\u00fa konzolu alebo jednodeskov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/a3c9284bfa4c07235345fcb0d79a5b86.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNajzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edmi v kolekcii SanDisk s\u00fa USB flash disky Dual Drive a iXpand. Tieto rodiny, napriek kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fdm rozdielom, sp\u00e1ja jedna spolo\u010dn\u00e1 my\u0161lienka: tieto flash disky maj\u00fa dva porty r\u00f4znych typov, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 d\u00e1ta medzi PC alebo notebookom a mobiln\u00fdmi zariadeniami bez dodato\u010dn\u00fdch k\u00e1blov a adapt\u00e9r\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Disky rodiny Dual Drive s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 na pou\u017e\u00edvanie so smartf\u00f3nmi a tabletmi, ktor\u00e9 be\u017eia na opera\u010dnom syst\u00e9me Android a podporuj\u00fa technol\u00f3giu OTG. Sem patr\u00ed tri l\u00ednie flash diskov.<\/p>\n<p>Miniat\u00farne SanDisk Dual Drive m3.0, okrem USB Type-A, s\u00fa vybaven\u00e9 konektorom microUSB, \u010do zabezpe\u010duje kompatibilitu s pr\u00edstrojmi z predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich rokov, ako aj so smartf\u00f3nmi ni\u017e\u0161ej triedy.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/8351646a71f0f2fb0c773aedebb24108.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Dual Drive m3.0<\/i><\/p>\n<p>SanDisk Ultra Dual Type-C, ako u\u017e n\u00e1zov napoved\u00e1, z\u00edskali modernej\u0161\u00ed obojstrann\u00fd konektor. Samotn\u00fd flash disk sa stal v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm a mas\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edm, av\u0161ak tak\u00e1 kon\u0161trukcia krytu zabezpe\u010duje lep\u0161iu ochranu, a navy\u0161e je omnoho \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie strati\u0165 zariadenie.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/7e803c6a7d2093bec038355d77dd59f0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Ultra Dual Type-C<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Ak h\u013ead\u00e1te nie\u010do elegantnej\u0161ie, odpor\u00fa\u010dame venova\u0165 pozornos\u0165 SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go. V t\u00fdchto disk\u00e1ch je realizovan\u00fd rovnak\u00fd princ\u00edp ako v predt\u00fdm spom\u00ednan\u00fdch SanDisk Luxe: plnohodnotn\u00fd USB Type-A je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou tela flash disku, \u010do vylu\u010duje jeho po\u0161kodenie aj pri neopatrnom pou\u017eit\u00ed. Konektor USB Type-C je zase dobre chr\u00e1nen\u00fd oto\u010dn\u00fdm krytom, na ktorom je tie\u017e predpoklad pre k\u013e\u00fa\u010dik. Tak\u00e1to kon\u0161trukcia umo\u017enila vytvori\u0165 flash disk, ktor\u00fd je naozaj \u0161t\u00fdlov\u00fd, kompaktn\u00fd a spo\u013eahliv\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/4379724cf502057bcd29cd8019a9e0b6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go<\/i><\/p>\n<p>S\u00e9ria iXpand je \u00faplne anal\u00f3gov\u00e1 s Dual Drive, okrem faktu, \u017ee miesto USB Type-C je umiestnen\u00fd propriet\u00e1rny konektor Apple Lightning. Najneobvyklej\u0161\u00edm zariaden\u00edm v s\u00e9rii je SanDisk iXpand: tento flash disk m\u00e1 origin\u00e1lny dizajn v tvare slu\u010dky.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/35fa58350a50a755daaad6735f2c2ac2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk iXpand<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Vyzer\u00e1 efektn\u00e9, navy\u0161e do vzniknutej slu\u010dky m\u00f4\u017eete prevliec\u0165 remienok a nosi\u0165 disk, napr\u00edklad na krku. A pou\u017e\u00edvanie tak\u00e9ho flash disku spolu s iPhonom je ove\u013ea pohodlnej\u0161ie, ako s tradi\u010dn\u00fdm: pri pripojen\u00ed sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina tela ocitne za smartf\u00f3nom, opieraj\u00fac sa o jeho zadn\u00fd kryt, \u010do pom\u00e1ha minimalizova\u0165 riziko po\u0161kodenia konektora.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/37939d3ee3ac5b1d72be21afe06668f7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAk ak dizajn nie je z nejak\u00e9ho d\u00f4vodu pre v\u00e1s prijate\u013en\u00fd, m\u00e1 zmysel pozrie\u0165 sa na SanDisk iXpand Mini. Technicky ide o rovnak\u00fd iXpand: modelov\u00e1 rada tie\u017e zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161tyri \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zariadenia s kapacitou 32, 64, 128 alebo 256 GB, pri\u010dom maxim\u00e1lna r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu dosahuje 90 MB\/s, \u010do je dostato\u010dn\u00e9 aj na prehr\u00e1vanie 4K videa priamo z fle\u0161ky. Rozdiel spo\u010d\u00edva len v dizajne: slu\u010dka zmizla, no objavil sa ochrann\u00fd kryt pre konektor Lightning.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/9e8fe254cb658ba6763e3390ea6029af.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i> SanDisk iXpand Mini<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Tret\u00edm predstavite\u013eom sl\u00e1vneho rodu je SanDisk iXpand Go, ktor\u00fd je dvoj\u010da\u0165om Dual Drive Go: ich rozmery s\u00fa prakticky identick\u00e9, navy\u0161e obidve \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 zariadenia dostali oto\u010dn\u00fd kryt, aj ke\u010f s trochu odli\u0161n\u00fdm dizajnom. T\u00e1to l\u00ednia obsahuje tri modely: s kapacitou 64, 128 a 256 GB.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u00edbeh vyn\u00e1lezu flash disku prostredn\u00edctvom zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch faktov\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/f986726f58c52e81652ce14a4cbde1da.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>SanDisk iXpand Go<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Zoznam produktov pod zna\u010dkou SanDisk rozhodne nekon\u010d\u00ed na uveden\u00fdch USB flash diskoch. S \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi zariadeniami zn\u00e1mej zna\u010dky sa m\u00f4\u017eete zozn\u00e1mi\u0165 na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.westerndigital.com\/ru-ru\/sandisk\">ofici\u00e1lnom port\u00e1li Western Digital<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/wd\/blog\/519938\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 NAND \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":94867,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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