{"id":30199,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vozmozhno-vam-ne-nuzhen-kubernetes\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:08","slug":"vozmozhno-vam-ne-nuzhen-kubernetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/vozmozhno-vam-ne-nuzhen-kubernetes","title":{"rendered":"Mo\u017eda Kubernetes nije potreban","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mo\u017eda Kubernetes nije potreban\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/4cd1c0ed29bf76731aab81ce67144352.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Deklica na skuterju. Ilustracija <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.freepik.com\/free-photos-vectors\/car\">freepik<\/a><\/noindex>, logotip Nomad od <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nomadproject.io\/\">HashiCorp<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Kubernetes je 300-kilogramska gorila za orkestracijo kontejnerjev. Deluje v nekaterih najve\u010djih sistemih kontejnerjev na svetu, vendar je precej draga.<\/p>\n<p>Zlasti draga za majhne ekipe, ki bodo morale porabiti veliko \u010dasa za vzdr\u017eevanje in strmo u\u010dno krivuljo. Za na\u0161o ekipo \u0161tirih \u010dlanov je to preve\u010d stro\u0161kov. Zato smo za\u010deli iskati alternative in se zaljubili v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nomadproject.io\/\">Nomad<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>Kaj potrebujemo<\/h1>\n<p>\nNa\u0161a ekipa podpira vrsto obi\u010dajnih storitev za spremljanje in analizo delovanja: API kon\u010dne to\u010dke za metrike napisane v Go, izvoz Prometheus, analizo logov, kot je Logstash in <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/trivago\/gollum\">Gollum<\/a><\/noindex>, ter baze podatkov, kot so InfluxDB ali Elasticsearch. Vsaka od teh storitev deluje v svojem kontejnerju. Potrebujemo preprost sistem, da vse to ohranimo v delovnem stanju.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u010deli smo s seznamom zahtev za orkestracijo kontejnerjev:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zagon niza storitev na ve\u010d strojih.\n<\/li>\n<li>Pregled zagnanih storitev.\n<\/li>\n<li>Povezave med storitvami.\n<\/li>\n<li>Samodejno ponovno zagon, \u010de storitev ne deluje.\n<\/li>\n<li>Vzdr\u017eevanje infrastrukture z majhno ekipo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPoleg tega bodo naslednje stvari prijetne, vendar neobvezne dodatke:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ozna\u010devanje naprav glede na njihove sposobnosti (na primer, ozna\u010devanje naprav z hitrimi diski za te\u017eke storitve vnosa in izhoda).\n<\/li>\n<li>Mo\u017enost zagona storitev neodvisno od orkestratorja (na primer, med razvojem).\n<\/li>\n<li>Skupno mesto za izmenjavo konfiguracij in skrivnosti.\n<\/li>\n<li>Kon\u010dna to\u010dka za metrike in loge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1>Zakaj nam Kubernetes ne ustreza<\/h1>\n<p>\nKo smo izdelovali prototip s Kubernetes, smo opazili, da smo dodajali vedno bolj zapletene plasti logike, na katere smo se brezpogojno zana\u0161ali.<\/p>\n<p>Na primer, Kubernetes podpira vgrajene konfiguracije storitev preko <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/configure-pod-container\/configure-pod-configmap\/\">ConfigMaps<\/a><\/noindex>. Lahko se hitro zaplete\u0161, \u0161e posebej pri zdru\u017eevanju ve\u010d datotek konfiguracije ali dodajanju dodatnih storitev v pod. Kubernetes (ali <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/helm.sh\/\">helm<\/a><\/noindex> V tem primeru) omogo\u010da dinami\u010dno uvajanje zunanjih konfiguracij za delitev interesov. Vendar pa to povzro\u010di strogo povezavo med va\u0161im projektom in Kubernetes. Kljub temu so Helm in ConfigMaps dodatne mo\u017enosti, zato jih ni nujno uporabljati. Preprosto lahko skopirate konfiguracijo v Docker sliko. Kljub temu je privla\u010dno iti po tej poti in zgraditi nepotrebne abstrakcije, zaradi katerih boste morda kasneje ob\u017ealovali.<\/p>\n<p>Poleg tega se ekosistem Kubernetes hitro razvija. Potrebno je veliko \u010dasa in energije, da ostanete na teko\u010dem z najbolj\u0161imi praksami in najnovej\u0161imi orodji. Kubectl, minikube, kubeadm, helm, tiller, kops, oc - seznam se nadaljuje in nadaljuje. Na za\u010detku dela niso potrebna vsa ta orodja, vendar ne veste, kaj boste potrebovali, zato je treba biti obve\u0161\u010den o vsem. Zaradi tega je krivulja u\u010denja precej strma.<\/p>\n<h1>Kdaj uporabiti Kubernetes<\/h1>\n<p>\nPri nas v podjetju mnogi uporabljajo Kubernetes in so z njim precej zadovoljni. Ti primerki so pod nadzorom Googla ali Amazona, ki imata dovolj sredstev za podporo.<\/p>\n<p>Kubernetes prihaja z <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/jvns.ca\/blog\/2017\/08\/05\/how-kubernetes-certificates-work\/\">osupljivimi funkcijami<\/a><\/noindex>, ki naredijo obse\u017eno orkestracijo kontejnerjev bolj obvladljivo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Podrobno <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/reference\/access-authn-authz\/authorization\/\">upravljanje pravic<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/extend-kubernetes\/api-extension\/custom-resources\/#custom-controllers\">Prilagojeni kontrolerji<\/a><\/noindex> dodajajo logiko v klaster. To so preprosto programi, ki komunicirajo z Kubernetes API.\n<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/run-application\/horizontal-pod-autoscale\/\">Avtomatsko skaliranje<\/a><\/noindex>! Kubernetes lahko skalira storitve po potrebi, s pomo\u010djo metrik storitev in brez ro\u010dnega posredovanja.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVpra\u0161anje je, ali res potrebujete vse te funkcije. Ni mogo\u010de le zana\u0161ati se na abstrakcije; <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/jvns.ca\/blog\/2017\/08\/05\/how-kubernetes-certificates-work\/\">morate izvedeti, kaj se dogaja pod pokrovom<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161a ekipa zagotavlja ve\u010dino storitev na daljavo (zaradi tesne povezave z osnovno infrastrukturo), zato nismo \u017eeleli postavljati lastnega klasterja Kubernetes. \u017deleli smo preprosto nuditi storitve.<\/p>\n<h1>Baterije niso vklju\u010dene<\/h1>\n<p>\nNomad je 20% orkestracije, ki prina\u0161a 80% potrebnega. Vse, kar po\u010dne, je upravljanje z namestitvami. Nomad skrbi za namestitve, ponovno za\u017eene kontejnerje v primeru napak\u2026 in to je vse.<\/p>\n<p>Ves pomen Nomada je v tem, da to po\u010dne: <i>minimum<\/i>nobenega podrobnega upravljanja pravic ali <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/services-networking\/network-policies\/\">raz\u0161irjenih omre\u017enih politik<\/a><\/noindex>, tako je posebej zasnovano. Ti komponenti se zagotavljajo s strani ali niso na voljo sploh.<\/p>\n<p>Mislim da je Nomad prona\u0161ao savr\u0161en kompromis izme\u0111u jednostavnosti kori\u0161tenja i korisnosti. Dobar je za male, neovisne usluge. Ako je potrebna ve\u0107a kontrola, morat \u0107ete ih pokrenuti sami ili koristiti drugi pristup. Nomad je <i>enostavno<\/i> orkestrator.<\/p>\n<p>Najbolje kod Nomada je \u0161to je lako <i>zamenjati<\/i>. Veza sa dobavlja\u010dem je gotovo nepostoje\u0107a, jer se njegove funkcije lako integriraju u bilo koji drugi sustav koji upravlja uslugama. Rade jednostavno kao obi\u010dni binarni program na svakoj ma\u0161ini u klasteru, to je sve!<\/p>\n<h1>Ekosistem Nomada sastoji se od slabo povezanih komponenti<\/h1>\n<p>\nPrava snaga Nomada le\u017ei u njegovom ekosistemu. Vrlo se dobro integrira s drugim \u2014 potpuno neobaveznim \u2014 proizvodima, kao \u0161to su <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.consul.io\/\">Consul<\/a><\/noindex> (skladi\u0161te klju\u010deva i vrednosti) ili <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vaultproject.io\/\">Vault<\/a><\/noindex> (upravljanje tajnama). Unutar datoteke Nomad postoje sekcije za dohva\u0107anje podataka iz tih usluga:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">template {\n  data = &lt;&lt;EOH\nLOG_LEVEL=&quot;{{key &quot;service\/geo-api\/log-verbosity&quot;}}&quot;\nAPI_KEY=&quot;{{with secret &quot;secret\/geo-api-key&quot;}}{{.Data.value}}{{end}}&quot;\nEOH\n\n  destination = &quot;secrets\/file.env&quot;\n  env         = true\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nOvdje \u010ditamo klju\u010d <code>service\/geo-api\/log-verbosity<\/code> iz Consul-a i tokom rada ga predstavljamo kao varijablu okru\u017eenja <code>LOG_LEVEL<\/code>. Tako\u0111er predstavljamo klju\u010d <code>secret\/geo-api-key<\/code> iz Vault-a kao <code>API_KEY<\/code>. Jednostavno, ali mo\u0107no!<\/p>\n<p>Zahvaljuju\u0107i svojoj jednostavnosti, Nomad se lako pro\u0161iruje drugim uslugama putem API-ja. Na primjer, podr\u017eavaju se oznake za zadatke. Obele\u017eavamo sve usluge sa metrikama oznakom <code>trv-metrics<\/code>. Tako Prometheus lako pronalazi te usluge putem Consul-a i periodi\u010dno proverava krajnju ta\u010dku <code>\/metrics<\/code> za nove podatke. Isto se mo\u017ee u\u010diniti, na primjer, za logove, koriste\u0107i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/grafana.com\/loki\">Loki<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Postoji mnogo drugih primera pro\u0161irivosti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokretanje zadatka Jenkins-a putem hook-a, a Consul prati ponovni deploy zadatka Nomad-a kada do\u0111e do promene u konfiguraciji usluge.\n<\/li>\n<li>Ceph dodaje u Nomad distribuirani datote\u010dni sistem.\n<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/fabiolb\/fabio\">fabio<\/a><\/noindex> za balansiranje optere\u0107enja.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSve to omogu\u0107ava <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tech.trivago.com\/2019\/01\/25\/nomad-our-experiences-and-best-practices\/\">organi\u010dno razvijanje infrastrukture<\/a><\/noindex> bez velike vezanosti za dobavlja\u010da.<\/p>\n<h1>Iskreno upozorenje<\/h1>\n<p>\nNijedan sistem nije savr\u0161en. Ne preporu\u010dujem da odmah uvrstite najnovije funkcije u produkciju. Naravno, postoje gre\u0161ke i nedostaju\u0107e funkcije, ali to se odnosi i na Kubernetes.<\/p>\n<p>V primerjavi s Kubernetesom skupnost Nomada ni tako velika. Kubernetes ima \u017ee okoli 75.000 commitov in 2.000 prispevkov, medtem ko ima Nomad okoli 14.000 commitov in 300 prispevkov. Nomadu bo te\u017eko vzdr\u017eevati korak s hitrostjo Kubernetes, vendar morda to niti ni potrebno! Gre za bolj specializiran sistem, manj\u0161a skupnost pa pomeni, da bo va\u0161 pull request verjetneje opazen in sprejet v primerjavi s Kubernetes.<\/p>\n<h1>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/h1>\n<p>\nZaklju\u010dek: ne uporabljajte Kubernetes samo zato, ker to po\u010dnejo vsi. Temeljito ocenite svoje zahteve in preverite, katero orodje je bolj koristno.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ce na\u010drtujete uvedbo velike koli\u010dine enotnih storitev na obse\u017eni infrastrukturi, je Kubernetes dobra izbira. Samo ne pozabite na dodatno zapletenost in stro\u0161ke vzdr\u017eevanja. Nekaterih stro\u0161kov se lahko izognete z uporabo upravljanega okolja Kubernetes, kot je <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/kubernetes-engine\/\">Google Kubernetes Engine<\/a><\/noindex> ili <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/eks\/\">Amazon EKS<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ce preprosto i\u0161\u010dete zanesljivega orkestratorja, ki ga je enostavno vzdr\u017eevati in raz\u0161irjati, zakaj ne bi poskusili z Nomad? Morda vas bo presenetilo, kako dale\u010d vas lahko to pripelje.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ce Kubernetes primerjamo z avtomobilom, bo Nomad skuter. V\u010dasih potrebujete eno, v\u010dasih drugo. Obe imata pravico do obstoja.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/445030\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u0418\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f freepik, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f Nomad \u043e\u0442 HashiCorp Kubernetes\u00a0\u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e 300-\u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri 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