{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"Nekaj o inode","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Periodi\u010dno, z namenom selitve v CRS se sestajem z razli\u010dnimi velikimi podjetji, predvsem v Sankt Peterburgu in Moskvi na polo\u017eaju DevOps. Opazil sem, da v mnogih podjetjih (v \u0161tevilnih dobrih podjetjih, na primer v Yandexu) postavljajo dva podobna vpra\u0161anja:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> kaj je inode;<\/li>\n<li> iz katerih razlogov lahko pride do napake pri pisanju na disk (ali na primer: zakaj se lahko zmanj\u0161a prostor na disku, bistvo je isto).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nKot se pogosto zgodi, sem bil prepri\u010dan, da to temo dobro poznam, a takoj, ko sem za\u010del razlagati \u2014 so se pokazale vrzeli v znanju. Da bi sistematiziral svoje znanje, zapolnil vrzeli in se ve\u010d ne osme\u0161il, pi\u0161em ta \u010dlanek, morda bo \u0161e komu v pomo\u010d.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u010del bom \"spodaj\", tj. z trdim diskom (USB klju\u010dki, SSD in druge moderne stvari bomo odlo\u017eili, za primer pa bomo vzeli kateri koli star disk velikosti 20 ali 80 gigabajtov, ker je tam velikost bloka 512 bajtov).<\/p>\n<p>Trdi disk ne zna naslavljati svojega prostora bajtno, pogojno je razdeljen na bloke. Numeracija blokov se za\u010dne z 0. (to se imenuje LBA, podrobnosti tukaj: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nekaj o inode\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nKot je razvidno s slike, sem bloke LBA ozna\u010dil kot raven HDD. Mimogrede, preveriti, kak\u0161na je velikost bloka va\u0161ega diska, lahko tako: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNad nivojem so ozna\u010deni particije, ena za celoten disk (spet za preprostost). Najpogosteje se uporabljajo dva tipa razdelitev: msdos in gpt. Ustrezno msdos \u2014 star format, ki podpira diske do 2Tb, gpt \u2014 nov format, ki lahko naslovi do 1 zettabajta 512 bajtnih blokov. V na\u0161em primeru imamo particijo tipa msdos, kot je razvidno s slike, particija pa se za\u010dne z blokom \u0161t. 1, ni\u010delni pa se uporablja za MBR.<\/p>\n<p>V prvi particiji sem ustvaril datote\u010dni sistem ext2, privzeto je velikost bloka 4096 bajtov, kar je prav tako prikazano na sliki. Velikost bloka datote\u010dnega sistema lahko preverite tako:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nFilesystem volume name:   \nLast mounted on:          \nFilesystem UUID:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nFilesystem magic number:  0xEF53\nFilesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)\nFilesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash\nDefault mount options:    user_xattr acl\nFilesystem state:         clean\nErrors behavior:          Continue\nFilesystem OS type:       Linux\nInode count:              65536\nBlock count:              261888\nReserved block count:     13094\nFree blocks:              257445\nFree inodes:              65525\nFirst block:              0\nBlock size:               4096\nFragment size:            4096\nReserved GDT blocks:      63\nBlocks per group:         32768\nFragments per group:      32768\nInodes per group:         8192\nInode blocks per group:   512\nFilesystem created:       Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nLast mount time:          n\/a\nLast write time:          Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nMount count:              0\nMaximum mount count:      -1\nLast checked:             Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nCheck interval:           0 ()\nReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)\nReserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)\nFirst inode:              11\nInode size:               256\nRequired extra isize:     28\nDesired extra isize:      28\nDefault directory hash:   half_md4\nDirectory Hash Seed:      c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPotrebni parameter je \"Block size\".<\/p>\n<p>Zdaj se postavlja zanimivo vpra\u0161anje, kako prebrati datoteko \/home\/serp\/testfile? Datoteka se sestavlja iz enega ali ve\u010d blokov datote\u010dnega sistema, v katerih so shranjeni njeni podatki. Kako najti blok, \u010de poznamo ime datoteke? Kateri bloki naj se preberejo?<\/p>\n<p>Tu nam prisko\u010dijo na pomo\u010d inode. V datote\u010dnem sistemu ext2fs obstaja \"tabela\", ki vsebuje informacije o vseh inode. \u0160tevilo inode je pri ext2fs dolo\u010deno ob ustvarjanju datote\u010dnega sistema. Potrebne \u0161tevilke lahko najdemo v parameterju \"Inode count\" iz izhoda tune2fs, torej imamo 65536 kosov. V inode so shranjene potrebne informacije: seznam blokov datote\u010dnega sistema za iskano datoteko. Kako poiskati \u0161tevilko inode za dolo\u010deno datoteko?<\/p>\n<p>Ujemanje med imenom in \u0161tevilko inode je shranjeno v imeniku, imenik v ext2fs pa je poseben tip datoteke, torej ima tudi svojo \u0161tevilko inode. Da bi prekinili ta za\u010darani krog, je bila za korenski imenik dodeljena \"fiksna\" \u0161tevilka inode \"2\". Oglejmo si vsebino inode s \u0161tevilko 2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\ndebugfs:  stat \n\nInode: 2   Type: directory    Mode:  0755   Flags: 0x0\nGeneration: 0    Version: 0x00000000:00000002\nUser:     0   Group:     0   Size: 4096\nFile ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0\nLinks: 3   Blockcount: 8\nFragment:  Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug  2 16:34:09 2019\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- Fri Aug  2 15:55:35 2019\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug  2 16:34:09 2019\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nSize of extra inode fields: 28\nBLOCKS:\n(0):579\nTOTAL: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nKot se vidi, potrebna mapa se nahaja v bloku s \u0161tevilko 579. V njej bomo na\u0161li \u0161tevilko vozli\u0161\u010da za mapo home in tako naprej po verigi, dokler v mapi serp ne bomo videli \u0161tevilke vozli\u0161\u010da za zahtevano datoteko. \u010ce bi kdo \u017eelel preveriti, ali je \u0161tevilka pravilna in ali so tam potrebne informacije, to ni te\u017eko. Naredimo:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:~# dd if=\/dev\/sdb1 of=\/home\/serp\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 recordov v\n1+0 recordov ven\n4096 bajtov (4,1 kB) kopirano, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\/s\nroot@ubuntu:~# hexdump -c \/home\/serp\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nV izvodu lahko preberete imena datotek v mapi.<\/p>\n<p>Tukaj pa sem pri\u0161el do glavnega vpra\u0161anja: \u00abiz katerih razlogov lahko pride do napake pri zapisovanju\u00bb?<\/p>\n<p>Seveda se to zgodi, \u010de ne ostane prostih blokov v datote\u010dnem sistemu. Kaj lahko v tem primeru storite? Poleg o\u010ditnega \u00abizbri\u0161i kaj nepotrebnega\u00bb, je treba vedeti, da v datote\u010dnih sistemih ext2,3 in 4 obstaja nekaj, kar imenujemo \u00ab\u0161tevilka rezerviranih blokov\u00bb. \u010ce pogledate v seznam zgoraj, imamo takih blokov \u00ab13094\u00bb. To so bloki, ki so na voljo za zapisovanje samo uporabniku root. Ampak \u010de \u017eelite hitro re\u0161iti te\u017eavo, lahko za\u010dasno omogo\u010dite dostop do njih za vse, kar bo povzro\u010dilo nekaj prostega prostora:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nNastavljanje odstotka rezerviranih blokov na 0% (0 blokov)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTorej, privzeto za zapisovanje nimate dostopnih 5% prostora na disku in ob upo\u0161tevanju velikosti sodobnih diskov to lahko pomeni stotine gigabajtov.<\/p>\n<p>Kaj \u0161e lahko pride v po\u0161tev? Mo\u017ena je tudi situacija, ko imate proste bloke, a so vozli\u0161\u010da kon\u010dana. To se obi\u010dajno zgodi, \u010de imate v datote\u010dnem sistemu veliko datotek, ki so manj\u0161e od velikosti bloka datote\u010dnega sistema. Glede na to, da se za 1 datoteko ali mapo porabi 1 inode, ki jih imamo skupaj (za ta datote\u010dni sistem) 65536 \u2014 situacija je ve\u010d kot realna. To je jasno vidno iz izhoda ukaza df:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \\\/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \\\/run\n\\\/dev\\\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \\\/\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/sys\\\/fs\\\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/user\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \\\/var\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \\\/home\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \\\/var\\\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \\\/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \\\/run\n\\\/dev\\\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \\\/\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \\\/sys\\\/fs\\\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \\\/run\\\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \\\/run\\\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \\\/run\\\/user\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \\\/var\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \\\/home\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \\\/var\\\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nKot vsem o\u010ditno na razdelku \\\/var\\www, \u0161tevilo prostih blokov datote\u010dnega sistema in \u0161tevilo prostih inode se mo\u010dno razlikujeta.<\/p>\n<p>V primeru, da so inodi po\u0161li, \u010darobni recept ne poznam, ker ga ni (\u010de se motim, mi sporo\u010dite). Tako, da za razdelke, kjer nastajajo majhne datoteke, velja pametno izbrati datote\u010dni sistem. Na primer, v btrfs inodi ne morejo poiti, ker se dinami\u010dno ustvarjajo novi po potrebi.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 inode; \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27717,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 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