{"id":36722,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Razlika izme\u0111u bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

30. novembra 2010. godine Dejvid Kolijer (David Collier) je napisao:<\/i><\/p>\n

Primijetio sam da su u busybox-u linkovi raspore\u0111eni po ovim \u010detiri direktorijuma.
\nPostoji li neko jednostavno pravilo koje mo\u017ee odrediti u kojem direktorijumu koji od linkova treba da se nalazi\u2026
\nNa primer, kill se nalazi u \/bin, dok je killall u \/usr\/bin\u2026 Ne vidim nikakvu logiku u takvom razdvajanju.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nVerovatno znate da su Ken Tompson i Denis Ri\u010di stvorili Unix na PDP-7 1969. godine. Dakle, oko 1971. su pre\u0161li na PDP-11 sa par diskova RK05 (po 1,5 megabajta svaki).<\/p>\n

Ko je operacijski sistem zrasel in ni ve\u010d mogel stati na prvem disku (na katerem je bila name\u0161\u010dena osnovna datote\u010dna sistem), so del preselili na drugi, kjer so bile name\u0161\u010dene doma\u010de mape (zato se je to\u010dka monta\u017ee imenovala \/usr \u2014 od besede uporabnik). Tam so podvojili vse potrebne mape operacijskega sistema (\/bin, \/sbin, \/lib, \/tmp ...) in nato shranjevali datoteke na nov disk, ker je na starem zmanjkalo prostora. Potem so imeli tretji disk, ki so ga namestili v mapo \/home in tam preselili doma\u010de mape uporabnikov, da je operacijski sistem lahko zasedel ves preostali prostor na dveh diskih, kar je bilo \u010ditava tri megabajta<\/b> (vau!).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Naravno, morali su uvesti pravilo da \"kada se operativni sistem u\u010ditava, mora biti u mogu\u0107nosti da montira drugi disk u direktoriju \/usr, pa ne treba stavljati programe poput mount na drugi disk u \/usr, ina\u010de \u0107emo imati problem koke i jaja\". Tako jednostavno. I to se odnosilo na Unix V6 pre 35 godina.<\/p>\n

Razdvaja\u045a\u0435 \/bin i \/usr\/bin (i svih sli\u010dnih direktorija) je rezultat tih doga\u0111aja, detalj implementacije iz 70-ih, koji se i dalje, tokom decenija, ponavljao od strane birokrata. Nikada nisu postavljali pitanje je merjeni predmet prav te dol\u017eine, kot jo je pokazal. Ravnil bo samo pokazal njegovo velikost in ni\u010d ve\u010d. Ni filozofski kamen, temve\u010d zgolj lesena deska, s katero merimo.<\/i>, jednostavno su radili tako. Ovo razdvajanje je prestalo imati smisla jo\u0161 pre nego \u0161to je Linux stvoren, iz nekoliko razloga:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Tokom u\u010ditavanja se koristi initrd ili initramfs, koji se bavi problemima poput \"ovaj fajl nam je potreban pre nego \u0161to drugi\". Tako da imamo ve\u0107<\/i> privremeni datote\u010dni sistem koji se koristi za u\u010ditavanje svega ostalog. <\/li>\n
  2. Deljene knji\u017enice (ki so jih dodali v Unix fantje iz Berkleyja) ne omogo\u010dajo neodvisnega spreminjanja vsebin v \/lib in \/usr\/lib. Ta dva dela morata biti usklajena, sicer ne bosta delovala. Do tega ni pri\u0161lo leta 1974, saj so takrat imeli dolo\u010deno neodvisnost zaradi stati\u010dne povezave. <\/li>\n
  3. Cene trdi diski so nekje okoli leta 1990 presegli mejo 100 megabajtov in pribli\u017eno takrat so se pojavili programi za spreminjanje velikosti particij (partition magic 3.0 je bila izdana leta 1997). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nSeveda, ker obstaja lo\u010ditev, so nekateri ljudje ustvarili pravila, ki jo upravi\u010dujejo. Tako je, da je korenski particion potreben za vse splo\u0161ne zadeve operacijskega sistema, medtem ko je v \/usr treba shraniti svoje lokalne datoteke. Ali pa v \/ postavi tisto, kar ponuja AT&T, medtem ko v \/usr le\u017ei tisto, kar je dodal tvoj distribucijski paket, IBM AIX, ali Dec Ultrix, ali SGI Irix, v \/usr\/local pa se nahajajo datoteke specifi\u010dne za tvoj sistem. Potem je nekdo odlo\u010dil, da \/usr\/local ni primerno mesto za namestitev nove programske opreme, zato dodajmo \u0161e \/opt! Ne bi bil presene\u010den, \u010de bi se pojavila tudi \/opt\/local...<\/p>\n

    Seveda so se v preteklih 30 letih zaradi take razmejitve pojavile in izginile razli\u010dne zanimive specifikacije za posamezne distribucije. Na primer, \"\/tmp se o\u010disti ob ponovnem zagonu, \/usr\/tmp pa ne.\" (In v Ubuntu \/usr\/tmp sploh ni, v Gentoo pa je \/usr\/tmp simboli\u010dna povezava do \/var\/tmp, na katerega se sedaj nana\u0161a to pravilo, in se ne o\u010disti ob ponovnem zagonu. Da, to je bilo \u0161e pred tmpfs. V\u010dasih pa je tudi korenska datote\u010dna sistem na voljo samo za branje, tako da tudi v \/usr ni potrebno ni\u010d pisati, temve\u010d se pi\u0161e v \/var. Ali v \/ ve\u010dinoma<\/i> ne more\u0161 pisati, razen da v \/etc, ki so jo v\u010dasih posku\u0161ali preseliti v \/var...)<\/p>\n

    Birokrati, kot je Linux Foundation (ki je pred leti absorbirala Free Standards Group med \u0161irjenjem), se z veseljem dokumentirajo in zapletajo ta pravila, ne da bi posku\u0161ali razumeti, zakaj so se pojavila. Ne zavedajo se, da sta Ken in Dennis preprosto prenesla del operacijskega sistema v svojo doma\u010do mapo, ker je bil disk RK05 na PDP-11 premajhen.<\/p>\n

    Skoraj sem prepri\u010dan, da busybox preprosto postavlja datoteke tako, kot je to zgodovinsko nastalo. Ni pravega razloga, da bi to \u0161e naprej po\u010deli. Osebno naredim \/bin, \/sbin in \/lib povezave na ustrezne mape v \/usr. Ljudje, ki delajo z vgrajeno programsko opremo, se namre\u010d trudijo razumeti in poenostaviti...
    \n
    Izvor:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2026 \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, kill \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \/bin, \u0430 killall \u2014 \u0432 \/usr\/bin\u2026 \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Razlika med bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","description":"30. novembra 2010 je David Collier zapisal: Opazil sem, da so v busybox povezave razporejene po teh \u0161tirih mapah. Ali obstaja kak\u0161no preprosto pravilo za dolo\u010ditev, v katero.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sl_SI","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","og:description":"30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36722","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:40:22","updated":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36722"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}