{"id":33363,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-sejchas-proishodit-s-rdf-hranilishhami\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:11","slug":"chto-sejchas-proishodit-s-rdf-hranilishhami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-sejchas-proishodit-s-rdf-hranilishhami","title":{"rendered":"Kaj se trenutno dogaja s RDF skladi\u0161\u010di?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Semanti\u010dni splet in povezani podatki sta podobna bli\u017enjemu vesolju: tam ni \u017eivljenja. Da bi se odpravili tja za dalj\u0161e obdobje\u2026 no, ne vem, kaj so vam rekli v otro\u0161tvu v odgovoru na vpra\u0161anje \"\u017eelimo postati astronavt\". A opazovati dogajanje je mogo\u010de tudi od tod; postati ljubiteljski astronom ali celo profesionalec je veliko la\u017eje.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V \u010dlanku bo govora o sve\u017eih, ne starej\u0161ih od nekaj mesecev, trendih iz sveta RDF-shranjevanja. Metafora v prvem odstavku je bila navdihnjena z epsko velikansko oglasno sliko pod to\u010dko.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Epska slika<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj se trenutno dogaja s RDF skladi\u0161\u010di?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3d157fb2f771f3dc622dacc8dab0a9ee.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"i-graphql-dlya-dostupa-k-rdf\">I. GraphQL za dostop do RDF<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/graphql-for-databases-a-layer-for-universal-database-access\/\">Pravijo<\/a><\/noindex>, da \u017eeli GraphQL postati univerzalni jezik dostopa do podatkovnih baz. Kako pa je s sposobnostjo dostopa z uporabo GraphQL do RDF?<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\"Iz \u0161katle\" to mo\u017enost zagotavljajo:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stardog (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/blog\/graphql-and-paths\/\">blog<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/docs\/#_executing_graphql_queries\">dokumentacija<\/a><\/noindex>);<\/li>\n<li>izdelek TopQuadrant (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.topquadrant.com\/2018\/07\/05\/graphql-webinar\/\">webinar<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.topquadrant.com\/technology\/graphql\/\">dokumentacija<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010ce pa shramba ne ponuja te mo\u017enosti, jo lahko implementirajo sami s pisanjem ustreznega \"odlo\u010ditelja\" (resolverja). Tako so ravnali, na primer, v francoskem projektu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/framagit.org\/datatourisme\/api\/tree\/master\/src\/Resolver\">DataTourisme<\/a><\/noindex>. Ali pa je mogo\u010de ni\u010d ne pisati, temve\u010d preprosto vzeti <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hypergraphql.org\/\">HyperGraphQL<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Z vidika ortodoksnega privr\u017eenca semanti\u010dnega spleta in povezanih podatkov je to seveda \u017ealostno, saj se zdi, da je namenjeno integracijam, ki temeljijo na teh podatkovnih silo, namesto da bi bilo primerno za platforme (seveda, RDF-shranjevanja).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Impresije iz primerjave GraphQL s SPARQL ostajajo me\u0161ane.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Po eni strani se GraphQL zdi daljni sorodnik SPARQL: re\u0161i te\u017eave, zna\u010dilne za REST, kot so ponovna izbira in mno\u017ei\u010dnost poizvedb \u2014 brez \u010desar verjetno ne bi mogli biti <em>jezik poizvedb<\/em>, \u010deprav bi bil le za splet;<\/li>\n<li>Po drugi strani pa \u017ealosti strogost sheme GraphQL. Posledi\u010dno se zdi njegova \"introspekcija\" zelo omejena v primerjavi s popolno refleksivnostjo RDF. In ni nobenega analoga lastnostnih poti, tako da niti ni povsem jasno, zakaj se imenuje \"Graph-\".<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ii-adaptery-k-mongodb\">II. Adapterji za MongoDB<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Trend, ki dopolnjuje prej\u0161njega.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v Stardog zdaj <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/blog\/native-mongodb-support-is-here\/\">mogo\u010de<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 zlasti vse na istem GraphQL \u2014 nastaviti prikazovanje podatkov MongoDB v virtualne RDF-grafi;<\/li>\n<li>GraphDB je nedavno <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/graphdb.ontotext.com\/documentation\/8.8\/standard\/integrating-graphdb-with-mongodb.html\">omogu\u0107ava<\/a><\/noindex> dovolil vstavljanje fragmentov MongoDB poizvedb v SPARQL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010ce govorimo \u0161ir\u0161e, o adapterjih za JSON-vir, ki omogo\u010dajo bolj ali manj \"v \u017eivo\" prikazovanje shranjenega JSON v teh virih kot RDF, se lahko spomnimo tudi na \u017ee dolgo obstoje\u010d <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ci.mines-stetienne.fr\/sparql-generate\/\">SPARQL Generate<\/a><\/noindex>, which can be adapted, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/sparql-generate\/sparql-generate\">na primer<\/a><\/noindex>, to Apache Jena.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>To summarize the first two trends, it can be said that RDF repositories demonstrate complete readiness for integrations and functioning in conditions of \"polyglot persistence.\" However, it is known that this last concept has long been out of fashion, and it is being replaced by <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/documents\/3105622\">multimodelity. But how is multimodelity faring in the world of RDF repositories?<\/a><\/noindex> In short, not at all. The topic of multimodel DBMS deserves a separate article, but for now, it can be noted that there are currently no multimodel DBMS \"based\" on the graph model (one variety of which can be considered RDF). Some minor multimodelity \u2014 support for alternative graph models by RDF repositories \u2014 will be discussed in<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>section V <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#v-podderzhka-lpg\">III. OLTP vs. OLAP<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"iii-oltp-vs-olap\">However, Gartner itself<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>states <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/documents\/3467318\">, that multimodelity is a sine qua non condition primarily for<\/a><\/noindex>operational <em>DBMS. This is understandable: in a \"polyglot persistence\" situation, the main problems arise with transactionality.<\/em> But where do RDF repositories fall on the OLTP\u2014OLAP scale? I would answer: neither here nor there. To denote what they are intended for, some kind of third abbreviation is needed. As an option, I would suggest<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>OLIP <em>\u2014 Online Intellectual Processing.<\/em> However, nonetheless:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>the integration mechanisms implemented in GraphDB are not least<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>intended <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ontotext.com\/company\/news\/ontotexts-graphdb-8-8-0-enriches-the-knowledge-graph-experience\/\">to circumvent write performance issues;<\/a><\/noindex> Stardog goes even further and completely<\/li>\n<li>rewrites <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/blog\/announcing-stardog-7-beta\/\">the engine, again with the aim of increasing write performance.<\/a><\/noindex> And now allow me to introduce a new player in the market, from the creators of IBM Netezza and Amazon Redshift \u2014<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>AnzoGraph <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridgesemantics.com\/product\/anzograph\/\">. The product advertisement image was placed at the beginning of the article. AnzoGraph positions itself as a GOLAP solution. How do you like SPARQL with window functions? \u2014<\/a><\/noindex>SELECT ?month (COUNT(?event) OVER (PARTITION BY ?month) AS ?events) WHERE {  \u2026  }<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">IV. RocksDB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"iv-rocksdb\">Above, there was already<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>a reference <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/blog\/announcing-stardog-7-beta\/\">to the announcement of Stardog 7 Beta, where it was mentioned that Stardog intends to use RocksDB as the underlying storage system \u2014 a \"key-value\" store, Facebook's fork of Google's LevelDB. Why is it already worth talking about some trend?<\/a><\/noindex> Firstly, judging from<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>the article on Wikipedia <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RocksDB#Alternative_backend\">, RocksDB is being adopted not only by RDF repositories. There are projects using RocksDB as a storage engine in ArangoDB, MongoDB, MySQL and MariaDB, Cassandra.<\/a><\/noindex>, na RocksDB \"presadijo\" ne samo RDF-shranilniki. Obstajajo projekti za uporabo RocksDB kot shrambe v ArangoDB, MongoDB, MySQL in MariaDB, Cassandra.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Po drugi strani se na RocksDB izvajajo projekti (tj. ne proizvodi) ustrezne tematike.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na primer, eBay uporablja RocksDB v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/eBay\/beam\">platformi<\/a><\/noindex> za svoj 'graf znanja'. Mimogrede, zabavno je brati: <em>jezik poizvedovanja se je za\u010del kot doma\u010di format, vendar se je v zadnjem \u010dasu preusmeril, da bi bil bolj podoben SPARQL<\/em>. Kot v anekdotah: kolikorkoli knowledge graph delali, vedno znova nastane RDF.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Drug primer je nedavno nastali <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Wikidata:History_Query_Service\">Wikidata History Query Service<\/a><\/noindex>. Pred njegovim nastankom je bilo treba za zgodovinske podatke iz Wikidata posegati preko <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/wiki\/Wikidata_Query_Service\/User_Manual\/MWAPI\">MWAPI<\/a><\/noindex> do standardnega Mediawiki API. Zdaj je veliko mogo\u010de na \u010distem SPARQL. Mimogrede, WDHQS je naredil nekdo, ki se je ukvarjal s prenosom Freebase v Google Knowledge Graph.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"v-podderzhka-lpg\">V. Podpora LPG<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ponovim osnovno razliko med LPG-grafi in RDF-grafi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pri LPG lahko na primere robov pripnemo skalarne lastnosti, medtem ko jih v RDF lahko pripnemo le na 'tipa' robov (pa tudi ne le skalarne lastnosti, temve\u010d tudi obi\u010dajne povezave). Ta omejitev RDF v primerjavi z LPG <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/swbp-n-aryRelations\/\">prena\u0161a<\/a><\/noindex> s temi ali drugimi tehnikami modeliranja. Omejitev LPG v primerjavi z RDF pa je te\u017eje premagati, vendar so LPG-grafi bolj podobni slikam iz u\u010dbenika Hararija, zato jih ljudje \u017eelijo.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>O\u010ditno se naloga 'podpore LPG' razdeli na dva dela:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>vnos sprememb v model RDF, ki omogo\u010dajo simuliacijo LPG-konstrukcij;<\/li>\n<li>vnos sprememb v jezik poizvedovanja za RDF, ki omogo\u010da dostop do podatkov v tem spremenjenem modelu \u2014 ali pa realizacija mo\u017enostih poizvedovanja v tem modelu v priljubljenih jezikih poizvedovanja za LPG.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"v1--model-dannyh\">V.1. Model podatkov<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tu je ve\u010d mo\u017enih pristopov.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>V.1.1. Singleton Property<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Najbolj dobeseden pristop k usklajevanju RDF in LPG je verjetno <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4350149\/\">singleton property<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Namesto, na primer, predikata <code>:isMarriedTo<\/code> se uporabljajo predikati <code>:isMarriedTo1<\/code>, <code>:isMarriedTo2<\/code> itd.<\/li>\n<li>Nato ti predikati postanejo subjekti novih tripletov: <code>:isMarriedTo1 :since \"2013-09-13\"^^xsd:date<\/code> itd.<\/li>\n<li>Povezava teh primerov predikatov s skupnim predikatom se vzpostavi s tripleti tipa <code>:isMarriedTo1 rdf:singletonPropertyOf :isMarriedTo<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>O\u010ditno je, da <code>rdf:singletonPropertyOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:type<\/code>, toda pomislite, zakaj ni smiselno preprosto zapisati <code>:isMarriedTo1 rdf:type :isMarriedTo<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Naloga 'podpore LPG' se tukaj re\u0161uje na ravni RDFS. Tak\u0161no re\u0161itev je treba uvesti v ustrezni <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-schema\/\">standard<\/a><\/noindex>. Nekatere spremembe so lahko potrebne od RDF-repozitorijev, ki podpirajo dodajanje posledic, zaenkrat pa lahko Singleton Property obravnavamo preprosto kot \u0161e eno tehniko modeliranja.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>V.1.2. Pravilna reifikacija<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Manj naivni pristopi izhajajo iz zavedanja, da se primeri lastnosti povsem instancirajo s trojkami. \u010ce bomo imeli mo\u017enost govoriti o trojkah, bomo lahko govorili tudi o primerih lastnosti.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Najbolj trden od teh pristopov je <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1409.3288\">RDF*<\/a><\/noindex>, znan tudi kot RDR, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.blazegraph.com\/wiki\/index.php\/Reification_Done_Right\">ki se je rodil<\/a><\/noindex> v okviru Blazegraph. Od samega za\u010detka <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.cambridgesemantics.com\/anzograph\/userdoc\/lpgs.htm\">je bil izbran<\/a><\/noindex> za AnzoGraph. Trdnost pristopa se dolo\u010da s tem, da se v njegovem okviru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1406.3399\">predlagajo<\/a><\/noindex> ustrezne spremembe v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf11-mt\/\">RDF Semantics<\/a><\/noindex>. Vendar je bistvo izjemno preprosto. V Turtle-serializaciji RDF lahko zdaj pi\u0161emo pribli\u017eno takole:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">&lt;&gt; :since \"2013-09-13\"^^xsd:date .<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>V.1.3. Drugi pristopi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Lahko se ne obremenjujemo s formalno semantiko, ampak preprosto smatrajmo, da imajo trojke nekak\u0161ne identifikatorje, ki so seveda URI, in sestavimo nove trojke s temi URI. Ostati mora le \u0161e omogo\u010diti dostop do teh URI v SPARQL. Tako <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/docs\/#_motivation_implementation\">dela<\/a><\/noindex> Stardog. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V Allegrograph <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/franz.com\/agraph\/support\/documentation\/current\/triple-attributes.html\">so se odlo\u010dili<\/a><\/noindex> za vmesno pot. Znano je, da identifikatorji trojk v Allegrograph <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/franz.com\/agraph\/support\/documentation\/current\/triple-index.html\">je<\/a><\/noindex>, vendar pri implementaciji triple attributes navzven niso vidni. Vendar je do formalne semantike \u0161e dale\u010d. Zanimivo je, da atributi trojk niso URI, in vrednosti teh atributov so lahko tudi samo literali. Pristopi LPG dobijo to\u010dno tisto, kar so \u017eeleli. V posebej izumljenem formatu NQX, primer, podoben zgoraj za RDF*, pa izgleda tako:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">:bob :marriedTo :alice {\"since\" : \"2013-09-13\"}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"v2-yazyki-zaprosov\">V.2. Jeziki poizvedb<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Po tem, ko je na ravni modela podpreti LPG, je potrebno omogo\u010diti poizvedovanja nad podatki v takem modelu.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Blazegraph za poizvedbe o RDF* podpira <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.blazegraph.com\/wiki\/index.php\/Reification_Done_Right\">SPARQL*<\/a><\/noindex> in <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/blazegraph\/tinkerpop3\/blob\/master\/README.md\">Gremlin.<\/a><\/noindex>Poizvedba SPARQL* izgleda tako:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\"> SELECT * { &lt;&gt; :since ?since }<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>AnzoGraph prav tako podpira <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.cambridgesemantics.com\/anzograph\/userdoc\/lpgs.htm\">SPARQL*<\/a><\/noindex> in se namerava podpirati <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridgesemantics.com\/cambridge-semantics-adds-opencypher-anzograph-2\/\">Cypher<\/a><\/noindex>, jezik poizvedb v Neo4j. <\/li>\n<li>Stardog podpira svoje <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/docs\/#_integration_with_sparql_2\">raz\u0161iritev<\/a><\/noindex> SPARQL in <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stardog.com\/docs\/#_example_2\">spet<\/a><\/noindex> Gremlin. V SPARQL je mogo\u010de pridobiti URI trojke in 'meta informacije' s pomo\u010djo pribli\u017eno tak\u0161ne konstrukcije:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">SELECT * {\n    BIND (stardog:identifier(:bob, :isMarriedTo, ?wife) AS ?id)\n    ?id :since ?since\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allegrograph prav tako podpira svoje <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/franz.com\/agraph\/support\/documentation\/current\/triple-attributes.html#Querying-Attributes-using-SPARQL\">raz\u0161iritev<\/a><\/noindex> SPARQL:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\"> SELECT * { (\"since\" ?since)  franz:attributesNameValue  (:bob :marriedTo ?wife) }<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Mimogrede, GraphDB je neko vreme podr\u017eavao Tinkerpop\/Gremlin, dok nije podr\u017eavao LPG, ali je to prekinuto u verziji 8.0 ili 8.1.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"vi-uzhestochenie-licenziy\">VI. O\u0161trenje licenci<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Poslednjih godina nije bilo novih preklapanja izme\u0111u 'triplestore of choice' i 'open source triplestore'. Nova RDF skladi\u0161ta s otvorenim izvorom su daleko od toga da budu dobar izbor za svakodnevnu upotrebu, a izvorni kod novih RDF skladi\u0161ta koje bismo \u017eeleli da koristimo (kao AnzoGraph) je zatvoren. Mo\u017eda se mo\u017ee govoriti \u010dak i o smanjenju...<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Naravno, otvoreni izvor se ne zatvara, ali neka skladi\u0161ta s otvorenim izvorom postepeno prestaju da budu smatrana dostojnim izborom. Virtuoso, koji ima opensource verziju, po mom mi\u0161ljenju, tonulira u gre\u0161kama. Blazegraph je kupljen od strane AWS i postao je osnova za Amazon Neptune; sada nije jasno da li \u0107e biti jo\u0161 jedne verzije. Ostaje samo Jena...<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ako otvoreni izvor nije od velikog zna\u010daja, a samo \u017eelite da probate, situacija je tako\u0111e manje bezbri\u017ena nego ranije. 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