{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/81cf965c1277a08f385ef398b9aa3edf.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Mnogi so poznali Scratch \u2013 otro\u0161ko programersko okolje, kjer se u\u010denje obi\u010dajno osredoto\u010da na ustvarjanje ustvarjalnih projektov po principu \u201eod enostavnega do zapletenega\u201d. Pri tem je \u201eklasi\u010dni pristop\u201d k u\u010denju programiranja (spremenljivke \u2192 veje \u2192 zanke \u2192 funkcije \u2192 strukture \u2192 objekti \u2192 \u2026) v Scratchu ote\u017een.<\/p>\n<p>Vendar pa sprememba zaporedja u\u010denja pojmov (imenovali jih bomo koncepte) strukturnega, objektno- in dogodkovno usmerjenega programiranja, njihovo skrivanje za pisanimi sprite-i in interaktivno animacijo, ne pomeni, da se na koncepte ne bi smelo osredoto\u010diti. \u0160e posebej, \u010de je cilj u\u010denje programiranja in ne samo razvoj ustvarjalnih sposobnosti. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex>To idejo sem posku\u0161ala odra\u017eati v svojem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/younglinux.info\/scratch\">te\u010daju<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Prvo, s \u010dimer se sre\u010da za\u010detni skratcher, so sprite-i. \u010ceprav v Scratchu objektno usmerjeno programiranje ni prisotno, lahko sprite-e \u0161tejemo za objekte. Na tej to\u010dki u\u010denec vidi, da lahko v programu obstaja ve\u010d objektov, katerih vedenje uravnavajo zunanje skripte. Sprite-i dobijo ukaze ali po potrebi posredujejo informacije o svojem stanju, kar pomeni, da se programiranje zmanj\u0161uje na upravljanje z objekti.<\/p>\n<p>Drugo, kar takoj pade na glavo mladega programerja v Scratchu, je koncept ve\u010dnitnosti. Vsak sprite lahko ima ve\u010d skript, ki se izvajajo hkrati. Ve\u010d sprite-ov lahko prav tako isto\u010dasno izvajajo svoje programe. Pri tem se izka\u017ee, da je organizacija zaporednega izvajanja te\u017eja.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/63c3bf36068d8d98050da60107875c25.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c5b3a03406e91c187c2672b0566e20ed.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u017de na prvem sre\u010danju ne moremo ube\u017eati spoznavanju zank. Druga\u010de ma\u010dek ne bo mogel dobro te\u010di. Na tej to\u010dki je spoznavanje treba pustiti intuitivno in povr\u0161no. Omejujemo ga na zanke \u201eponavljaj vedno\u201d in \u201eponavljaj \u2026 krat\u201d, ki so bolj enostavne za razumevanje. Zanko s pogojem obravnavamo v lekciji, ki je posebej namenjena zankam. Ta lekcija predvideva znanje logi\u010dnih izrazov in spremenljivk.<\/p>\n<p>Ker je Scratch okolje, usmerjeno na dogodke, je la\u017eje preu\u010diti bloke pogojnega operatorja pred spremenljivkami. Kot pogoj lahko delujejo neka dolo\u010dena dogodka.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7b301b532e4c05909b1dda4ffe925c61.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Po mojem mnenju je ta zaporedje bolj\u0161e, saj v vsakem u\u010dnem modulu uvajamo minimalno \u0161tevilo pojmov. Pri tem ne gre za abstraktne pojme, temve\u010d takoj vidimo njihovo prakti\u010dno korist.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ce najprej za\u010dnete z u\u010denjem spremenljivk, je te\u017eko prikazati njihovo namen in korist, saj prej niste preu\u010dili pogoja, vnosa podatkov in generacije naklju\u010dnih \u0161tevil. <\/p>\n<p>V Scratchu, razen seznamov, programer naleti na tri tipe podatkov: \u0161tevila, nize in logi\u010dni tip. Pri tem je tip vezan na vrednost, ne na spremenljivko. Pretvarjanje nizov v \u0161tevila in obratno ni potrebno. Nizi niso posebej oviti v narekovaje.<\/p>\n<p>Blok, ki vra\u010da logi\u010dno vrednost in ima zna\u010dilno zaobljeno obliko, lahko vstavljate v okrogle polja. Nasprotno pa ne velja: tja, kjer je predvideno logi\u010dno izra\u017eanje, ne morete vstaviti obi\u010dajne spremenljivke.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/27440b3d63bc50c038c3227a2c8a6e7d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Scratch je zasnovan tako, da med izvajanjem ne pride do kriti\u010dnih napak. O\u010ditno zato, \u010de posku\u0161ate uporabiti niz v aritmeti\u010dni operaciji, se ta nadomesti z ni\u010dlo (glejte prvi posnetek).<\/p>\n<p>Programer mora vedeti, da se mo\u017enosti programskih jezikov \u0161irijo z knji\u017enicami. Pri delu s Scratchom lahko u\u010denec pove\u017ee dodatke, ki pripeljejo do pojava novih ukazov v okolju.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/6989f37cea11b1d923116a31bd8e9258.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Funkcije v Scratchu so izvedene v razdelku 'Drugi bloki', kjer na eni strani ustvarite \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0458 blok, ki ga lahko vstavite v druge skripte. Na drugi strani pa morate zbrati funkcionalnost tega bloka, torej to, kar bo po\u010del.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Programske koncepcije v Scratchu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/09ea9fdb6db8cc312989f3028aa0ec28.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Iz Scratch funkcije ni mogo\u010de vrniti vrednosti.<\/p>\n<p>Tako u\u010denje konceptov programiranja v dogodkovno usmerjenem okolju pu\u0161\u010da svoj pe\u010dat. V bistvu najprej preu\u010dujemo bolj zapletene in abstraktne koncepte in \u0161ele ob prodoru v proces prehajamo k elementom strukturnega programiranja. Ali je to plus ali minus za prvo sre\u010danje \u2013 to je sporno vpra\u0161anje.<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/443910\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c 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