{"id":100487,"date":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https"},"modified":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","slug":"alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/news\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","title":{"rendered":"ALPACA \u2014 nova tehnika MITM napadov na HTTPS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Skupina raziskovalcev iz ve\u010d univerz v Nem\u010diji je razvila novo metodo MITM napada na HTTPS, ki omogo\u010da pridobitev pi\u0161kotkov z identifikatorji sej in drugih zaupnih podatkov ter izvajanje poljubne kode JavaScript v kontekstu druge strani. Napad je poimenovan ALPACA in ga je mogo\u010de uporabiti na TLS stre\u017enikih, ki izvajajo razli\u010dne aplikacijske protokole (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), vendar uporabljajo skupne TLS certifikate.      <\/p>\n<p>Bit napada je v tem, da lahko napadalec, ob nadzoru nad omre\u017enim prehodom ali to\u010dko brez\u017ei\u010dnega dostopa, preusmeri spletni promet na drugo omre\u017eno vrsto in vzpostavi povezavo s FTP ali po\u0161tnim stre\u017enikom, ki podpirata TLS \u0161ifriranje in uporabljata skupen TLS certifikat z HTTP stre\u017enikom, pri \u010demer bo brskalnik uporabnika menil, da je bila vzpostavljena povezava z zahtevanim HTTP stre\u017enikom. Ker je protokol TLS univerzalen in ni vezan na aplikacijske protokole, je vzpostavitev \u0161ifrirane povezave za vse storitve identi\u010dna, napaka pri po\u0161iljanju zahteve na napa\u010dno storitev pa se lahko odkrije le po vzpostavitvi \u0161ifrirane seje med obdelavo ukazov poslane zahteve.     <\/p>\n<p>Tako, \u010de na primer preusmerimo povezavo uporabnika, prvotno naslovljeno na HTTPS, na po\u0161tni stre\u017enik, ki uporablja skupen certifikat s HTTPS stre\u017enikom, bo TLS povezava uspe\u0161no vzpostavljena, vendar po\u0161tni stre\u017enik ne bo mogel obdelati poslanih HTTP ukazov in bo vrnil odgovor s kodo napake. Ta odgovor bo brskalnik obravnaval kot odgovor zahtevanega mesta, posredovanega znotraj pravilno vzpostavljenega \u0161ifriranega komunikacijskega kanala.        <\/p>\n<p>Predlagane so tri razli\u010dice napada:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u201eUpload\u201c za ekstrakciju kola\u010di\u0107a sa autentifikacionim parametrima. Ova metoda se primenjuje ako FTP server pokriven TLS sertifikatom omogu\u0107ava preuzimanje i ekstrakciju svojih podataka. U ovom scenariju napada\u010d mo\u017ee sa\u010duvati delove originalnog HTTP zahteva korisnika, kao \u0161to su sadr\u017eaji kola\u010di\u0107a, na primer, ako FTP server interpretira zahtev kao datoteku za \u010duvanje ili potpuno bele\u017ei dolazne zahteve. Za uspe\u0161an napad, napada\u010du je potrebna mogu\u0107nost da na neki na\u010din ekstraktuje sa\u010duvani sadr\u017eaj. Napad se mo\u017ee primeniti na Proftpd, Microsoft IIS, vsftpd, filezilla i serv-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u201eDownload\u201c za organizovanje me\u0111usajt skriptovanja (XSS). Ova metoda podrazumeva da napada\u010d, nakon nekih odvojenih manipulacija, mo\u017ee postaviti podatke u servisu koji koristi zajedni\u010dke resurse. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"TLS-certifikat\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"943\">TLS-certifikat<\/a>, ki jih nato lahko vrne v odgovor na uporabnikovo zahtevo. Napad je mogo\u010d na prej omenjene FTP stre\u017enike, IMAP stre\u017enike in POP3 stre\u017enike (courier, cyrus, kerio-connect in zimbra).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u201eReflection\u201c za izvr\u0161avanje JavaScript-a u kontekstu druge veb stranice. Ova metoda se zasniva na vra\u0107anju dela zahteva klijentu, u kojem se nalaze JavaScript kod koji je poslao napada\u010d. Napad se mo\u017ee primeniti na gore pomenute FTP servere, IMAP servere cyrus, kerio-connect i zimbra, kao i na SMTP server sendmail.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova tehnika MITM napadov na HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/95266e6e295fe69ffbcd79d55086425f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>Na primer, kada korisnik otvori stranicu koju kontroli\u0161e napada\u010d, sa te stranice mo\u017ee biti iniciran zahtev za resurs s veb sajta na kojem korisnik ima aktivan ra\u010dun (na primer, bank.com). Tokom MITM napada, ovaj zahtev upu\u0107en veb sajtu bank.com mo\u017ee biti preusmeren na po\u0161tanski server koji koristi zajedni\u010dki TLS sertifikat s bank.com. Budu\u0107i da po\u0161tanski server ne zavr\u0161ava sesiju nakon prve gre\u0161ke, servisni zaglavlja i komande, poput \u201ePOST \/ HTTP\/1.1\u201c i \u201eHost:\u201c, bi\u0107e obra\u0111eni kao nepoznate komande (po\u0161tanski server \u0107e na svako zaglavlje vratiti \u201e500 unrecognized command\u201c).     <\/p>\n<p>Po\u0161tni stre\u017enik ne obravnava zna\u010dilnosti protokola HTTP, zato se upravni glave in blok podatkov POST zahtevka obravnavajo enako, kar pomeni, da lahko v telesu POST zahtevka navedemo vrstico z ukazom po\u0161tnega stre\u017enika. Na primer, lahko prenesemo: MAIL FROM:  na kar bo po\u0161tni stre\u017enik vrnil sporo\u010dilo o napaki 501 : malformed address: alert(1); may not follow      <\/p>\n<p>Ta odgovor bo prejel uporabnikov brskalnik, ki bo izvedel JavaScript kodo v kontekstu ne prvotno odprtega spletnega mesta napadalca, temve\u010d spletnega mesta bank.com, na katero je bila poslana zahteva, saj je odgovor pri\u0161el znotraj pravilne TLS seje, katere potrdilo je potrdilo verodostojnost odgovora bank.com.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova tehnika MITM napadov na HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/a4406c142f7592950a34b82cf608d07a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Skeniranje globalne mre\u017ee je pokazalo, da je te\u017eavi na splo\u0161no izpostavljenih pribli\u017eno 1,4 milijona spletnih stre\u017enikov, za katere obstaja mo\u017enost napada z me\u0161anjem zahtevkov preko razli\u010dnih protokolov. Mo\u017enost dejanskega napada je bila dolo\u010dena za 119 tiso\u010d spletnih stre\u017enikov, pri katerih so prisotni sorodni TLS stre\u017eniki, temelje\u010di na drugih aplikacijskih protokolih.        <\/p>\n<p>Primeri izkori\u0161\u010danj so pripravljeni za FTP stre\u017enike pureftpd, proftpd, microsoft-ftp, vsftpd, filezilla in serv-u, IMAP- in POP3-stre\u017enike dovecot, courier, exchange, cyrus, kerio-connect in zimbra, SMTP stre\u017enike postfix, exim, sendmail, mailenable, mdaemon in opensmtpd. Raziskovalci so preu\u010dili mo\u017enost napada le v povezavi s stre\u017eniki FTP, SMTP, IMAP in POP3, pri \u010demer ni mogo\u010de izklju\u010diti, da se te\u017eava lahko pojavi tudi pri drugih aplikacijskih protokolih, ki uporabljajo TLS.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova tehnika MITM napadov na HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91a1a7bf6caf28311bf927be85adb4ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Za blokiranje napada je predlagano uporabo raz\u0161iritve ALPN (Pogajanje o protokolu na aplikacijski ravni) za usklajevanje TLS seje ob upo\u0161tevanju aplikacijskega protokola ter raz\u0161iritve SNI (Kazalec imena stre\u017enika) za povezovanje z imenom gostitelja v primeru uporabe TLS potrdil, ki pokrivajo ve\u010d. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/domain\/\"   title=\"domena\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"909\">domena<\/a>Na strani aplikacij je priporo\u010deno omejiti limit napak pri obdelavi ukazov, po dosegi katerega prekinemo povezavo. Postopek razvijanja ukrepov za blokiranje napada se je za\u010del \u017ee oktobra lani. Tak\u0161ni ukrepi za za\u0161\u010dito so \u017ee sprejeti v Nginx 1.21.0 (mail proxy), Vsftpd 3.0.4, Courier 5.1.0, Sendmail, FileZill, crypto\/tls (Go) in Internet Explorer.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55307\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 HTTPS, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c Cookie \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 JavaScript \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 ALPACA \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a TLS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), \u043d\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":100488,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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