{"id":36157,"date":"2019-10-31T22:09:55","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/skolko-tps-v-vashem-blokchejne\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:09:55","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:55","slug":"skolko-tps-v-vashem-blokchejne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/skolko-tps-v-vashem-blokchejne","title":{"rendered":"Koliko TPS je v va\u0161em blockchainu?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Najpogostej\u0161e vpra\u0161anje o kateri koli porazdeljeni sistemu, ki ga postavi netehni\u010dna oseba, je: \"Koliko tps ima va\u0161 blokchain?\" Vendar pa \u0161tevilka, ki je podana kot odgovor, ponavadi nima veliko skupnega s tem, kar bi \u017eelel sli\u0161ati vpra\u0161a. V resnici je \u017eelel vpra\u0161ati: \"Ali va\u0161 blokchain ustreza mojim poslovnim zahtevam?\" Te zahteve niso ena \u0161tevilka, temve\u010d mno\u017eica pogojev \u2013 tukaj so odpornost omre\u017eja, zahteve glede kon\u010dne faze, velikosti, narava transakcij in \u0161e mnogi drugi parametri. Zato odgovor na vpra\u0161anje \"kolikokrat tps\" verjetno ne bo preprost, in skoraj nikoli ne bo popoln. Porazdeljen sistem z desetinami in stotnimi vozli\u0161\u010di, ki izvajajo precej zapletene izra\u010dune, lahko obstaja v ogromnem \u0161tevilu razli\u010dnih stanj, povezanih s stanjem omre\u017eja, vsebino blokchaina, tehni\u010dnimi napakami, ekonomskimi te\u017eavami, napadi na omre\u017eje in mnogimi drugimi razlogi. Stopnje, pri katerih so mo\u017ene te\u017eave s zmogljivostjo, se razlikujejo od tradicionalnih storitev, in stre\u017enik blokchain omre\u017eja je omre\u017ena storitev, ki zdru\u017euje funkcionalnost podatkovne baze, spletnega stre\u017enika in torrent odjemalca, kar ga dela izjemno zapletenega glede obremenitve na vse pod sisteme: procesor, pomnilnik, omre\u017eje, shranjevanje.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tako se je zgodilo, da so decentralizirane mre\u017ee in blokchaini precej specifi\u010dna in nenavadna programska oprema za razvijalce centralizirane programske opreme. Zato bi \u017eelel osvetliti pomembne vidike zmogljivosti in stabilnosti decentraliziranih mre\u017e, pristope k njihovi merjenju ter iskanju ozkih grl. Pregledali bomo razli\u010dne te\u017eave z zmogljivostjo, ki omejujejo hitrost zagotavljanja storitev uporabnikom blokchainov, in poudarili zna\u010dilnosti, tipi\u010dne za to vrsto programske opreme.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"etapy-zaprosa-servisa-klientom-blokcheyna\">Stopnje, na katerih uporabnik blokchaina zahteva storitev<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435-\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435\/\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e 1000 tps \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 900 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0430 100 \u2014 &#171;\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438&#187; \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434, \u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0443. \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 &#171;\u044f\u043c\u044b&#187;, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Da bismo identifikovali takve bottleneck-e, potrebno je dobro razumeti faze u kojima stvarni blockchain mo\u017ee imati pote\u0161ko\u0107a u opslu\u017eivanju korisnika. Opisujmo ciklus dostave i procesiranja transakcije, kao i dobijanje novog stanja blockchain-a, iz kojeg klijent mo\u017ee biti siguran da je njegova transakcija procesirana i uzeta u obzir.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>transakcija se formira na klijentu<\/li>\n<li>transakcija se potpisuje na klijentu<\/li>\n<li>klijent bira jedan od nodova i \u0161alje mu svoju transakciju<\/li>\n<li>klijent se pretpla\u0107uje na a\u017euriranja state database nodova, \u010dekaju\u0107i rezultate izvr\u0161enja svoje transakcije<\/li>\n<li>noda \u0161iri transakciju putem p2p mre\u017ee<\/li>\n<li>nekoliko, ili jedan BP (block producer) procesuiraju prikupljene transakcije, a\u017euriraju\u0107i state database<\/li>\n<li>BP formira novi blok, obradiv\u0161i potreban broj transakcija<\/li>\n<li>BP \u0161iri novi blok putem p2p mre\u017ee<\/li>\n<li>novi blok se dostavlja nodi kojoj se klijent obra\u0107a<\/li>\n<li>noda a\u017eurira state database<\/li>\n<li>noda uo\u010dava a\u017euriranje vezano za klijenta i \u0161alje mu obave\u0161tenje o transakciji<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sedaj se podrobneje pogovorimo o teh korakih in opi\u0161imo morebitne te\u017eave pri zmogljivosti v vsakem koraku. Za razliko od centraliziranih sistemov bomo obravnavali tudi izvajanje kode na klientih mre\u017ee. Zelo pogosto, ko merimo tps, \u010das obdelave transakcij zbiramo z vozli\u0161\u010d, ne s klienta \u2014 to ni povsem po\u0161teno. Klientu je vseeno, kako hitro je vozli\u0161\u010de obdelalo njegovo transakcijo, najpomembnej\u0161e zanj je, kdaj bo zaupanja vredna informacija o tej transakciji, vklju\u010deni v blockchain, na voljo. Ta metrika je v bistvu \u010das izvr\u0161itve transakcije. To pomeni, da lahko razli\u010dni klienti, tudi \u010de po\u0161iljajo isto transakcijo, dobijo povsem razli\u010dne \u010dase, ki so odvisni od kanala, obremenitve in bli\u017eine vozli\u0161\u010da, itd. Zato je nujno meriti ta \u010das na klientih, saj je prav ta parameter tisti, ki ga je treba optimizirati.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"podgotovka-tranzakcii-na-storone-klienta\">Priprava transakcije na strani klienta<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dnimo z prvima dvema to\u010dkama: transakcija se oblikuje in podpisuje s strani klienta. Kakor nenavadno se morda zdi, je to lahko tudi ozko grlo zmogljivosti blockchaina z vidika klienta. To je nenavadno za centralizirane storitve, ki vse izra\u010dune in operacije z podatki prevzamejo nase, klient pa pripravi le kratek zahtevek, ki je sposoben zahtevati velik obseg podatkov ali izra\u010dunov, prejemajo\u010d kon\u010dni rezultat. V blockchainih postaja klientova koda vedno bolj zmogljiva, medtem ko je osrednji del blockchaina vedno la\u017eji, masivna izra\u010dunavanja pa se obi\u010dajno prenesejo na klientsko programsko opremo. V blockchainih obstajajo klienti, ki lahko pripravljajo eno transakcijo kar dolgo (govorim o razli\u010dnih merkle proof-ih, succinct proof-ih, threshold podpisih in drugih zapletenih operacijah na strani klienta). Dober primer lahke on-chain verifikacije in te\u017eke priprave transakcije na klientu je dokaz o pripadnosti seznamu na podlagi Merkle-tree. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/evolution-of-airdrop-from-common-spam-to-the-merkle-tree-30caa2344170\">\u010dlanek<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Prav tako ne pozabite, da klientska koda ne po\u0161ilja le transakcij v blokchain, temve\u010d najprej preverja stanje blokchaina \u2014 ta dejavnost lahko vpliva na obremenitev omre\u017eja in nod blokchaina. Zato je smiselno emulirati vedenje klientske kode \u010dim bolj natan\u010dno. Tudi \u010de va\u0161 blokchain obi\u010dajno uporablja lahke kliente, ki postavljajo obi\u010dajno digitalno podpis na najpreprostej\u0161o transakcijo prenosa kak\u0161ne koli\u010dine sredstev, se s vsakim letom obseg ra\u010dunalni\u0161kih opravil na klientu pove\u010duje, kriptoalgoritmi postajajo mo\u010dnej\u0161i in ta del procesiranja se lahko v prihodnosti spremeni v resen ozko grlo. Zato bodite previdni in ne zamudite situacije, ko v transakciji, ki traja 3,5 sekunde, 2,5 sekunde pre\u017eivi na pripravi in podpisovanju transakcije, in 1 sekundo na po\u0161iljanju v omre\u017eje in \u010dakanju na odziv. Za oceno tveganja pojava tega ozkega grla je treba zbirati metrike z klientskih naprav, ne samo z nod blokchaina.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"otpravka-tranzakcii-i-monitoring-ee-statusa\">Po\u0161iljanje transakcije in spremljanje njenega statusa<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Naslednji korak je po\u0161iljanje transakcije izbrani nodi blokchaina in pridobitev statusa sprejema v transakcijski sklad. Ta korak je podoben obi\u010dajnemu dostopu do baze podatkov, nod mora zapisati transakcijo v sklad in za\u010deti \u0161iriti informacije o njej preko P2P omre\u017eja. Pristop k oceni zmogljivosti je tukaj podoben oceni delovanja tradicionalnih mikroservisov Web API, pri \u010demer se same transakcije v blokchainih lahko posodobijo in aktivno spreminjajo status. Na splo\u0161no lahko posodobitev informacij o transakciji v nekaterih blokchainih poteka ve\u010dkrat, na primer ob preklopih med vilicami verige ali ko BP sporo\u010dajo namen vklju\u010ditve transakcije v blok. Omejitve glede obsega tega sklada in \u0161tevila transakcij v njem lahko vplivajo na zmogljivost blokchaina. \u010ce je sklad transakcij poln do najve\u010djega mo\u017enega obsega, ali ne more biti shranjen v pomnilniku \u2014 se lahko zmogljivost omre\u017eja drasti\u010dno zmanj\u0161a. Blokchaini nimajo centraliziranih sredstev za\u0161\u010dite pred tokom odpadnih sporo\u010dil, in \u010de blokchain podpira transakcije z velikim obsegom in nizkimi provizijami, lahko to privede do preobremenitve sklada transakcij \u2014 to je \u0161e eno potencialno ozko grlo zmogljivosti.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0445\u0435\u0448 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2014 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044f &#171;tps&#187; \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 HTTP RPC \u0438\u043b\u0438 WebSocket, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d &#171;subscribe&#187;. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 (\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430) \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 &#171;tps&#187; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e bottleneck-\u0430, benchmark \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441 WebSocket \u0438 \u0441 HTTP RPC \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Za oceno tveganj nastanka tega ozkega grla je prav tako potrebno zbirati metrike z odjemalskih naprav, ne le z blockchain vozli\u0161\u010d.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"peredacha-tranzakciy-i-blokov-po-p2p-seti\">Prenos transakcij in blokov po p2p omre\u017eju<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V blockchainih se za prenos transakcij in blokov med udele\u017eenci uporablja peer-to-peer (p2p) omre\u017eje. Transakcije se \u0161irijo po omre\u017eju, za\u010den\u0161i z enim od vozli\u0161\u010d, dokler ne dose\u017eejo peer-ov - proizvajalcev blokov, ki pakirajo transakcije v bloke in s pomo\u010djo istega p2p \u0161irijo nove bloke po vseh vozli\u0161\u010dih omre\u017eja. Osnova ve\u010dine sodobnih p2p omre\u017eij so razli\u010dne razli\u010dice protokola Kademlia. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cardanodocs.com\/technical\/protocols\/p2p\/\">Evo<\/a><\/noindex> dober kratek pregled tega protokola, ki <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/web.njit.edu\/~dingxn\/papers\/BT-JSAC.pdf\">tukaj je<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 \u010dlanek z razli\u010dnimi meritvami v omre\u017eju BitTorrent, ki lahko poka\u017ee, da so te vrste omre\u017eij bolj zapletene in manj predvidljive kot strogo konfigurirano omre\u017eje centralizirane storitve. Prav tako, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/zanema.com\/papers\/imc18_ethpeers.pdf\">tukaj je<\/a><\/noindex> \u010dlanek o merjenju razli\u010dnih zanimivih metrik za vozli\u0161\u010da Ethereum.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na kratko, vsak peer v takih omre\u017ejih vzdr\u017euje svoj lasten dinami\u010dni seznam drugih peerov, od katerih zahteva bloke informacij, ki so naslovljeni glede na vsebino. Ko prejme zahtevo, peer bodisi vrne \u017eeleno informacijo, bodisi prenese zahtevo naslednjemu psevdoraspr\u0161enemu peeru na seznamu, in ko prejme odgovor, ga posreduje zahtevajo\u010demu ter ga za dolo\u010den \u010das shrani v predpomnilniku, kar omogo\u010da, da se ta blok informacij znova odlo\u017ei prej naslednji\u010d. Tako se priljubljene informacije znajdejo v \u0161tevilnih predpomnilnikih pri mnogih peerih, medtem ko se nepomembne postopoma zatiskajo. Peeri vodijo evidenco o tem, koliko informacij je kdo prenesel, omre\u017eje pa si prizadeva spodbujati aktivne delitelje, s \u010dimer jim pove\u010duje oceno in zagotavlja vi\u0161jo raven storitve ter samodejno izklju\u010duje neaktivne udele\u017eence s seznamov peerov.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 block-producer-\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a. \u041d\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e &#171;\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442&#187; \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432 p2p \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432: \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c (\u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u043d\u043e\u0434, &#171;\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438&#187; \u043a\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0434, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u2014 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 peer-\u0430\u0445 (\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d \u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0437 p2p \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 peer-\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043a, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 bottleneck \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"processing-cepochki-blokov-i-obnovlenie-state-database\">Obdelava verige blokov in posodabljanje state database<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 state database. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 &#171;\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d&#187; \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 &#171;\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442&#187;, \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f state database. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f, \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f bottleneck \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 p2p \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439, \u0442.\u043a. \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435.<br \/>\nPomembno je ne zamenjati naklju\u010dne degradacije zmogljivosti te faze s te\u017eavami v omre\u017eju \u2014 vozli\u0161\u010da po\u010dasi po\u0161iljajo bloke in informacije o glavni verigi, kar se lahko zunanjemu odjemalcu zdi kot po\u010dasno omre\u017eje, medtem ko je te\u017eava povsem drugje.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Za optimizacijo zmogljivosti v tej fazi je koristno zbirati in spremljati metrike s samih vozli\u0161\u010d ter vklju\u010diti tiste, ki se nana\u0161ajo na posodabljanje podatkovne baze: \u0161tevilo blokov, obdelanih na vozli\u0161\u010du, njihova velikost, \u0161tevilo transakcij, \u0161tevilo preklapljanj med lo\u010dnimi verigami, \u0161tevilo neveljavnih blokov, \u010das delovanja virtualnega stroja, \u010das potrjevanja podatkov itd. To bo omogo\u010dilo, da ne zamenjamo omre\u017enih te\u017eav z napakami v algoritmih obdelave verig.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Procesirajo\u010da transakcije virtualna naprava je lahko koristna informacija, ki optimizira delovanje verige blokov. Koli\u010dina alokacij pomnilnika, \u0161tevilo branja\/pisanja navodil in druge metrike, ki se nana\u0161ajo na u\u010dinkovitost izvajanja kode pogodb, lahko razvijalcem nudijo mnoge koristne informacije. Hkrati so pametne pogodbe \u2014 programi, kar pomeni, da teoreti\u010dno lahko porabijo katere koli od virov: cpu\/pomnilnik\/omre\u017eje\/shramba, zato je obdelava transakcij dokaj negotov korak, ki se poleg tega mo\u010dno spreminja pri prehodih med razli\u010dicami in ob spremembi kode pogodb. Zato so metrike, ki se nana\u0161ajo na obdelavo transakcij, prav tako potrebne za u\u010dinkovito optimizacijo zmogljivosti verige blokov.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"poluchenie-klientom-uvedomleniya-o-vklyuchenii-tranzakcii-v-blokcheyn\">Prejem obvestila o vklju\u010denju transakcije v blockchain<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0434\u044b (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445). \u0412 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 &#171;\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e tps \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435 ?&#187;, \u0442.\u043a. \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na tem mestu je nujno vklju\u010diti celotno \u010dasovno obdobje, ki ga je stranka potrebovala za \u010dakanje na odgovor iz blockchaina. Ta \u010das bo uporabnik pri\u010dakoval, da bo prejel potrditev v svoji aplikaciji, in optimizacija tega \u010dasa je glavna naloga razvijalcev.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"zaklyuchenie\">Zaklju\u010dek<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rezultat je, da lahko opi\u0161emo vrste operacij, ki se izvajajo v blockchainih, in jih razdelimo v ve\u010d kategorij:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>kriptografske transformacije, gradnja dokazov<\/li>\n<li>peer-to-peer omre\u017eno povezovanje, replikacija transakcij in blokov<\/li>\n<li>procesiranje transakcij, izvr\u0161evanje pametnih pogodb<\/li>\n<li>uporaba sprememb v blockchainu v stanjskem podatkovnem sistemu, posodobitev podatkov o transakcijah in blokih<\/li>\n<li>read-only poizvedbe v stanjskem podatkovnem sistemu, API blockchain vozli\u0161\u010da, naro\u010dni\u0161ke storitve <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Splo\u0161ne tehni\u010dne zahteve za vozli\u0161\u010da sodobnih blockchainov so izredno visoke \u2014 hitro procesorji za kriptografijo, velika koli\u010dina pomnilnika za shranjevanje in hitro dostopanje do stanjskega podatkovnega sistema, omre\u017eno povezovanje, ki uporablja veliko \u0161tevilo hkrati odprtih povezav, obse\u017een shranjevalni prostor. Tak\u0161ne visoke zahteve in obilje razli\u010dnih vrst operacij neizogibno pripeljejo do pomanjkanja virov pri vozli\u0161\u010dih, kar lahko katere koli od prej omenjenih faz spremeni v ozko grlo za skupno zmogljivost omre\u017eja.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b: cpu\/memory\/network\/storage, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 &#171;\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e TPS&#187; \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430 p2p \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 &#171;\u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e 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