{"id":30402,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/flexiremap-protiv-raid\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","slug":"flexiremap-protiv-raid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/flexiremap-protiv-raid","title":{"rendered":"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>RAID algoritmi so bili predstavljeni javnosti davnega leta 1987. Do danes ostajajo najbolj iskana tehnologija za za\u0161\u010dito in pospe\u0161evanje dostopa do podatkov na podro\u010dju shranjevanja informacij. Vendar pa je starost IT tehnologije, ki je presegla 30 let, prej starost kot zrelost. Razlog je napredek, ki neizprosno prina\u0161a nove mo\u017enosti. V \u010dasih, ko prakti\u010dno ni bilo drugih shranjevalnih naprav razen HDD, so RAID algoritmi omogo\u010dili naju\u010dinkovitej\u0161o izrabo razpolo\u017eljivih virov shranjevanja. Kljub temu pa se je s pojavom SSD situacija drasti\u010dno spremenila. Sedaj je RAID pri delu s trdimi diski \u017ee \u00bbuvle\u010dek\u00ab na njihovo zmogljivost. Zato je za razkritje polnega potenciala hitrostnih zna\u010dilnosti SSD preprosto potreben povsem druga\u010den pristop k delu z njimi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/1633250deaffc822dbd043caa229ea2b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Poleg o\u010ditnih razlik med HDD in SSD v na\u010delih delovanja, ti tipi medijev imata \u0161e eno pomembno zna\u010dilnost: kateri koli trdi disk lahko prepi\u0161e katere koli podatke z granularnostjo v en blok (trenutno je to najpogosteje 4 KB). Pri SSD pa je proces prepisovanja veliko bolj zapleten postopek:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spremenjeni podatki se kopirajo na nov kraj. Pri tem je granularnost enaka bloku, vendar je sestavljena iz ve\u010d strani in ima velikost od 256 KB do 4 MB. T.j. pri spremembi istih 4 KB je treba prekopirati tudi vse sosednje strani, ki tvorijo enotno bloko.<\/li>\n<li>\u00bbStare\u00ab bloke ozna\u010diti kot neuporabne, da jih nato zbira zbiralec \u00bbsmeti\u00ab (Garbage Collector).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79f6a2a9657171387121b00c956f9034.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Sekvencijsko zapisovanje\/prepisovanje na SSD<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V primeru sekvencionalnega zapisovanja\/prepisovanja ta posebnost delovanja SSD ne igra velike vloge z vidika njegove zmogljivosti, saj so bloki postavljeni blizu drug drugemu, in zbiralec \u00bbsmeti\u00ab povsem dobro opravlja svoje delo v ozadju. A v resni\u010dnem \u017eivljenju, \u0161e posebej v segmentu Enterprise, se za SSD najpogosteje uporablja naklju\u010dni dostop do podatkov. Ti podatki se zapisujejo na naklju\u010dna mesta na pomnilnikih.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce dat je zapisov\u00e1no na SSD, t\u00edm obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je pro garbage collector pracovat, proto\u017ee fragmentace v\u00fdrazn\u011b roste. V d\u016fsledku toho nast\u00e1v\u00e1 okam\u017eik, kdy proces \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt \"pozad\u00edm\": v\u00fdkon SSD zna\u010dn\u011b kles\u00e1, proto\u017ee zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdkonu spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 garbage collector.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3374a6b98f220f7c4e4ff75a04565c26.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Skute\u010dn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed dat na SSD p\u0159i ka\u017edodenn\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pro ilustraci efektu vlivu pr\u00e1ce garbage collector na z\u00e1klad\u011b re\u017eimu z\u00e1pisu na \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b lze prov\u00e9st jednoduch\u00e9 testy: sekven\u010dn\u00ed a n\u00e1hodn\u00fd z\u00e1pis bloky 4 KB na 100 GB \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b. (Zdroj \u2013 spole\u010dnost <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.micron.com\/~\/media\/documents\/products\/technical-marketing-brief\/brief_ssd_effect_data_placement_writes.pdf\">Micron<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e3b1f25dd27463d2c7b08ae84ff44b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u00fdkon p\u0159i sekven\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1pisu<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9c7d7be5982d6df688cf9481a0e9a826.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u00fdkon p\u0159i n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m z\u00e1pisu<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jak je vid\u011bt z test\u016f, pokles v\u00fdkonu m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout v\u00edce ne\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobku. A to v\u0161e jen na jednom \u00falo\u017ei\u0161ti. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed SSD v r\u00e1mci RAID skupiny se po\u010det p\u0159episovac\u00edch operac\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci s parity.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem k t\u011bmto vlastnostem pr\u00e1ce SSD existuje pro n\u011b takov\u00fd parametr, jako je koeficient z\u00e1pisu (write amplification). To je pom\u011br objemu dat, kter\u00e9 byly zaps\u00e1ny na \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, k objemu dat, kter\u00e9 host skute\u010dn\u011b odeslal. A pro nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed RAID5 je tento koeficient p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3,5. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee syst\u00e9my s klasick\u00fdm RAID ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed SSD pouze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 % jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9 rychlosti a p\u0159i zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dtu \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 na v\u00edce ne\u017e deset maj\u00ed slabo\u0161k\u00e1lovateln\u00fd v\u00fdkon.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee nadbyte\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 operace nejen sni\u017euj\u00ed v\u00fdkon SSD, ale tak\u00e9 zmen\u0161uj\u00ed jeho rozhodn\u011b neomezen\u00fd zdroj, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zkracuj\u00ed \u017eivotnost \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-technology\">Technologie FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e1 je j\u00e1drem v\u0161ech produkt\u016f AccelStor, byla vyvinuta jako alternativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed klasick\u00fdm algoritm\u016fm RAID p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci se SSD. Inovativnost technologie byla ocen\u011bna r\u016fzn\u00fdmi patenty a cenami (v\u010detn\u011b na Flash Memory Summit 2016) a tak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch test\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad SPC1).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Podstata <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-advantages\">FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex> sestoj\u00ed v p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edch z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f, zejm\u00e9na typu random, do souboru blok\u016f, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b podobn\u00e9ho re\u017eimu sekven\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1pisu z pohledu \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee z\u00e1pis na SSD prob\u00edh\u00e1 v co nejpohodln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm re\u017eimu pro n\u011b, a celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon p\u0159evy\u0161uje jak\u00e9koli syst\u00e9my s klasick\u00fdm RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echny SSD v syst\u00e9mech AccelStor jsou rozd\u011bleny do dvou symetrick\u00fdch skupin FlexiRemap\u00ae. Velikost skupiny z\u00e1vis\u00ed na modelu a \u010din\u00ed 5-11 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165. Pro odolnost proti chyb\u00e1m je uvnit\u0159 skupiny pou\u017eito paritn\u00ed podobn\u011b jako v RAID5. Ob\u011b skupiny jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny spole\u010dn\u011b a tvo\u0159\u00ed celkov\u00fd \u00falo\u017en\u00fd prostor. Kone\u010dn\u00e1 odolnost proti chyb\u00e1m tedy bude podobn\u00e1 poli RAID50 slo\u017een\u00e9mu ze dvou skupin: syst\u00e9m je schopen sn\u00e9st selh\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e dvou SSD, ale ne v\u00edce ne\u017e jedno v ka\u017ed\u00e9 skupin\u011b FlexiRemap\u00ae.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/76adaa3e4a9dbd1394ba18dac79e21e5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed z\u00e1pisov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky jsou rozd\u011bleny na bloky o velikosti 4KB, kter\u00e9 jsou v re\u017eimu round robin zapisov\u00e1ny na ob\u011b skupiny FlexiRemap\u00ae. Syst\u00e9m neust\u00e1le sleduje popt\u00e1vku po zapsan\u00fdch bloc\u00edch a sna\u017e\u00ed se p\u0159i jejich zm\u011bn\u011b zapisovat podobn\u00e9 bloky co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k sob\u011b. Vznik\u00e1 tak virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed analog tyringu, pokud to vyj\u00e1d\u0159\u00edme term\u00edny SVA. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je pr\u00e1ci sb\u011bra\u010de 'odpadk\u016f' velmi usnadn\u011bno: nebo\u0165 nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 bloky budou neust\u00e1le bl\u00edzko sebe.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/modeli-vysokoj-dostupnosti-ha\">syst\u00e9my AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> na rozd\u00edl od produkt\u016f konkurent\u016f nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed funkci ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f do opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti \u0159adi\u010de. V\u0161echny p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed bloky dat jsou okam\u017eit\u011b zapisov\u00e1ny na SSD. Host z\u00edsk\u00e1 potvrzen\u00ed o \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m z\u00e1pisu a\u017e po fyzick\u00e9m um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed dat na \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u00edch. V RAM jsou uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny pouze tabulky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed blok\u016f na SSD pro urychlen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu a ur\u010den\u00ed, kam zapsat dal\u0161\u00ed blok dat. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, pro spolehlivost jsou kopie t\u011bchto tabulek um\u00edst\u011bny tak\u00e9 na samotn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee syst\u00e9m\u016fm AccelStor nen\u00ed vy\u017eadov\u00e1na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ochrana cache ve form\u011b baterie\/kondez\u00e1toru (nicm\u00e9n\u011b mo\u017enost p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k UPS je k dispozici \u2013 pro 'm\u011bkk\u00e9' vypnut\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b probl\u00e9m\u016f s nap\u00e1jen\u00edm).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u0161en pristop k organizaciji zapisov omogo\u010da, da zbiralec \u201eodpadkov\u201c dejansko deluje v ozadju, ne da bi pomembno vplival na hitrost shranjevanja, kar na koncu omogo\u010da, da sistem reciklira do 90 % zmogljivosti SSD. V tem le\u017ei tudi visoka vrednost IOPS v sistemih AccelStor v primerjavi z All Flash, ki temeljijo na RAID algoritmih.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Prav tako je pomembna zna\u010dilnost tehnologije FlexiRemap\u00ae znatno zmanj\u0161anje odve\u010dnih operacij zapisovanja na SSD. Faktor zapisovanja (write amplification) za sisteme AccelStor je le 1,3, kar v splo\u0161nem jeziku pomeni, da se \u017eivljenjska doba shranjevalnikov pove\u010da ve\u010d kot 2,5-krat v primerjavi z RAID5! <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c503ed537aed33aa0e1e98595ed020a2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Z nenehnim nadzorom sistema nad politiko postavitve podatkov na SSD, se vsi shranjevalniki enakomerno obrabljajo. Tak\u0161en pristop omogo\u010da napovedovanje njihove \u017eivljenjske dobe in pravo\u010dasno obve\u0161\u010danje administratorja o iz\u010drpanosti zapisovalnega vira.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Seveda je jasno, da SSD lahko odpovejo. V takem primeru bo sistem takoj za\u010del obnovo na enega izmed hot spare diskov. Skupina FlexiRemap\u00ae, ki se nahaja v stanju degraded, preide v na\u010din \u201esamo za branje\u201c, medtem ko se vsi zapisi usmerjajo na drugo skupino. Tak mehanizem za\u0161\u010dite je zasnovan za pospe\u0161itev postopka obnove in zmanj\u0161anje verjetnosti odpovedi \u0161e enega shranjevalnika v isti skupini. Skrivnost ni, da med obnovo vsi shranjevalniki v skupini do\u017eivljajo pove\u010dano obremenitev zaradi interferenc branja, zapisovanja in obnavljanja na hot spare. S tem se pove\u010duje verjetnost odpovedi \u0161e enega diska. In ve\u010d kot je operacij zapisovanja, dlje bo trajala obnova. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c6389348c25427854ae24a17da9b89a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Po koncu postopka obnove in vrnitvi skupine FlexiRemap\u00ae v normalno stanje bo pri\u0161lo do rahlega neravnovesja v zapisovalnem viru med obema skupinama. Zato bo za izravnavo v prihodnjih operacijah zapisovanja dele\u017e v veliki meri pripadel obnovljeni skupini (seveda ob pogoju, da kon\u010dna zmogljivost sistema ne trpi preve\u010d).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Pove\u010danje zmogljivosti All Flash sistemov, ki temeljijo na RAID algoritmih, nad dolo\u010dene vrednosti (~280K IOPS@4K naklju\u010dni zapis) ni mogo\u010de dose\u010di niti z uporabo zapletenih sistemov predpomnjenja. Tehnologija FlexiRemap\u00ae, zahvaljujo\u010d povsem druga\u010dnemu pristopu k organizaciji prostora za shranjevanje, ne le da zlahka premaga to oviro, ampak tudi ve\u010dkrat podalj\u0161uje \u017eivljenjsko dobo SSD-ja. Zato sistemi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\">AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> imajo resne prednosti med All Flash polji na mnogih podro\u010djih (IOPS\/$, GB\/$, TCO, ROI), kar jih dela za idealne kandidate za klju\u010dna mesta v podatkovnih centrih naro\u010dnikov pri re\u0161evanju zahtevnih nalog.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/accelstor\/blog\/445336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b RAID \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 IT \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 30-\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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