{"id":104923,"date":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god"},"modified":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","title":{"rendered":"Jezru Linuxa je minilo 31 let","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 10 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e Linux \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 30 \u043c\u043b\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0443 Linux, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e 13 \u043c\u043b\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430), \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c &#8212; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 3 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0432.    <\/p>\n<p>Linux jezgro je stvoreno pod uticajem operativnog sistema MINIX, koji nije zadovoljavao Linusa svojom ograni\u010denom licencom. Kasnije, kada je Linux postao poznati projekat, zlonamernici su poku\u0161ali da optu\u017ee Linusa za direktno kopiranje koda nekih podsistema MINIX-a. Napad je odbio Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX-a, koji je zatra\u017eio od jednog od studenata da sprovede detaljno pore\u0111enje koda Minix-a i prvih javnih verzija Linuxa. Rezultati istra\u017eivanja pokazali su samo \u010detiri nebitna podudaranja blokova koda, uzrokovana zahtevima POSIX-a i ANSI C.    <\/p>\n<p>Prvobitno je Linus nameravao da jezgro nazove Freax, od re\u010di \u201efree\u201c, \u201efreak\u201c i X (Unix). Ime \u201eLinux\u201c jezgro je dobilo zahvaljuju\u0107i Ariju Lemke (Ari Lemmke), koji je po Linusovoj molbi postavio jezgro na FTP server univerziteta, nazvav\u0161i direktorijum s arhivom ne \u201efreax\u201c, kao \u0161to je to tra\u017eio Torvalds, ve\u0107 \u201elinux\u201c. Zanimljivo je da je preduzimljivi biznismen William Della Croce uspio da registruje za\u0161titni znak Linux i planirao je vremenom da ubira naknade, ali se kasnije predomislio i predao sva prava na za\u0161titni znak Linusu. Slu\u017ebeni maskota Linux jezgra, pingvin Tux, izabran je na osnovu takmi\u010denja koje je odr\u017eano 1996. godine. Ime Tux obja\u0161njava se kao Torvalds UniX.    <\/p>\n<p>Dinamika rasta kodne baze (broj linija izvorne \u0161ifre) jezgra:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2014 septembar 1991, 10.000 linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2014 mart 1994, 176.000 linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2014 mart 1995, 311.000 linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2014 jun 1996, 778.000 linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2014 januar 1999, 1.8 miliona linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2014 januar 2001, 3.4 miliona linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2014 decembar 2003, 5.9 miliona linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2014 decembar 2008, 10.2 miliona linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2014 avgust 2010, 13.4 miliona linija koda;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.0 \u2014 avgust 2011, 14.6 miliona linija koda.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.5 \u2014 jul 2012, 15.5 miliona linija koda.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2014 jul 2013, 15.8 miliona linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2014 avgust 2014, 17.5 miliona linija koda;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2014 jun 2015, 19.5 miliona linija koda;  <\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2014 jul 2016, 21.7 miliona linija koda;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2014 jul 2017, 24.1 miliona linija koda;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.18 \u2014 avgust 2018, 25.3 miliona linija koda.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.2 \u2014 jul 2019, 26.55 miliona linija koda.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.8 \u2014 avgust 2020, 28.4 miliona linija koda.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.13 \u2014 jun 2021, 29.2 miliona linija koda.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.19 &#8212; \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 2022, 30.5 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Napredek razvoja jedra:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 september 1991, the first public release, supporting only CPU i386 and booting from a floppy disk;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2014 january 1992, code began to be distributed under the GPLv2 license;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2014 march 1992, the ability to run the X Window System was provided, support for virtual memory and swap space was implemented.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, work on the networking stack began. The Ext2 file system was introduced, ELF file format support was added, drivers for sound cards and SCSI controllers were introduced, and kernel modules and the \/proc file system were enabled.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Leta 1992 so se pojavili prvi distribucijski sistemi SLS in Yggdrasil. Poleti 1993 so bili ustanovljeni projekti Slackware in Debian.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 march 1994, the first officially stable release;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 march 1995, significant increase in the number of drivers, support for Alpha, MIPS and SPARC platforms, expansion of networking stack capabilities, appearance of packet filtering, NFS support;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 june 1996, support for multiprocessor systems;    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Marec 1997: ustanovljen LKML, po\u0161tni seznam razvijalcev jedra Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Leto 1998: zagnan prvi v seznamu Top500 klaster na osnovi Linuxa, sestavljen iz 68 vozli\u0161\u010d s CPU Alpha;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 \u2014 january 1999, increased effectiveness of memory management system, added <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"podr\u0161ka za IPv6\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"393\">podr\u0161ka za IPv6<\/a>, realiziran nov po\u017earni zid, predstavljena nova zvo\u010dna podpora;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 february 2001, support for 8-processor systems and 64 GB of RAM, Ext3 file system, USB support, ACPI;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 december 2003, SELinux support, kernel parameter auto-tuning tools, sysfs, redesigned memory management system;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Leta 2005 je bil predstavljen hipervizor Xen, ki je odprl dobo virtualizacije;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Septembra 2008 je bil oblikovan prvi izdelek platforme Android, ki temelji na jedru Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Julija 2011, po 10 letih razvoja veje 2.6.x je pri\u0161lo do prehoda na \u0161tevil\u010denje 3.x. \u0160tevilo objektov v Git repozitoriju je doseglo 2 milijona;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V letu 2015 je iz\u0161la jedra Linux 4.0. \u0160tevilo git-objektov v skladi\u0161\u010du je doseglo 4 milijone;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Aprila 2018 je bila dose\u017eena meja 6 milijonov git-objektov v skladi\u0161\u010du jedra.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Januarja 2019 je bila oblikovana veja jedra Linux 5.0. Skladi\u0161\u010de je doseglo nivo 6.5 milijona git-objektov.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Jedro 5.8, objavljeno avgusta 2020, je postalo najve\u010dje po \u0161tevilu sprememb v vseh jedrih doslej.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V jedru 5.13 je bil postavljen rekord po \u0161tevilu razvijalcev (2150), katerih spremembe so bile vklju\u010dene v jedro.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> U 2021. godini u granu jezgra Linux-next dodat je kod za razvoj drajvera na jeziku Rust. U toku su radovi na uklju\u010divanju komponenti za podr\u0161ku Rust u glavno jezgro.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Avgusta 2022 je bila oblikovana veja jedra Linux 6.0, ker je v veji 5.x nastalo dovolj izdaj za zamenjavo prve \u0161tevilke v razli\u010dici.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>68% \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044b 20 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 5.19  10.9% \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 Intel, 5.7% &#8212; Linaro, 5.5% &#8212; AMD, 5.2% &#8212; Red Hat, 4.1% &#8212; Google, 3.5% &#8212; Meta, 3.1% &#8212; SUSE, 2.9% &#8212; Huawei, 2.8% &#8212; NVIDIA, 2.7% &#8212; Oracle. 11.8% \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e 5.19 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f AMD, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \t37.9% (\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 amdgpu \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 4 \u043c\u043b\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 GPU).  <\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57675\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 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