Raziskujemo značilnosti nespremenljivega operacijskega sistema.
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Kako je nastal Silverblue
Fedora Silverblue je nespremenljiv namizni operacijski sistem. V njem se vse aplikacije izvajajo v izoliranih kontejnerjih, posodobitve pa se nameščajo atomsko.
Prej je projekt nosil ime . Kasneje so ga preimenovali v Silverblue. Po besedah razvijalcev so preučili več kot 150 možnosti imen. Silverblue so izbrali preprosto zato, ker je bil prost domenski naslov in računi na družbenih omrežjih.
Posodobljen sistem Fedora Workstation kot prioritetno različico za namizja v Fedora 30. Avtorji pravijo, da lahko v prihodnosti Silverblue Fedora Workstation.
Eden od članov Hacker News , da je koncept Silverblue razvoj projekta . Ta je bila v Fedorah promovirana pred približno desetimi leti. Stateless Linux bi moral poenostaviti upravljanje tankih in debelih odjemalcev. V njem so se tudi vsi konfiguracijski datoteki sistema odpirali v načinu 'samo za branje'.
Kaj pomeni 'nespremenljivost'
Termin 'nespremenljiv operacijski sistem' označuje, da sta korenska in uporabniška mapa nameščeni v načinu 'samo za branje'. Vse spremenljive podatke pa shranjujemo v mapi /var. Podoben pristop uporabljajo razvijalci in . Takšen pristop povečuje varnost operacijskega sistema in preprečuje brisanje sistemskih datotek (na primer po pomoti).
Eden od članov Hacker News je v ustrezni temi , da je nekoč po nesreči izbrisal vrsto sistemskih datotek, ko je spreminjal temo Ubuntu Yaru. Pri tem mu ni ostalo varnostnih kopij zaradi napake v regexu. Po njegovih besedah bi nespremenljiv operacijski sistem pomagal preprečiti težave.
Namestitev posodobitev je tudi poenostavljena — za to je dovolj, da ponovno zaženete sistem z nove slike. Dodatno lahko hitro preklapljate med več vejami (izdajami Fedor). Na primer, med trenutno razvijajočo različico Fedora i repozitorijem z načrtovanimi posodobitvami.
Kakšne so razlike od klasične Fedor
Za namestitev osnovnega okolja (/ in /usr) se uporablja tehnologija OSTree. Lahko bi rekli, da gre za 'versioning' sistem -paketov. RPM-paket se v repozitorij OSTree prenese s pomočjo rpm-ostree. Pri namestitvi paketa restore point that can be reverted to in case of failure.
OSTree also installs applications from dnf/yum repositories and repositories not supported by Fedora. For this, instead of the dnf install command, rpm-ostree install should be used. The system will create a new base image of the operating system and replace the installed one with it.
The mechanism used for updating applications is . It runs them in containers. A Flatpak package includes only those dependencies specific to the application. All base libraries (like GNOME and KDE libraries) remain connectable runtime environments. This approach allows for reducing package sizes by excluding duplicate components.
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To install applications that are not packaged in Flatpak, one can use . It allows you to create a container with the classic Fedora installer.
Similar solutions
There are other distributions with tasks similar to Silverblue. An example could be from openSUSE. This is not a standalone distribution, but part of the openSUSE Kubic platform for deploying CaaS (Container as a Service).
The system works with Docker containers. Their images are distributed as RPM packages. This the installation of command-line-based applications that are not available in Flatpak format. The host system for running the containers is formed based on the official repository. .
MicroOS was developed for deployment in large-scale environments (for example, in data centers), but it can also work on individual machines.
An example of another similar development could be . This is a Linux distribution based on the Nix package manager. Its main feature is the declarative description of configurations. The administrator does not need to install the system and configure it manually. The state is described in a special file: it specifies all packages and authentication settings. Then, the package manager automatically brings the OS to the specified state.
This system is actively used by cloud providers, universities, and IT companies.
In any case, Silverblue has a chance to carve out its niche in the market. Whether it will succeed remains to be seen in the future.
Materials from the First Blog on corporate IaaS:
Dodatno branje na Habrju:
Izvor: habr.com
