{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Princip rada protokola VRRP","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (Protokol za redundantnost prvehopnog konekcije)<\/b> \u2014 skup protokola koji su namenjeni uspostavljanju redundantnosti podrazumevanog gateway-a. Osnovna ideja ovih protokola je objedinjavanje vi\u0161e rutera u jedan virtuelni ruter sa zajedni\u010dkom IP adresom. Ova IP adresa se dodeljuje hostovima kao IP adresa podrazumevanog gateway-a. Slobodna realizacija ove ideje je protokol VRRP (Protokol za redundantnost virtuelnog rutera). U ovom \u010dlanku \u0107emo obraditi osnove protokola VRRP.<\/p>\n

\"Princip<\/a><\/noindex>
\nVRRP ruteri se objedinuju u jedan virtuelni ruter. Svi ruteri u grupi imaju zajedni\u010dku virtuelnu IP (VIP) adresu i zajedni\u010dki broj grupe ili VRID (Identifikator virtuelnog rutera). Jedan ruter mo\u017ee biti \u010dlan vi\u0161e grupa, od kojih svaka treba da ima svoj jedinstveni par VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

U slu\u010daju Cisco-a, virtuelni ruter se defini\u0161e na interesantnom interfejsu komandom:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nSvi ruteri se dele na dva tipa: VRRP Master i VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 to je ruter koji se bavi prenosom paketa za ovu virtuelnu grupu. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 to je ruter koji \u010deka pakete od Mastera. Ako paketi od Mastera prestanu da dolaze, Backup poku\u0161ava da pre\u0111e u stanje Master. <\/p>\n
Ruter postaje Master ako ima najve\u0107i prioritet. Master konstantno \u0161alje poruke na multicast adresu 224.0.0.18, kako bi obavestio Backup rutere da radi. Master \u0161alje poruke prema Adver Timer-u, koji je po defaultu 1 sekunda. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nU ovom slu\u010daju, kao MAC adresa po\u0161iljaoca koristi se adresa grupe 00:00:5E:00:01:xx, gde je xx \u2014 VRID u heksadecimalnom formatu. U ovom primeru koristi se prva grupa. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nAko Backup ruteri ne prime poruke tokom tri Adver Timera (Master Down Timer), novi Master postaje ruter sa najve\u0107im prioritetom, ili ruter sa najve\u0107om IP adresom. Backup ruter sa vi\u0161im prioritetom \u0107e preuzeti ulogu Master-a sa ni\u017eim prioritetom. Me\u0111utim, kada je Backup-u isklju\u010den preempt mod, Backup ne\u0107e preuzeti ulogu od Master-a. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAko je VRRP ruter vlasnik VIP adrese, on uvek preuzima ulogu Master. <\/p>\n
VRRP prioritet se postavlja u vrednostima od 1 do 254. Vrednost 0 je rezervisana za slu\u010dajeve kada je potrebno ukloniti<\/i> prevzeti odgovornost za rutiranje. Vrijednost 255 se dodjeljuje VIP vlasni\u010dkom usmjeriva\u010du. Zadani prioritet je 100, ali se mo\u017ee administrativno postaviti:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nOvdje mo\u017eemo vidjeti prioritet usmjeriva\u010da kada je postavljen administrativno:<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nA ovdje je predstavljen slu\u010daj kada usmjeriva\u010d postaje vlasnik VIP-a:<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nVRRP usmjeriva\u010d mo\u017ee imati tri stanja: Inicializacija, Rezerva, Master. Ova stanja usmjeriva\u010d se uzastopno mijenja. <\/p>\n
U stanju Inicializacija, usmjeriva\u010d \u010deka po\u010detak rada. Ako je ovaj usmjeriva\u010d vlasnik VIP adrese (prioritet je 255), tada usmjeriva\u010d \u0161alje poruke da postaje Master. Tako\u0111er \u0161alje gratuitous ARP zahtjev<\/a><\/noindex>, gdje je MAC adresa izvora jednaka adresi virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da. Zatim prelazi u stanje Master. Ako usmjeriva\u010d nije vlasnik VIP-a, prelazi u stanje Rezerva. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nU stanju Rezerva usmjeriva\u010d \u010deka pakete od Master-a. Usmeriva\u010d u ovom stanju ne odgovara na ARP zahteve sa VIP adrese. Tako\u0111er ne prihva\u0107a pakete kojima je to\u010dna MAC adresa virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da. <\/p>\n
Ako Rezerva ne primi poruke od Master-a tokom Master Down Timera, \u0161alje VRRP poruku da \u0107e postati Master. Zatim \u0161alje multicast VRRP poruku, gdje je MAC adresa izvora jednaka adresi ovog virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da. U ovoj poruci usmjeriva\u010d nazna\u010duje svoj prioritet.<\/p>\n
U stanju Master, usmjeriva\u010d obra\u0111uje pakete upu\u0107ene virtualnom usmjeriva\u010du. Tako\u0111er odgovara na ARP zahtjeve za VIP. Master \u0161alje VRRP poruke svakih Adver Timera kako bi potvrdio da radi. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP tako\u0111er omogu\u0107ava raspodjelu optere\u0107enja izme\u0111u vi\u0161e usmjeriva\u010da. Za to se na jednom su\u010delju kreiraju dvije VRRP grupe. Jednoj grupi se dodeljuje ve\u0107i prioritet od druge. U tom slu\u010daju, na drugom usmjeriva\u010du prioritet prve grupe se postavlja na suprotan na\u010din. To jest, ako na jednom usmjeriva\u010du prioritet prve grupe iznosi 100, a druge grupe 200, na drugom usmjeriva\u010du prioritet prve grupe \u0107e iznositi 200, a druge 100. <\/p>\n
Kot je omenjeno prej, mora imeti vsaka skupina svoj edinstven VIP. Tako dobimo dve IP naslovu, ki ju upravljata dva usmerjevalnika, pri \u010demer lahko vsak slu\u017ei kot privzeti prehod. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nPolovici ra\u010dunalnikov je dodeljen en naslov privzetega prehoda, drugi polovici pa drugega. Tako bo polovica prometa potekala prek enega usmerjevalnika, druga polovica pa prek drugega. V primeru okvare enega od usmerjevalnikov drugi prevzame delo obeh VIP.<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nTako VRRP omogo\u010da organizacijo odpornosti privzetega prehoda, kar pove\u010duje zanesljivost omre\u017eja. Ob uporabi ve\u010d virtualnih usmerjevalnikov lahko tudi uravnote\u017eimo obremenitev med dejanskimi usmerjevalniki. \u010cas reakcije na napako je mogo\u010de skraj\u0161ati z zmanj\u0161anjem timerjev.
\n
Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Na\u010delo delovanja protokola VRRP | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (Protokol za redundanco prvega prehoda) je dru\u017eina protokolov, namenjenih ustvarjanju odve\u010dnosti privzetega 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