{"id":34612,"date":"2019-10-31T21:59:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blokchejn-chto-nam-stoit-kejs-postroit\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:59:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:22","slug":"blokchejn-chto-nam-stoit-kejs-postroit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/blokchejn-chto-nam-stoit-kejs-postroit","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain: \u0161ta nam treba da izgradimo slu\u010daj?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Vsa zgodovina \u010dlove\u0161tva je poskus uni\u010denja starega reda stvari in gradnje novega, seveda bolj\u0161ega. (Anonimen avtor)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V prej\u0161njem \u010dlanku <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/443282\/\">Kaj nam stane, da zgradimo blockchain?<\/a><\/noindex> Ugotovili smo tehnologije, na katerih delujejo vsi blockchaini. Zdaj je \u010das, da razumemo, kateri problemi lahko sodobni blockchaini re\u0161ujejo. Najprej si poglejmo analitiko trenutnega stanja blockchaina in obete za prihodnost. Kot tehni\u010dnemu specialistu mi je v\u0161e\u010d podjetje Gartner s svojimi \u0161tevilnimi cikli zrelosti tehnologij (Hype Cycles). Na grafu je prikazan cikel zrelosti blockchaina v poslovanju na koncu leta 2018. Kak\u0161ne zaklju\u010dke lahko potegnemo?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: \u0161ta nam treba da izgradimo slu\u010daj?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/04333a58930b95f2e99fee0da1769e75.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Analitika Gartner<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Z grafika je razvidno, da \u0161tevilne sodobne industrije posku\u0161ajo uporabiti blockchain za re\u0161evanje svojih proizvodnih te\u017eav, in vsako leto se pojavljajo nove industrije, ki za\u010dnejo raziskovati blockchain.<\/li>\n<li>Seveda, ne vse industrije, ki so danes na poti do vrhunca pri\u010dakovanj, ne bodo dosegle nivoja produktivnosti ali celo naklona razsvetljenju. <\/li>\n<li>O\u010ditno je, da ne bodo vse industrije, ki so trenutno na poti do vrhunca pri\u010dakovanj, dosegle ravni produktivnosti, a glede na mno\u017ei\u010dnost gibanja, bomo \u010dez 5-10 let pri\u010da splo\u0161ni uporabi \u0161tevilnih primerov. <\/li>\n<li>Kje pa je Bitcoin, rudarjenje in sploh kriptovaluta, boste vpra\u0161ali? Te tehnologije prina\u0161ajo pomemben dobi\u010dek? Bile so na grafih prej\u0161njih let, vendar so letos \u017ee zapustile nivo produktivnosti v svojem predvidenem 10-letnem obdobju.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNaslednji graf prikazuje zrelost tehnologij blockchaina: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: \u0161ta nam treba da izgradimo slu\u010daj?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2259bd38955f4b7c631fa7e20645405c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKaj lahko re\u010demo o tem grafu?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ve\u010dina sodobnih tehnologij blockchaina je tudi na valu razprave. Ne zato, ker so to nove tehnologije, temve\u010d zato, ker industrije raziskujejo njihovo uporabnost za svojo strukturo podatkov, obseg in hitrost obdelave, i\u0161\u010dejo prilo\u017enosti, kako lahko tehnologije blockchaina izbolj\u0161ajo u\u010dinkovitost in zmanj\u0161ajo stro\u0161ke. <\/li>\n<li>Interes za rudarjenje kriptovalut, klasi\u010dni blockchain in sploh tehnologijo distribuirane knjige se za\u010denja zmanj\u0161evati. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPoglejmo, za katere primere uporabe industrija posku\u0161a uporabiti blockchain. Gartner je konec leta 2018 izvedel raziskavo in predstavil njene rezultate v obliki matrike, kjer so na vodoravni osi navedeni primeri uporabe, na navpi\u010dni osi so industrije, krogi na prese\u010di\u0161\u010dih pa prikazujejo, kako zelo je dolo\u010den primer uporabe iskani v posamezni industriji:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: \u0161ta nam treba da izgradimo slu\u010daj?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/76c139d7039f3a05e8006a1f9921e2c8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKak\u0161ne zaklju\u010dke lahko potegnemo iz te tabele?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ve\u010dina projektov uporablja blockchain za bele\u017eenje, \u0161irjenje in skupno rabo podatkov (Shared Record Keeping in Internal Record Keeping).<\/li>\n<li>Znatna ve\u010dina projektov uporablja blockchain za sledenje premikanju vrednosti ali spremembi lastni\u0161tva (Asset Tracking).<\/li>\n<li>Identifikacija (Identity Management) je potrebna skoraj v vseh industrijah, \u010deprav se po\u010dasi razvija.<\/li>\n<li>Trenutno tokenizacija (Digital Tokens) ni zelo iskana, in kar je presenetljivo, enako velja tudi za pametne pogodbe (Smart Contracts).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Posplo\u0161ena shema blockchaina<\/h2>\n<p>\nKo risamo blockchain v povezavi z dolo\u010deno industrijo, so vse sheme v osnovi enake: obstaja blockchain mre\u017ea, v katero udele\u017eenci zapisujejo in berejo informacije z uporabo Dapp (decentralizirane aplikacije). Vse razlike so v podrobnostih; na primer, informacije v blockchain lahko zapisujejo ne le ljudje, temve\u010d tudi naprave platforme IoT (Internet of Things). Oglejmo si posplo\u0161eno shemo na primeru IoT, saj je to ena izmed najbolj razpravljenih aplikacij blockchaina. Dodatno bomo IoT naprave opremili s SIM kartico za prenos podatkov, z uporabo mobilne omre\u017ene mre\u017ee operaterja, ali bolje z eSIM, da bi lahko uporabljali poljubne mobilne mre\u017ee. Mobilna mre\u017ea bo seveda 5G, saj je storitev IoT naprav eno od glavnih podro\u010dij uporabe omre\u017eja 5G. GPS \/ GLONASS moduli naj spremljajo lokacijo. Za popolno delovanje pametnih pogodb je potrebno imeti informacije iz zunanjih virov, na primer aktualne te\u010daje delnic ali valut. Za to se uporabljajo tako imenovani blockchain oraklji. Zaklju\u010dni dotik \u2013 modul umetne inteligence za analizo podatkov. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.oceanprotocol.com\/blockchains-for-artificial-intelligence-ec63b0284984\">Raziskave ka\u017eejo<\/a><\/noindex>, da bodo algoritmi AI (Umetna Inteligenca) u\u010dinkovito delovali na podatkih iz blockchaina, saj so ti popolni, nedvoumni in \u010dasovno jasno razvr\u0161\u010deni.<\/p>\n<p>Tako smo dobili generalizirano shemo blockchain projektov. Sedaj ji lahko dodamo katerikoli naslov in jo prilagodimo za razli\u010dne industrije. Na primer, \"Sledenje gibanju cistern za naftno industrijo\" ali \"Proizvodnja delov za avtomobilsko industrijo\" ali \"Dobava kmetijskega mesa v maloprodajne trgovine.\"<\/p>\n<h2>Blockchain + IoT + 5G + GPS + AI<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: \u0161ta nam treba da izgradimo slu\u010daj?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/af29e1cad5a1e06b3e5b85f082a79117.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPreidimo na konkretne primere.<\/p>\n<h2>Analiza primerov<\/h2>\n<p>\nPoglejmo primere za navedene industrije in razmislimo, na katerih blokchainih jih je mogo\u010de uresni\u010diti. Izgleda, da ni treba ni\u010d iskati, saj obstaja aktualna &#171;<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/sdlt.io\/cases\">Knji\u017enica primerov blockchain<\/a><\/noindex>&#187; s primeri in povezavami. V njej so zbrani primeri uporabe blockchaina v naslednjih industrijah:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>avtomobilska industrija<\/li>\n<li>javna uprava<\/li>\n<li>rudarstvo<\/li>\n<li>zdravstvo<\/li>\n<li>kultura in umetnost<\/li>\n<li>nepremi\u010dnine<\/li>\n<li>proizvodnja<\/li>\n<li>maloprodaja<\/li>\n<li>kmetijstvo<\/li>\n<li>telekomunikacije<\/li>\n<li>transport<\/li>\n<li>finan\u010dni sektor<\/li>\n<li>energetska industrija<\/li>\n<li>upravljanje avtorskih pravic <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Zaklju\u010dki analize nabora primerov<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seveda se blockchain dobro ujema s fintech, saj so transakcije in prenos lastni\u0161tva vrednot temelj finan\u010dnega sistema. <\/li>\n<li>Blockchain ima smiselno uporabo v primerih, kjer obstajajo \"dobavne verige\", na primer prevoz kontejnerjev. Kontejner predstavlja vrednost, ki se prenese iz lastni\u0161tva ene prevozne dru\u017ebe na drugo. Ali pa, na primer, ozna\u010devanje \u017eivil in sledenje celotni dobavni verigi \u017eivil od kmetije do maloprodajnih trgovin. V tem primeru lahko kupec preveri, da je izdelek proizvedel dolo\u010den proizvajalec v dolo\u010denih pogojih. Zdaj pa se lahko podobnim informacijam na etiketah le zaupa.<\/li>\n<li>A relevant case for identifying individuals through IAM (Identity and Access Management) and storing personal data. With the advent of blockchain, a solution has emerged that allows personal data to be stored in a distributed ledger. Using the Zero Knowledge Proof protocol, individuals can control what data to share and with whom. For instance, a classic example is verifying that a citizen is over 18. Currently, this is done using a passport or driver's license, which contains data unrelated to the verification itself, such as one's registered address. By using blockchain, it will be possible to verify that a person is 18 without disclosing other information.<\/li>\n<li>In this same context, we find the case of recording patients' medical data on the blockchain, allowing it to be transferred between institutions without violating confidentiality. This is a common theme in many cases where, on one hand, the identification of individuals and the ability to disseminate information freely are essential, and on the other hand, it is necessary to protect (encrypt) personal and private data. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Blockchain and the State<\/h3>\n<p>\nMany countries have government programs for the development of blockchain. Russia also has <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/data-economy.ru\">a program for the digital transformation of the state<\/a><\/noindex>, in which blockchain (distributed ledger) is seen as one of the development directions. For the government, the development of blockchain is relevant in the following areas: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Creating registries of property transactions, such as real estate;<\/li>\n<li>Creating registries for recording civil status acts, such as births, marriages, and divorces;<\/li>\n<li>Recording election results and voting on the blockchain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Blockchain and Telecom<\/h3>\n<p>\nCases implemented in the Telecom industry will affect the majority of people. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tmforum.org\/catalysts\/blockchain-unleashed\">According to TM Forum,<\/a><\/noindex> for telecom operators, the most relevant application of blockchain is to address the following tasks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Operators can eliminate intermediaries (clearing centers) in providing roaming services and make payments directly to each other. <\/li>\n<li>Identification of individuals and IoT devices.<\/li>\n<li>Automatic counting of Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations based on smart contracts and the payment of compensations. <\/li>\n<li>Maintaining a distributed database of stolen phones.<\/li>\n<li>Vodenje porazdeljene baze podatkov za MNP (Mobilna prenosljivost \u0161tevilke) in odprava posrednika v obliki centralizirane baze. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Analiza blockchainov<\/h2>\n<p>\nZaradi sistematizacije sem posku\u0161al najti klasifikacijo blockchainov po generacijah. Splo\u0161no priznane klasifikacije nisem na\u0161el, a vsi se strinjajo, da je prva generacija \u2014 Bitcoin, druga Ethereum, naprej pa je vse odvisno od osebnih preferenc. Zdi se mi smiselna naslednja klasifikacija: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prva generacija (Bitcoin): podpira samo funkcionalnost prenosa kriptovalute z enega ra\u010duna na drugega.<\/li>\n<li>V drugo generacijo so dodane pametne pogodbe (Ethereum) in ve\u010dvalutnost (BitShares).<\/li>\n<li>Tretja generacija omogo\u010da upravljanje ne samo s kriptovalutami, temve\u010d tudi z razli\u010dnimi digitalnimi aktivnimi sredstvi (assets), izvajanje poljubne poslovne logike, prilagoditev algoritma konsenza. Primer univerzalnega blockchaina je Hyperledger Fabric. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPoglejmo predstavnike vseh generacij z vidika lastnosti, ki bodo pomagale razumeti, katere primere uporabe je mogo\u010de uresni\u010diti na kateremkoli blockchainu:<\/p>\n<p>Bitcoin<br \/>\nEthereum<br \/>\nBitShares<br \/>\nHyperledger Fabric<br \/>\nExonum<\/p>\n<p>Generacija blockchaina<br \/>\n1<br \/>\n2<br \/>\n2<br \/>\n3<br \/>\n3<\/p>\n<p>Web stranica<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/en\/\">bitcoin.org\/en<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/\">ethereum.org<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitshares.org\/\">bitshares.org<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/projects\/fabric\">www.hyperledger.org<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/exonum.com\">exonum.com<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zmogljivost v TPS<br \/>\n7<br \/>\n20-30<br \/>\n10,000<br \/>\n1000<br \/>\n10,000<\/p>\n<p>Ali je mogo\u010de ustvariti zasebni blockchain<br \/>\nne<br \/>\nne<br \/>\nda<br \/>\nda<br \/>\nda<\/p>\n<p>\u0160tevilo vozli\u0161\u010d v omre\u017eju<br \/>\nVe\u010d kot 10.000<br \/>\nVe\u010d kot 10.000<br \/>\nU\u010dinkovito 20\u201330 vozli\u0161\u010d<br \/>\nU\u010dinkovitost dolo\u010da sistem Apache Kafka<br \/>\nU\u010dinkovitost dolo\u010da konsenz BFT: 10-20 vozli\u0161\u010d<\/p>\n<p>Povpre\u010dna provizija za transakcije<br \/>\n0.5$<br \/>\n0.1$<br \/>\nmanj kot v Ethereumu<br \/>\nne<br \/>\nne<\/p>\n<p>Podprti operacijski sistemi za vozli\u0161\u010da<br \/>\nWindows, Linux, MacOS<br \/>\nWindows, Linux, MacOS, Raspberry Pi<br \/>\nUbuntu, Windows<br \/>\nWindows, Linux, MacOS<br \/>\nLinux, MacOS<\/p>\n<p>Razvijanje vozli\u0161\u010d<br \/>\nRo\u010dno<br \/>\nRo\u010dno, Docker<br \/>\nRo\u010dno<br \/>\nDocker, docker-compose<br \/>\nRo\u010dno, Docker<\/p>\n<p>Konsenz<br \/>\nPoW<br \/>\nPow<br \/>\nDPoS<br \/>\nSistem glasovanja, uporablja Apache Kafka<br \/>\nBFT<\/p>\n<p>Smart contract<br \/>\nNi v splo\u0161no sprejetem pomenu<br \/>\nProgramski jezik Solidity<br \/>\nVnaprej name\u0161\u010deni in njihovo \u0161tevilo je omejeno. Dopisovati v C++<br \/>\nProgramski jeziki Go, JS<br \/>\nRust<\/p>\n<p>Programski jezik, v katerem je napisan blockchain<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nGo<br \/>\nRust<\/p>\n<p>DB za shranjevanje podatkov blockchaina<br \/>\nLevelDB<br \/>\nLevelDB<br \/>\nLevelDB<br \/>\ngoleveldb \u2014 LevelDB v Go<br \/>\nRocksDB<\/p>\n<p>Razvoj in vzdr\u017eevanje<br \/>\nSatoshi Nakamoto &amp; Co<br \/>\nVitalik Buterin &amp; Co<br \/>\nDan Larimer &amp; Co<br \/>\nLinux Foundation, IBM, Oracle<br \/>\nBitfury Group<\/p>\n<p>Omejitve pri uresni\u010devanju primerov uporabe<br \/>\nZmogljivost in prisotnost provizije.<br \/>\nZmogljivost in prisotnost provizije. Primerni za pilote in PoC.<br \/>\nPrisotnost provizije in omejeno \u0161tevilo uresni\u010denih scenarijev uporabe.<br \/>\nHyperledger Fabric \u2014 ni\u010d ne omejuje, \u010de ne pri\u010dakujemo visokih zmogljivosti.<br \/>\nExonum omejuje BFT konsenzus in visok prag vstopa, saj je za izvajanje pametnih pogodb potrebno, da so vgrajene v izvorno kodo.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Zaklju\u010dek<\/h2>\n<p>\nZdaj se pogosto zdi, da je katerakoli nova tehnologija re\u0161itev problema. Zato se je najprej treba prepri\u010dati, ali blockchain res potrebujemo v tem konkretnem primeru. Na to lahko odgovorimo z vpra\u0161anji, ali je potrebna vsa na\u0161teta funkcionalnost?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kryptografija<\/li>\n<li>Nespremenljivost in celovitost zgodovine podatkov<\/li>\n<li>Distribucija <\/li>\n<li>Decentralizacija <\/li>\n<li>Tokenizacija <\/li>\n<li>Pametne pogodbe <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u010ce ne potrebujemo vseh na\u0161tetih lastnosti, bi lahko bilo bolj u\u010dinkovito uporabiti tehnologije, ki niso blockchain. \u010ce pa se odlo\u010dimo za uporabo blockchaina, moramo upo\u0161tevati posebnosti blockchaina, ki jih, zaradi njegove narave, ni mogo\u010de spremeniti: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Razli\u010dni blockchaini imajo razli\u010dne tehni\u010dne specifikacije in omejitve, zato je treba glede na primer izbrati ustrezen blockchain.<\/li>\n<li>Odvisno od konsenzusa se zmogljivost blockchaina razlikuje za ve\u010d reda. In \u010de izberemo dolo\u010den blockchain, ga najverjetneje ne bo mogo\u010de 'optimizirati'. <\/li>\n<li>Linearno prilagajanje je obi\u010dajen zahtevek za informacijske sisteme. Blockchain pa se lahko prilagaja slab\u0161e kot linearno. <\/li>\n<li>Podatki, ki jih je treba shraniti, so lahko strukturirani, kar zmanj\u0161uje u\u010dinkovitost uporabe blockchaina. <\/li>\n<li>V zasebnih blockchainih je treba zagotavljati varnost, ki ni slab\u0161a od tiste v uporabljenih podjetni\u0161kih IT sistemih. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZaradi teh omejitev se zdaj blockchain predvsem uporablja v preprostih primerih, kjer je potrebno odstraniti posrednike ali pa dose\u010di verifikacijo pristnosti in ne-spremenljivosti podatkov med udele\u017eenci, ki niso pod enotnim nadzorom. <\/p>\n<p>V naslednjem delu bomo razlo\u017eili blockchain v oblakih in si ogledali, kako vse deluje. <\/p>\n<p><b>To je le za\u010detek! <\/b><br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449986\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0439. 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