{"id":31229,"date":"2019-10-31T21:40:10","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:40:10","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:10","slug":"operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod","title":{"rendered":"Operacijski sistemi: Tri enostavne dele. Del 3: Procesna API (prevod)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Uvod v operacijske sisteme<\/h1>\n<p>\nPozdravljeni, Habr! \u017delim vam predstaviti serijo prevodnih \u010dlankov, ki se mi zdijo zanimivi \u2014 OSTEP. V tem gradivu se poglobljeno obravnava delovanje unix-podobnih operacijskih sistemov, in sicer obravnava procesov, razli\u010dnih pojedin\u0161kov, pomnilnika in ostalih podobnih komponent, ki sestavljajo sodobni OS. Izvirnik vseh gradiv si lahko ogledate tukaj. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~remzi\/OSTEP\/\">tukaj<\/a><\/noindex>. Prosimo, upo\u0161tevajte, da je prevod izveden nepoklicno (dokaj prosto), a upam, da sem ohranil splo\u0161en smisel.<\/p>\n<p>Laboratorijske vaje za to temo lahko najdete tukaj:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~remzi\/OSTEP\/Homework\/homework.html\">izvirnik<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/remzi-arpacidusseau\/ostep-code\">izvirnik<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bykvaadm\/OS\/tree\/master\/ostep\">moja osebna prilagoditev<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDruge dele:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/post\/446340\/\">Del 1: Uvod<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/post\/446866\/\">Del 2: Abstrakcija: proces<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/post\/447182\/\">Del 3: Uvod v API procesov<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nLahko tudi obi\u0161\u010dete moj kanal v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/bykvaadm\">telegram<\/a><\/noindex> =)<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b>Alarm!<\/b> there is a lab for this lecture! see <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bykvaadm\/OS\/tree\/master\/ostep\">github<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Process API<\/h2>\n<p>Let's consider an example of process creation in a UNIX system. It occurs through two system calls. <b>fork()<\/b> in <b>exec()<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h3>The fork() call<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Operacijski sistemi: Tri enostavne dele. Del 3: Procesna API (prevod)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/c0c39726560e18a82ae05a31b43f92c0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nLet's look at a program that executes a fork() call. The result of its execution will be as follows.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Operacijski sistemi: Tri enostavne dele. Del 3: Procesna API (prevod)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3ddddbaf5bbb38e9882827da0513805a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFirst, we enter the main() function and output a string to the screen. The string contains the process identifier which is originally called <b>PID<\/b> or process identifier. This identifier is used in UNIX to refer to a process. The next command will be a fork() call. At this moment, a nearly exact copy of the process is created. For the OS, it appears as though there are two copies of the same program running, which will both exit the execution of the fork() function. The newly created child process (in relation to its parent process) will not continue execution starting from the main() function. It should be noted that the child process is not an exact copy of the parent process; in particular, it has its own address space, its own registers, its own instruction pointer, and so on. Therefore, the value returned to the caller of the fork() function will be different. In particular, the parent process will receive the PID of the child process as the return value, while the child will receive a value of 0. Based on these return codes, the processes can be differentiated later, allowing each to perform its own work. However, the execution of this program is not strictly defined. After the separation into two processes, the OS starts monitoring them and planning their execution. In the case of execution on a single-core processor, one of the processes, here the parent, will continue to run, and then the child process will take control. During a subsequent run, the situation may be different.<\/p>\n<h3>The wait() call<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Operacijski sistemi: Tri enostavne dele. Del 3: Procesna API (prevod)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/abb10671424f1889fbbb3facae739029.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nLet's consider the following program. In this program, due to the presence of the call <b>wait()<\/b> the parent process will always wait for the child process to complete its work. In this case, we will receive a strictly defined output of text on the screen.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Operacijski sistemi: Tri enostavne dele. Del 3: Procesna API (prevod)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7e8ea54531b7717b7b42802550afd27b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>The exec() call<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Operacijski sistemi: Tri enostavne dele. Del 3: Procesna API (prevod)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dfe3a41c03bc35fd716a1b4c3af68c2f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nLet's look at the call <b>exec()<\/b>. This system call is useful when we want to launch a completely different program. Here, we will be calling <b>execvp()<\/b> Za zagon programa wc, ki je program za \u0161tetje besed. Kaj se zgodi, ko pokli\u010demo exec()? Ta klic prejme ime izvajalne datoteke in nekatere parametre kot argumente. Nato se nalo\u017eijo koda in stati\u010dni podatki iz te izvajalne datoteke ter prepi\u0161e lastni segment s kodo. Ostali deli pomnilnika, kot sta sklad in kup, se ponovno inicializirajo. Nato OS preprosto izvede program in mu posreduje niz argumentov. Tako nismo ustvarili novega procesa, temve\u010d smo preprosto preoblikovali trenutno zagnani program v drugega. Po izvedbi klica exec() ima v podedovancu ob\u010dutek, da za\u010detni program sploh ni bil zagnan.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u0161na zapletenost zagona je povsem normalna za Unix lupino in omogo\u010da, da ta lupina izvr\u0161uje kodo po klicu <b>fork()<\/b>, toda pred klicem <b>exec()<\/b>. Primer take kode bi lahko bil prilagajanje okolja lupine glede na potrebe zaganjanega programa, pred njegovo neposredno izvedbo.<\/p>\n<p><b>Shell<\/b> \u2014 zgolj uporabni\u0161ki program. Prikazuje vam vrstico ukazov in \u010daka, da vnesete nekaj. V ve\u010dini primerov, \u010de tja vpi\u0161ete ime programa, bo lupina na\u0161la njegovo lokacijo, poklicala metodo fork(), nato pa, da ustvari nov proces, poklicala eno od vrst exec() in \u010dakala na njegovo izvajanje s klicem wait(). Ko se podedovani proces zaklju\u010di, se lupina vrne iz klica wait() in ponovno izpi\u0161e vrstico ukazov ter \u010daka na vnos naslednji ukaz.<\/p>\n<p>Lo\u010devanje fork() in exec() omogo\u010da lupini, da izvede naslednje stvari, na primer:<br \/>\n<b>wc file &gt; new_file.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V tem primeru je izhod programa wc preusmerjen v datoteko. Na\u010din, kako lupina to dose\u017ee, je precej preprost: ob ustvarjanju otro\u0161kega procesa pred klicem <b>exec()<\/b>, lupina zapre standardni izhodni tok in odpre datoteko <b>new_file<\/b>, tako da bo ves izhod iz pozneje zagnanega programa <b>wc<\/b> preusmerjen v datoteko namesto na zaslon.<\/p>\n<p><b>Unijski cevovodi<\/b> so implementirani na podoben na\u010din, z razliko, da uporabljajo klic pipe(). V tem primeru bo izhodni tok procesa povezan s cevjo v jedru, na katero bo povezan vstopni tok drugega procesa.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447182\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2014 OSTEP. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u041e\u0421. \u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0443\u0442. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23195,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2014 OSTEP.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sl_SI\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces. 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Del 3: API procesov (prevod) | ProHoster","description":"Uvod v operacijske sisteme. Pozdravljen, Habr! Rad bi vam predstavil serijo prevodnih \u010dlankov zanimive literature - OSTEP.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sl_SI","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces. 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