{"id":102208,"date":"2021-11-03T21:36:40","date_gmt":"2021-11-03T19:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/nachalos-beta-testirovanie-red-hat-enterprise-linux-9"},"modified":"2021-11-03T21:36:40","modified_gmt":"2021-11-03T19:36:40","slug":"nachalos-beta-testirovanie-red-hat-enterprise-linux-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/news\/nachalos-beta-testirovanie-red-hat-enterprise-linux-9","title":{"rendered":"Za\u010delo se je beta testiranje Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Red Hat \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. \u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 Red Hat Customer Portal (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c iso-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b CentOS Stream 9). \u0420\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439  \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64, s390x (IBM System z), ppc64le \u0438 Aarch64 (ARM64). \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b rpm-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432  Git-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 CentOS. \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441  10-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 RHEL 9 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e 2032 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f RHEL 7 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e 30 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, RHEL 8 &#8212; \u0434\u043e 31 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2029 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.     <\/p>\n<p>Distribucija Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 se pona\u0161a s prehodom na bolj odprt proces razvoja. V nasprotju s prej\u0161njimi razli\u010dicami, je bila kot osnova za gradnjo distribucije uporabljena paketna baza CentOS Stream 9. CentOS Stream se pozicionira kot upstream-projekt za RHEL, kar omogo\u010da zunanjim udele\u017eencem nadzor nad pripravo paketov za RHEL, predlaganje sprememb in vplivanje na sprejete odlo\u010ditve. Prej je bila kot osnova za novo razli\u010dico RHEL uporabljena posnetek ene od izdaj Fedora, ki je bila dodelana in stabilizirana za zaprtimi vrati, brez mo\u017enosti nadzora poteka razvoja in sprejetih odlo\u010ditev. Zdaj se na podlagi posnetka Fedora, ob sodelovanju skupnosti, oblikuje veja CentOS Stream, v kateri se izvaja pripravljalno delo in oblikuje osnova za novo pomembno vejo RHEL.      <\/p>\n<p>Klju\u010dne spremembe:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Posodobljeno je sistemsko okolje in gradbeni orodjar. Za gradnjo paketov je uporabljen GCC 11. Standardna C knji\u017enica je posodobljena na glibc 2.34. Paket z jedrom Linux je zgrajen na osnovi izdaje 5.14. Paketni upravljalnik RPM je posodobljen na razli\u010dico 4.16 z podporo za nadzor celovitosti preko fapolicyd.\n<li class=\"l\"> Migracija distribucije na Python 3 je zaklju\u010dena. Privzeto je ponujena veja Python 3.9. Suppljenje Python 2 je prenehalo.\n<li class=\"l\">  Namizje temelji na GNOME 40 (v RHEL 8 je bil dostavljen GNOME 3.28) in knji\u017enici GTK 4. V GNOME 40 so virtualni namizji v na\u010dinu pregleda (Activities Overview) preusmerjeni v horizontalno usmeritev in prikazani kot neprekinjeno pomi\u010dna veriga od leve proti desni. Na vsakem namizju, prikazanem v na\u010dinu pregleda, so jasno predstavljena odprta okna, pri \u010demer se uporablja dinami\u010dno pomikanje in pove\u010devanje, ko uporabnik komunicira. Omogo\u010deno je brez\u0161ivno prehajanje med seznamom programov in virtualnimi namizji.\n<li class=\"l\"> V GNOME je vklju\u010dena obdelava power-profiles-daemon, ki omogo\u010da preklapljanje med na\u010dinom var\u010devanja z energijo, uravnote\u017eenim na\u010dinom porabe energije in na\u010dinom maksimalne zmogljivosti.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vsi zvo\u010dni tokovi so preneseni na ve\u010dpredstavnostni stre\u017enik PipeWire, ki se zdaj privzeto uporablja namesto PulseAudio in JACK. Uporaba PipeWire omogo\u010da obi\u010dajni namizni izdaji, da ponudi mo\u017enosti profesionalne obdelave zvoka, odpravlja fragmentacijo in povezuje zvo\u010dno infrastrukturo za razli\u010dne aplikacije.\n<li class=\"l\"> Privzeto je zagonski meni GRUB skrit, \u010de je RHEL edina name\u0161\u010dena razli\u010dica sistema in je prej\u0161nje zagonsko nalaganje potekalo brez napak. Za prikaz menija med zagonom je dovolj, da pritisnete tipko Shift ali ve\u010dkrat pritisnete tipko Esc ali F8. Med spremembami v zaganjalniku je tudi to, da so datoteke konfiguracije GRUB za vse arhitekture zdaj shranjene v enem imeniku \/boot\/grub2\/ (datoteka \/boot\/efi\/EFI\/redhat\/grub.cfg je zdaj simboli\u010dna povezava na \/boot\/grub2\/grub.cfg), kar pomeni, da lahko isto name\u0161\u010deno razli\u010dico sistema za\u017eenete tako z uporabo EFI kot z BIOS-om.\n<li class=\"l\"> Komponente za podr\u0161ku razli\u010ditim jezicima su grupisane u langpacks pakete, koji omogu\u0107avaju variranje nivoa instalirane jezi\u010dke podr\u0161ke. Na primer, u paketu langpacks-core-font su dostupni samo fontovi, u langpacks-core - lokal za glibc, osnovni font i metoda unosa, dok langpacks sadr\u017ei prevode, dodatne fontove i re\u010dnike za proveru pravopisa.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za so\u010dasno namestitev razli\u010dnih razli\u010dic programov in pogostej\u0161e oblikovanje posodobitev se uporabljajo komponente Application Streams, ki jih je zdaj mogo\u010de oblikovati z uporabo vseh podprtih razli\u010dic distribucije paketov v RHEL, vklju\u010dno z RPM paketi, moduli (zdru\u017eeni v skupine rpm paketov), SCL (Software Collection) in Flatpak.\n<li class=\"l\"> Posodobljene komponente za zagotavljanje varnosti. V distribuciji je bila vklju\u010dena nova razli\u010dica kriptografijske knji\u017enice OpenSSL 3.0. Privzeto so vklju\u010deni sodobnej\u0161i in zaupanja vrednej\u0161i kriptografski algoritmi (na primer je prepovedana uporaba SHA-1 v TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 in Kerberos, onemogo\u010deni so TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES in FFDHE-1024). Paket OpenSSH je posodobljen na verzijo 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL je pre\u0161el na backend GDBM namesto Berkeley DB. V knji\u017enicah NSS (Network Security Services) je prenehana podpora za DBM (Berkeley DB) format. GnuTLS je posodobljen na verzijo 3.7.2.\n<li class=\"l\"> Performanse SELinux su zna\u010dajno pobolj\u0161ane, a potro\u0161nja memorije smanjena. U \/etc\/selinux\/config uklonjena je podr\u0161ka za postavku \"SELINUX=disabled\" za isklju\u010divanje SELinux-a (navedena postavka sada samo isklju\u010duje u\u010ditavanje politika, dok je za potpuno isklju\u010divanje funkcionalnosti SELinux-a sada potrebno proslijediti parametar \"selinux=0\" jezgru).\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana eksperimentalna podpora <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"185\">VPN<\/a> WireGuard.\n<li class=\"l\"> Privzeto je prepovedan dostop prek SSH pod uporabnikom root.\n<li class=\"l\"> Orodja za upravljanje paketnega filtra iptables-nft (orodja iptables, ip6tables, ebtables in arptables) ter ipset so razgla\u0161ena za zastarela. Za upravljanje z vnetjem je sedaj priporo\u010dljivo uporabljati nftables.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vklju\u010dena je nova storitev mptcpd za nastavitev MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), raz\u0161iritve TCP protokola za organizacijo TCP povezav, ki omogo\u010dajo dostavo paketov hkrati po ve\u010d poteh preko razli\u010dnih omre\u017enih vmesnikov, vezanih na razli\u010dne IP naslove. Uporaba mptcpd omogo\u010da nastavitev MPTCP brez uporabe orodja iproute2.\n<li class=\"l\"> Paket network-scripts je bil odstranjen, za nastavitev omre\u017enih povezav je treba uporabiti NetworkManager. Podpora za ifcfg format nastavitev je ohranjena, vendar NetworkManager privzeto uporablja format na osnovi datoteke keyfile.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vklju\u010dene so nove verzije prevajalnikov in orodij za razvijalce: GCC 11.2, LLVM\/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0, Git 2.31, Subversion 1.14, binutils 2.35, CMake 3.20.2, Maven 3.6, Ant 1.10.\n<li class=\"l\"> Posodobljeni so stre\u017eni\u0161ki paketi Apache HTTP Server 2.4, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1.\n<li class=\"l\"> Posodobljene so podatkovne baze MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za izgradnju emulatore QEMU po defaultu koristi se Clang, \u0161to je omogu\u0107ilo primenu nekih dodatnih mehanizama za\u0161tite u hipervizoru KVM, kao \u0161to je SafeStack za za\u0161titu od metoda iskori\u0161\u0107avanja temeljenog na povratku (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0160irjene so mo\u017enosti spletne konzole: dodane so dodatne metrike zmogljivosti za prepoznavanje ozkih grl (CPU, pomnilnik, disk, mre\u017eni viri), poenostavljen izvoz metrik za vizualizacijo z uporabo Grafana, dodana je mo\u017enost upravljanja z live-patchi jedra, omogo\u010dena je podpora za avtentikacijo prek pametnih kartic (vklju\u010dno za sudo in SSH).\n<li class=\"l\"> U SSSD-u (System Security Services Daemon) pove\u0107ana je detaljnost logova, na primjer, uz doga\u0111aje se sada prila\u017ee vrijeme zavr\u0161etka zadatka i odra\u017eava se tok autentifikacije. Dodane su funkcije pretra\u017eivanja za analizu problema s postavkama i performansama.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro\u0161irena je podr\u0161ka za IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) za provjeru cjelovitosti komponenti operacijskog sustava putem digitalnih potpisa i hash funkcija.\n<li class=\"l\"> Zadano je aktivirana jedinstvena unificirana hijerarhija cgroup (cgroup v2). Cgroups v2 se mogu koristiti, na primjer, za ograni\u010davanje potro\u0161nje memorije, CPU resursa i ulazno\/izlaznih operacija. Klju\u010dna razlika izme\u0111u cgroups v2 i v1 je primjena zajedni\u010dke hijerarhije cgroups za sve vrste resursa, umjesto odvojenih hijerarhija za raspodjelu CPU resursa, regulaciju potro\u0161nje memorije i ulazno\/izlazne operacije. Odvojene hijerarhije dovele su do pote\u0161ko\u0107a u organizaciji interakcije izme\u0111u handlera i dodatnih tro\u0161kova resursa jezgre prilikom primjene pravila na procese koji se spominju u razli\u010ditim hijerarhijama.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je podr\u0161ka za sinkronizaciju preciznog vremena temeljena na NTS protokolu (Network Time Security), koji koristi elemente infrastrukture javnih klju\u010deva (PKI) i omogu\u0107ava kori\u0161tenje TLS-a i autentificirane enkripcije AEAD (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) za kriptografski za\u0161titu interakcije klijenta i <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"stre\u017enika\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3765\">stre\u017enika<\/a> putem NTP protokola (Network Time Protocol). NTP poslu\u017eitelj chrony a\u017euriran je na verziju 4.1.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodane so nove sistemske vloge Ansible za avtomatizacijo namestitve, konfiguracije in zagona Postfixa, Microsoft SQL Serverja, VPN tunelov in storitve timesync. Dodana je nova vloga Ansible za podporo LVM (Logical Volume Manager) VDO (Virtual Data Optimizer).\n<li class=\"l\"> Osigurana je eksperimentalna (Technology Preview) podr\u0161ka za KTLS (implementacija TLS-a na razini jezgre), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (Direct Access) za ext4 i XFS, te podr\u0161ka za AMD SEV i SEV-ES u KVM hipervizoru.\n<li class=\"l\"> Z vklju\u010ditvijo sprememb, povezanih s prevodom kode, dokumentacije in spletnih virov, ki jih razvija Red Hat, se prehaja na uporabo bolj vklju\u010dujo\u010de terminologije, kar vklju\u010duje opustitev besed master, slave, blacklist in whitelist.     <\/ul>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=56095\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Red Hat \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. \u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 Red Hat Customer Portal (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c iso-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b CentOS Stream 9). \u0420\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64, s390x (IBM System z), ppc64le \u0438 Aarch64 (ARM64). \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b rpm-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 Red Hat 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