{"id":34904,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:10","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-7-opticheskie-priyomniki\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:01:10","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:10","slug":"seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-7-opticheskie-priyomniki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/news\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-7-opticheskie-priyomniki","title":{"rendered":"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/584ee7cc84df80ab2b060e30286e5b2a.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nMeja izme\u0111u opti\u010dkog okru\u017eenja i koaksijalnog kabela je opti\u010dki prijemnik. U ovom \u010dlanku razmotri\u0107emo njihovu konstrukciju i pode\u0161avanja.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Sadr\u017eaj serije \u010dlanaka<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449322\/\">Deo 1: Op\u0161ta arhitektura KTV mre\u017ee<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449902\/\">Deo 2: Sastav i oblik signala<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450256\/\">Deo 3: Analogna komponenta signala<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450258\/\">Deo 4: Digitalna komponenta signala<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450278\/\">Deo 5: Koaksijalna distribucijska mre\u017ea<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450452\/\">Deo 6: RF poja\u010dala signala<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Deo 7: Opti\u010dki prijemnici<\/li>\n<li>Deo 8: Opti\u010dka magistralna mre\u017ea<\/li>\n<li>Deo 9: Glavna stanica<\/li>\n<li>Deo 10: Potraga i otklanjanje gre\u0161aka u KTV mre\u017ei<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZadatak opti\u010dkog prijemnika je prenos signala iz opti\u010dkog okru\u017eenja u elektri\u010dni. U svom najjednostavnijem obliku to se mo\u017ee posti\u0107i pomo\u0107u pasivnog ure\u0111aja, koji privla\u010di svojom jednostavno\u0161\u0107u:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/5f137917cad905f73f5be394bca7743c.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111utim, ovo in\u017eenjersko \u010dudo obezbe\u0111uje prili\u010dno osrednje parametre signala: pri nivou opti\u010dkog signala od -1 do -2 dBm izlazni parametri jedva zadovoljavaju standard, a pove\u0107anje signala dovodi do zna\u010dajnog pove\u0107anja \u0161uma.<\/p>\n<p>Da bismo bili sigurni u kvalitet isporu\u010denog signala pri FTTB arhitekturi, potrebno je koristiti slo\u017eenije ure\u0111aje:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/a39ede72e21499c856667d0b2b280969.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPrijemnici koji se javljaju u na\u0161oj mre\u017ei: Vector Lambda, Telmor MOB i doma\u0107i Planar.<\/p>\n<p>Svi se oni, u odnosu na svog pasivnog mla\u0111eg brata, odlikuju slo\u017eenijom shematskom tehnikom, koja uklju\u010duje filtre i poja\u010diva\u010de, zahvaljuju\u0107i \u010demu mo\u017eemo biti sigurni u signal koji dolazi do korisnika. Razmotrimo ih bli\u017ee:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/1a899e7150b65ff76e73208946ae2156.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOpti\u010dki prijemnik Telmor ima unutar panela sa slikom strukturne sheme. Takva shema je tipi\u010dna za OP.<\/p>\n<p>Zahtevan nivo opti\u010dkog signala obi\u010dno se kre\u0107e od -10 do +3 dBm, a pri projektovanju i pu\u0161tanju u rad optimalna vrednost je -1 dBm: to je pristojna margina u slu\u010daju degradacije prenosa i istovremeno nizak nivo stvara manje \u0161uma tokom prolaska kroz opremu.<\/p>\n<p>Ugra\u0111ena u opti\u010dki prijemnik shema APU (AGC) upravo se bavi time da, zahvaljuju\u0107i regulaciji nivoa ulaznog signala, odr\u017eava izlazni u zadatim parametrima. To zna\u010di da ako se iz bilo kog razloga opti\u010dki signal iznenada zna\u010dajno promeni, ali ostane unutar radnog opsega APU (otprilike od 0 do -7 dBm), prijemnik \u0107e ispravno davati u koaksijalnu mre\u017eu signal sa onim nivoom koji je postavljen prilikom pode\u0161avanja. Za posebno va\u017ene slu\u010dajeve postoje ure\u0111aji sa dva opti\u010dka ulaza, od kojih se svaki mo\u017ee pratiti i mo\u017ee se koristiti i ru\u010dno i automatski.<\/p>\n<p>Svi aktivni OP sadr\u017ee poja\u010diva\u010dki stepen, koji tako\u0111e omogu\u0107ava regulaciju nagiba i nivoa izlaznog signala.<\/p>\n<h1>Upravljanje opti\u010dkim prijemnicima<\/h1>\n<p>\nZa nastavitev signalnih parametrov ter za spreminjanje in nadzor vgrajenih servisnih funkcij v samih sprejemnikih obi\u010dajno obstajajo preproste krmilne enote. Pri MOB-u, prikazanem na zgornji fotografiji, je to lo\u010dena plo\u0161\u010da, ki je opcijsko name\u0161\u010dena v ohi\u0161je. Kot alternativa je ponujena uporaba hitro snemljive plo\u0161\u010de, ki se nastavi le za \u010das nastavitev v vrata na glavni plo\u0161\u010di. V praksi to seveda ni zelo priro\u010dno.<\/p>\n<p>Nadzorna plo\u0161\u010da omogo\u010da nastavitev vrednosti vhodnega atenuatorja (pri \u010demer ve\u010dja vrednost zmanj\u0161uje izhodni signal v skladu z oja\u010devalnim faktorjem), vklapljanje ali izklapljanje (ter nastavitev fiksnih vrednosti) ARO, nastavitev parametrov naklona in nastavitev ethernet vmesnika.<\/p>\n<p>\u010celjadinski ODP Planar ima pregleden indikator ravni opti\u010dnega signala, nastavitve pa se izvajajo enostavno: s kole\u0161\u010dkom in menjavo vlo\u017ekov, ki spreminjajo zna\u010dilnosti oja\u010devalnega vezja. V odklopni pokrov\u010dki je name\u0161\u010den napajalni blok.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/9c0873567e055c0292484b3f71ed9f26.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nODP Vector Lambda, zasnovan v slogu \"tech-porn\", ima dvomestni zaslon in le tri gumbe.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/ee9f491e8d40db7a66573189429b0fd2.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDa lo\u010dijo pozitivne vrednosti od negativnih, ta ODP prikazuje negativne vrednosti z vsemi segmenti, medtem ko pozitivno ni\u010d in +1 prikazuje vi\u0161ino pol zaslona. Pri vrednostih nad +1,9 preprosto pi\u0161e \"HI\".<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u0161na krmilna sredstva so priro\u010dna pri hitri nastavitvi na objektu, vendar za mo\u017enost oddaljenega nadzora in upravljanja skoraj vsi sprejemniki imajo ethernet priklju\u010dek. Spletni vmesnik omogo\u010da nadzor in spreminjanje parametrov, za integracijo s sistemi nadzora pa se podpira anketiranje preko SNMP.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/bd6d6b70f246cbd3355a53f6f28b0fe5.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTukaj vidimo enako tipi\u010dno strukturno shemo ODP, ki omogo\u010da spremembo parametrov ARO in atenuatorja. Naklon tega ODP pa se nastavi le z d\u017eamperji na plo\u0161\u010di in ima tri fiksne polo\u017eaje.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/0b8f2ccc0529f472a5a7721c3cc958ce.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ob shemi so prikazani pomembni parametri za nadzor: ravni prihajajo\u010dih in izhodnih signalov, ter vrednosti napetosti, pridobljenih iz vgrajenega napajalnega bloka. 99 % okvar teh ODP se zgodi po poslab\u0161anju teh napetosti, zato jih je smiselno nadzorovati za prepre\u010devanje nesre\u010d.<\/p>\n<p>Pod pojmom Transponder sa tu mysl\u00ed IP rozhranie a t\u00e1to z\u00e1lo\u017eka obsahuje nastavenia adresy, masky a br\u00e1ny \u2014 ni\u010d zauj\u00edmav\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h1>Bonus: vzdu\u0161n\u00fd pr\u00edjem telev\u00edzie<\/h1>\n<p>\nToto sa net\u00fdka t\u00e9my s\u00e9rie, ale v skratke poviem nie\u010do o vzdu\u0161nom pr\u00edjme TV. Pre\u010do teraz? Preto\u017ee ak vezmeme do \u00favahy sie\u0165 bytov\u00e9ho domu, pr\u00edjem sign\u00e1lu v koaxi\u00e1lnej distribu\u010dnej sieti rozhoduje o tom, \u010di bude sie\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00e1 alebo vzdu\u0161n\u00e1. <\/p>\n<p>Pri absencii optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien so sign\u00e1lom KTV m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 namiesto OP nain\u0161talovan\u00fd prij\u00edma\u010d vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho vysielania, napr\u00edklad Terra MA201:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/f35f28a1c7813f0a13ac883472bc34e2.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nK vstupn\u00fdm portom prij\u00edma\u010da s\u00fa pripojen\u00e9 nieko\u013eko ant\u00e9n (zvy\u010dajne tri), pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich zabezpe\u010duje pr\u00edjem svojho frekven\u010dn\u00e9ho rozsahu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/240704544381b0cb45201ae229c3cb09.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<code>S prechodom na digit\u00e1lne vysielanie t\u00e1to potreba odpad\u00e1, ke\u010f\u017ee digit\u00e1lne multiplexy s\u00fa vysielan\u00e9 v jednom rozsahu.<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Pre ka\u017ed\u00fa z ant\u00e9n je mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 citlivos\u0165 na zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u0161umu a ak je to potrebn\u00e9, poskytn\u00fa\u0165 dia\u013ekov\u00e9 nap\u00e1janie na zabudovan\u00fd zosil\u0148ova\u010d ant\u00e9ny. Potom sign\u00e1l prech\u00e1dza zosil\u0148ovac\u00edm stup\u0148om a je s\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd. Mo\u017enos\u0165 nastavenia v\u00fdstupnej \u00farovne spo\u010d\u00edva v vypnut\u00ed stup\u0148ov stup\u0148a, a regul\u00e1cia sklonu nie je v\u00f4bec predpokladan\u00e1: po\u017eadovan\u00fa formu spektra je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 nastaveniami citlivosti ka\u017edej ant\u00e9ny zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. A ak za tak\u00fdmto prij\u00edma\u010dom le\u017eia kilometre koaxi\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla, s \u00fatlmom v \u0148om sa bojuje u\u017e in\u0161tal\u00e1ciou a nastavovan\u00edm zosil\u0148ova\u010dov, tak\u00fdch ist\u00fdch, ako s\u00fa v k\u00e1blovej sieti.<\/p>\n<p>Ak chcete, m\u00f4\u017eete kombinova\u0165 zdroje sign\u00e1lu: skombinova\u0165 do jednej siete k\u00e1blov\u00fd, vzdu\u0161n\u00fd a z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj satelitn\u00fd sign\u00e1l. To sa rob\u00ed pomocou multiswitchov \u2014 zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa s\u010d\u00edta\u0165 a distribuova\u0165 sign\u00e1ly z r\u00f4znych zdrojov.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabelske televizijske mre\u017ee za najmlaj\u0161e. Del 7: Opti\u010dni sprejemniki\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/1cecfac52fdf6c4ea6852a64f7b404a1.JPG\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/454542\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u2014 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0422\u0412 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3: \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 4: \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 5: \u041a\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 6: \u0423\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 RF-\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 7: \u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26277,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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