{"id":119616,"date":"2024-08-25T21:43:04","date_gmt":"2024-08-25T19:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:08:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:08:37","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","title":{"rendered":"Jedru Linuxa je dopolnilo 33 let","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. avgusta 1991. godine, nakon pet meseci razvoja, 21-godi\u0161nji student Linus Torvalds objavio je na konferenciji comp.os.minix da je stvorio radni prototip novog operativnog sistema Linux, uz napomenu da je zavr\u0161eno portovanje bash 1.08 i gcc 1.40. Prvo javno izdanje jezgra Linux predstavljeno je 17. septembra. Jezgro 0.0.1 imalo je veli\u010dinu od 62 KB u komprimovanom obliku i sadr\u017ealo je oko 10.000 redova izvornog koda. Savremeno jezgro Linux ima vi\u0161e od 35 miliona redova koda. Prema istra\u017eivanju sprovedenom 2010. godine po narud\u017ebini Evropske unije, procenjena vrednost razvoja projekta sli\u010dnog savremenom jezgru Linux od nule iznosila bi vi\u0161e od milijardu ameri\u010dkih dolara (prora\u010dun je ra\u0111en kada je u jezgru bilo 13 miliona redova koda), po drugim procenama \u2014 vi\u0161e od 3 milijarde.<\/p>\n<p>Linux jezgro je stvoreno pod uticajem operativnog sistema MINIX, koji nije zadovoljavao Linusa svojom ograni\u010denom licencom. Kasnije, kada je Linux postao poznati projekat, zlonamernici su poku\u0161ali da optu\u017ee Linusa za direktno kopiranje koda nekih podsistema MINIX-a. Napad je odbio Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX-a, koji je zatra\u017eio od jednog od studenata da sprovede detaljno pore\u0111enje koda Minix-a i prvih javnih verzija Linuxa. Rezultati istra\u017eivanja pokazali su samo \u010detiri nebitna podudaranja blokova koda, uzrokovana zahtevima POSIX-a i ANSI C.<\/p>\n<p>Prvobitno je Linus planirao da jezgro nazove Freax, od re\u010di \u201efree\u201c, \u201efreak\u201c i X (Unix). Me\u0111utim, ime \u201eLinux\u201c jezgro je dobilo zahvaljuju\u0107i Ari Lemmke, koji je na zahtev Linusa postavio jezgro na FTP server univerziteta, nazvav\u0161i direktoriju sa arhivom ne \u201efreax\u201c, kako je Torvalds tra\u017eio, ve\u0107 \u201elinux\u201c. Zanimljivo je da je preduzimljivi trgovac William Della Croce uspeo da registruje za\u0161titni znak Linux i \u017eeleo je da sakuplja takse, ali se kasnije predomislio i predao sva prava na za\u0161titni znak Linusu. Slu\u017ebeni maskota Linux jezgra, pingvin Tux, izabran je kao rezultat takmi\u010denja koje se odr\u017ealo 1996. godine. Ime Tux dekodira se kao Torvalds UniX.<\/p>\n<p>Dinamika rasta kodne baze (broj linija izvorne \u0161ifre) jezgra:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 \u2014 septembar 1991, 10.000 linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 \u2014 mart 1994, 176.000 linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 \u2014 mart 1995, 311.000 linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 \u2014 jun 1996, 778.000 linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 \u2014 januar 1999, 1.8 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 \u2014 januar 2001, 3.4 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 \u2014 decembar 2003, 5.9 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 \u2014 decembar 2008, 10.2 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 \u2014 avgust 2010, 13.4 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2014 avgust 2011, 14.6 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2014 juli 2012, 15.5 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 \u2014 jul 2013, 15.8 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 \u2014 avgust 2014, 17.5 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 \u2014 jun 2015, 19.5 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 \u2014 jul 2016, 21.7 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 \u2014 jul 2017, 24.1 miliona linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2014 avgust 2018, 25.3 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2014 juli 2019, 26.55 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2014 avgust 2020, 28.4 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2014 jun 2021, 29.2 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2014 avgust 2022, 30.5 miliona redova koda;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2014 juni 2023, 32.9 miliona redova koda.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2014 juli 2024, 35.1 miliona redova koda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Napredek razvoja jedra:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 september 1991, the first public release, supporting only CPU i386 and booting from a floppy disk;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 \u2014 january 1992, code began to be distributed under the GPLv2 license;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 \u2014 march 1992, the ability to run the X Window System was provided, support for virtual memory and swap space was implemented.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, work on the networking stack began. The Ext2 file system was introduced, ELF file format support was added, drivers for sound cards and SCSI controllers were introduced, and kernel modules and the \/proc file system were enabled.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Leta 1992 so se pojavili prvi distribucijski sistemi SLS in Yggdrasil. Poleti 1993 so bili ustanovljeni projekti Slackware in Debian.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 \u2014 march 1994, the first officially stable release;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 \u2014 march 1995, significant increase in the number of drivers, support for Alpha, MIPS and SPARC platforms, expansion of networking stack capabilities, appearance of packet filtering, NFS support;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 \u2014 june 1996, support for multiprocessor systems;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Marec 1997: ustanovljen LKML, po\u0161tni seznam razvijalcev jedra Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Leto 1998: zagnan prvi v seznamu Top500 klaster na osnovi Linuxa, sestavljen iz 68 vozli\u0161\u010d s CPU Alpha;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 \u2014 januar 1999, pove\u0107ana efikasnost sistema upravljanja memorijom, dodana podr\u0161ka <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/lir\/ipv4\/\">IPv6<\/a>, realiziran nov po\u017earni zid, predstavljena nova zvo\u010dna podpora;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 \u2014 february 2001, support for 8-processor systems and 64 GB of RAM, Ext3 file system, USB support, ACPI;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 \u2014 december 2003, SELinux support, kernel parameter auto-tuning tools, sysfs, redesigned memory management system;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Leta 2005 je bil predstavljen hipervizor Xen, ki je odprl dobo virtualizacije;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Septembra 2008 je bil oblikovan prvi izdelek platforme Android, ki temelji na jedru Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Julija 2011, po 10 letih razvoja veje 2.6.x je pri\u0161lo do prehoda na \u0161tevil\u010denje 3.x. \u0160tevilo objektov v Git repozitoriju je doseglo 2 milijona;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V letu 2015 je iz\u0161la jedra Linux 4.0. \u0160tevilo git-objektov v skladi\u0161\u010du je doseglo 4 milijone;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Aprila 2018 je bila dose\u017eena meja 6 milijonov git-objektov v skladi\u0161\u010du jedra.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Januarja 2019 je bila oblikovana veja jedra Linux 5.0. Skladi\u0161\u010de je doseglo nivo 6.5 milijona git-objektov.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Jedro 5.8, objavljeno avgusta 2020, je postalo najve\u010dje po \u0161tevilu sprememb v vseh jedrih doslej.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V jedru 5.13 je bil postavljen rekord po \u0161tevilu razvijalcev (2150), katerih spremembe so bile vklju\u010dene v jedro.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Avgusta 2022 je bila oblikovana veja jedra Linux 6.0, ker je v veji 5.x nastalo dovolj izdaj za zamenjavo prve \u0161tevilke v razli\u010dici.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">V jedru 6.1, izdano decembra 2022, je bila dodana mo\u017enost uporabe jezika Rust kot drugega jezika za razvoj gonilnikov in modulov jedra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Otprilike 65% svih promena u jezgru je unelo 20 najaktivnijih kompanija. Na primer, prilikom razvoja jezgra 6.10, od svih promena, 15.3% (u jezgru 6.9 je bilo 12.9%) pripremljeno je od strane kompanije Intel, 7.4% (7.1%) \u2014 Google, 6.9% (5.6%) \u2014 Red Hat, 6.3% (6.4%) \u2014 Linaro, 4.6% (5.7%) \u2014 AMD, 3.3% (2.2%) \u2014 Oracle, 3.2% (2.9%) \u2014 Meta, 2.5% (3.2%) \u2014 SUSE, 2.4% (2.1%) \u2014 IBM, 2.3% (2.4%) \u2014 Huawei, 1.9% (2.1%) \u2014 Qualcomm, 1.5% (1.7%) \u2014 NVIDIA, 1.2% (1.2%) \u2014 ARM. 11.9% (u jezgru 6.9 \u2014 14.2%) promena pripremljeno je od strane nezavisnih u\u010desnika ili developera koji nisu izri\u010dito naveli svoj rad za odre\u0111ene kompanije. Po broju dodatih redova koda u jezgru 6.10 prednja\u010de kompanije Intel, Linaro i Red Hat, \u010diji udeo iznosi 13.6%, 13.3% i 7.2% (u jezgru 6.9 prednja\u010dili su AMD, Red Hat i Intel sa udelima od 21.7%, 11.5% i 8.9%).<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=61762\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-119616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 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