{"id":52639,"date":"2019-11-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/domen-fronting-na-baze-tls-1-3"},"modified":"2026-05-20T19:54:20","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T17:54:20","slug":"domen-fronting-na-baze-tls-1-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/domen-fronting-na-baze-tls-1-3","title":{"rendered":"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Uvod<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/9e81fbeed9c8d41c7e4f583235541370.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><br \/>\nSodobni korporativni sistemi filtriranja vsebine, kot so tisti priznanih proizvajalcev, kot so Cisco, BlueCoat in FireEye, imajo precej skupnega z mo\u010dnej\u0161imi kolegi - sistemi DPI, ki se intenzivno uvajajo na nacionalni ravni. Osnova delovanja obeh je v pregledu vstopnega in izstopnega internetnega prometa ter na podlagi \u010drnih\/belih seznamov sprejemanje odlo\u010ditev o prepovedi internetne povezave. Ker se pri obeh osnovna na\u010dela delovanja zana\u0161ajo na podobne principe, imajo tudi na\u010dini za obhod obeh sistemos veliko skupnega.<\/p>\n<p>Ena izmed tehnologij, ki omogo\u010da dovolj u\u010dinkovito obvladovanje tako DPI kot korporativnih sistemov, je tehnologija domenskega frontinga. Njena bistvo je, da dostopamo do blokiranega virov, pri tem pa se skrivamo za drugim, javnim domeno, ki ima dobro reputacijo in ki ne bo blokirana s strani nobenega sistema, na primer google.com.<\/p>\n<p>O tej tehnologiji je bilo \u017ee napisanih dovolj \u010dlankov in prikazanih veliko primerov. Vendar pa priljubljene in v zadnjem \u010dasu obravnavane tehnologije DNS-over-HTTPS in encrypted-SNI ter nova razli\u010dica protokola TLS 1.3 omogo\u010dajo razmislek o \u0161e eni razli\u010dici domenskega frontinga.<br \/>\n<a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Poglejmo tehnologijo<\/h3>\n<p>Najprej si nekoliko razjasnimo osnovne pojme, da bo vsakdo razumel, kdo je kdo in zakaj je to potrebno. Omenili smo mehanizem eSNI, katerega delovanje bo obravnavano naprej. Mehanizem eSNI (encrypted Server Name Indication) je za\u0161\u010ditena razli\u010dica SNI, dostopna samo za protokol TLS 1.3. Osnovna ideja je \u0161ifriranje tudi informacij o tem, na kateri domeni je poslan zahtevek.<\/p>\n<p>Zdaj pa si poglejmo delovanje mehanizma eSNI v praksi.<\/p>\n<p>Recimo, da imamo internetni vir, ki ga blokira sodobna re\u0161itev DPI (vzemimo za primer znani torrent tracker \u2014 rutracker.nl). Ob poskusu obiska spletne strani torrent trackerja \u2014 vidimo standardno sporo\u010dilo ponudnika o tem, da je vir blokiran:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/6a2aeccd290f9046efa799166ffa875f.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Na spletnem mestu RKDN je ta domena resni\u010dno navedena na seznamu blokiranih:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/1c881e2c8403cf85f77d9d74cbf3f54e.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pri poizvedbi whois je vidno, da je sama domena 'skrita' za obla\u010dnim ponudnikom Cloudflare.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/55b472de20a6eb85162ffbba286b9487.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vendar v nasprotju s \"strokovnjaki\" iz RKN, so bolj tehni\u010dno usposobljeni zaposleni iz Beeline (ali pa nau\u010deni na grdem izkustvu na\u0161ega znamenitega regulatorja) namesto da bi preprosto blokirali spletno mesto po IP-naslovu, vklju\u010dili v \u010drno listo prav <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/domain\/\">domeno<\/a>. To lahko enostavno vidimo, \u010de pogledamo, katere \u0161e druge domene se skrivajo za tem <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/lir\/ipv4\/\">IP-naslovom<\/a>, obi\u0161\u010demo eno izmed njih in vidimo, da dostop ni blokiran:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/fe7de472c9c5cc8abe4d4ed6cacdd21c.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kako je to mogo\u010de? Kako ve DPI ponudnika, na katero od domen gre moj brskalnik, ko pa vse komunikacije potekajo preko protokola https, mi pa zaenkrat nismo opazili nobenih sprememb https certifikatov iz Beeline? Ali ima morda sposobnosti jasnovidca ali sem pod nadzorom?<\/p>\n<p>Poskusimo odgovoriti na to vpra\u0161anje, tako da pogledamo promet preko Wiresharka<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/330f05030e9edb066bf2fd80c935e0c3.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Na posnetku je razvidno, da brskalnik najprej pridobi IP-naslov stre\u017enika preko DNS, nato poteka standardni TCP handshake s ciljnim stre\u017enikom, po tem pa brskalnik posku\u0161a vzpostaviti ssl povezavo s stre\u017enikom. Za to po\u0161lje paket <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/ssl-sertifikat\/\">SSL<\/a> Client Hello, v katerem je prisotno izvorno ime domene v jasni obliki. To polje je potrebno za frontend stre\u017enik cloudflare, da lahko pravilno usmeri povezavo. Tu nas ujame DPI ponudnika, ker prekine na\u0161o povezavo. Pri tem ne dobimo nobene blokade s strani ponudnika, ampak vidimo standardno brskalni\u0161ko napako, kot da je spletna stran izklopljena ali pa preprosto ne deluje:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/9642c783158c0ace70c50fea917e7d9d.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Zdaj pa v brskalniku aktivirajmo mehanizem eSNI, kot je opisano v navodilih za <a href=\"https:\/\/miketabor.com\/enable-dns-over-https-and-encrypted-sni-in-firefox\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Firefox <\/a>:<br \/>\nZa to odpremo stran za konfiguracijo Firefox <b>about:config<\/b> in aktiviramo naslednje nastavitve:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">network.trr.mode = 2;\nnetwork.trr.uri = https:\/\/mozilla.cloudflare-dns.com\/dns-query\nnetwork.security.esni.enabled = true\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Po tem bomo preverili pravilno delovanje nastavitev na spletni strani cloudflare po <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/ssl\/encrypted-sni\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">linku<\/a> in poskusili \u0161e enkrat trik z na\u0161im torrent trackerjem.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/4996a67993bd2f1b5ebeb1ac156ba29a.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Voil\u00e0. Na\u0161 ljub\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 tracker se je odprl, brez kakr\u0161nih koli VPN in proxy stre\u017enikov. Poglejmo sedaj zajem prometa v Wiresharku, kaj se je zgodilo.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/a7e305afbf29896f6ebb82e53c7fed88.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Tokrat paket ssl client hello ne vsebuje jasno navedene ciljne domene, ampak namesto tega v paketu nastane novo polje \u2014 encrypted_server_name \u2014 tam je zapisano vrednost rutracker.nl in to polje lahko dekodira le frontend stre\u017enik cloudflare. In \u010de je tako, DPI ponudnika ne preostane ni\u010d drugega, kot da obri\u0161e roke in dovoli tak promet. In drugih mo\u017enosti s \u0161ifriranjem ni.<\/p>\n<p>Torej, kako deluje tehnologija v brskalniku - smo pogledali. Zdaj pa poskusimo uporabiti to za bolj specifi\u010dne in zanimive stvari. Za za\u010detek bomo nau\u010dili curl uporabljati eSNI za delo s TLS 1.3 in obenem pogledali, kako deluje sam domain fronting na osnovi eSNI.<\/p>\n<h3>Domain fronting z eSNI<\/h3>\n<p>Glede na to, da curl za povezovanje preko protokola https uporablja standardno knji\u017enico openssl, nam mora najprej zagotoviti podporo za eSNI prav tam. V master vejah openssl trenutno ni podpore za eSNI, zato moramo prenesti posebno vejo openssl, jo sestaviti in namestiti.<\/p>\n<p>Klono iz GitHuba in sestavimo kot obi\u010dajno:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ git clone https:\/\/github.com\/sftcd\/openssl\n$ cd openssl\n$ .\/config\n\n$ make\n$ cd esnistuff\n$ make\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Nato - kloniramo repozitorij curl in konfiguriramo njegovo sestavljanje z uporabo na\u0161e zgrajene openssl knji\u017enice:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ cd $HOME\/code\n$ git clone https:\/\/github.com\/niallor\/curl.git curl-esni\n$ cd curl-esni\n\n$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=\/opt\/openssl\n$ .\/buildconf\n$ LDFLAGS=\"-L\/opt\/openssl\" .\/configure --with-ssl=\/opt\/openssl --enable-esni --enable-debug\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Tu je pomembno pravilno navesti vse mape, kjer se nahaja openssl (v na\u0161em primeru je to \/opt\/openssl\/) in poskrbeti, da postopek konfiguracije poteka brez napak.<\/p>\n<p>V primeru uspe\u0161ne konfiguracije - bomo videli vrstico:<\/p>\n<p><b>WARNING: esni ESNI enabled but marked EXPERIMENTAL. Use with caution!<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ make<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Po uspe\u0161nem sestavljanju paketa bomo uporabili poseben bash datoteko iz sklopa openssl za nastavitev in zagon curl. Kopirajmo jo v mapo z curl za enostavno uporabo:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">cp \/opt\/openssl\/esnistuff\/curl-esni <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>in izvedemo testni https-napotek na stre\u017eniku cloudflare, hkrati pa zabele\u017eimo DNS in TLS pakete v Wiresharku.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ ESNI_COVER=\"www.hello-rkn.ru\" .\/curl-esni https:\/\/cloudflare.com\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>V odzivu stre\u017enika poleg mnogih informacij za odpravljanje napak iz openssl in curl prejmemo HTTP-odgovor s kodo 301 od cloudflare.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">HTTP\/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\n&lt;Date: Sun, 03 Nov 2019 13:12:55 GMT\n&lt;Transfer-Encoding: chunked\n&lt;Connection: keep-alive\n&lt;Cache-Control: max-age=3600\n&lt;Expires: Sun, 03 Nov 2019 14:12:55 GMT\n&lt;Location: https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>kar dokazuje, da je bila na\u0161a zahteva uspe\u0161no dostavljena na cilj, sli\u0161ana in obdelana.<\/p>\n<p>Zdaj si poglejmo prometni dump v wiresharku, tj. kaj je v tem primeru videl ponudnikov DPI.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/25945e28e6ff5dec3ab92e018b91bab1.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vidno je da je prvo curl pristupio DNS serveru za javnim eSNI klju\u010dem za cloudflare server \u2014 TXT DNS upit na _esni.cloudflare.com (paket br. 13). Zatim je, koriste\u0107i openssl biblioteku, curl poslao TLS 1.3 upit na cloudflare server u kojem je polje SNI bilo enkriptovano javnim klju\u010dem dobijenim u prethodnoj fazi (paket br. 22). <b>Me\u0111utim, osim polja eSNI, u okviru SSL-hello paketa je dodato i polje sa obi\u010dnim \u2014 otvorenim SNI, koje mo\u017eemo navesti u proizvoljnom redosledu (u ovom slu\u010daju \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hello-rkn.ru\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.hello-rkn.ru<\/a>). <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ovo polje otvorenog SNI nije imalo nikakvu ulogu u obradi od strane cloudflare servera i slu\u017eilo je samo kao maska za provajderski DPI. Cloudflare server je prihvatio na\u0161 ssl-hello paket, dekriptovao eSNI, izvukao originalni SNI i obradio ga kao da se ni\u0161ta nije desilo (u\u010dinio je sve onako kako je planirano prilikom razvijanja eSNI).<\/p>\n<p>Jedina stvar na koju se u ovom slu\u010daju mo\u017ee obratiti pa\u017enja sa stanovi\u0161ta DPI-a je primarni DNS upit na _esni.cloudflare.com. Me\u0111utim, u\u010dinili smo DNS upit otvorenim samo da bismo pokazali kako ovaj mehanizam funkcioni\u0161e iznutra.<\/p>\n<p>Da bismo kona\u010dno izbacili tlo ispod nogu DPI-u, koristimo ve\u0107 pominjani mehanizam DNS-over-HTTPS. Malo obja\u0161njenje \u2013 DOH \u2013 protokol koji omogu\u0107ava za\u0161titu od napada \"\u010dovek u sredini\" slanjem DNS upita putem HTTPS protokola.<\/p>\n<p>Ponovi\u0107emo upit, ali ovoga puta \u0107emo javne eSNI klju\u010deve dobiti putem https protokola, a ne DNS-a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">ESNI_COVER=\"www.hello-rkn.ru\" DOH_URL=https:\/\/mozilla.cloudflare-dns.com\/dns-query .\/curl-esni https:\/\/cloudflare.com\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Dump saobra\u0107aja upita je prikazan na screenschotu ispod:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/284d1d8110b24c647a57e644d93a8142.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vidno je da prvo curl pristupa serveru mozilla.cloudflare-dns.com putem DoH (https veza na server 104.16.249.249), kako bi od njih dobio vrednosti javnih klju\u010deva za enkripciju SNI, a zatim ve\u0107 pristupa serveru odredi\u0161ta, prikrivaju\u0107i se pritom domenom <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hello-rkn.ru\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.hello-rkn.ru<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Pored gore navedenog DoH rezolera mozilla.cloudflare-dns.com, mo\u017eemo koristiti i druge popularne DoH servise, na primer, od poznate zle korporacije.<br \/>\nIzvr\u0161i\u0107emo takav upit:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">ESNI_COVER=\"www.kremlin.ru\" DOH_URL=https:\/\/dns.google\/dns-query .\/curl-esni https:\/\/rutracker.nl\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>I dobi\u0107emo odgovor:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">&lt; HTTP\/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\n&lt;Date: Sun, 03 Nov 2019 14:10:22 GMT\n&lt;Content-Type: text\/html\n&lt;Transfer-Encoding: chunked\n&lt;Connection: keep-alive\n&lt;Set-Cookie: __cfduid=da0144d982437e77b0b37af7d00438b1a1572790222; expires=Mon, 02-Nov-20 14:10:22 GMT; path=\/; domain=.rutracker.nl; HttpOnly; Secure\n&lt;Location: https:\/\/rutracker.nl\/forum\/index.php\n&lt;CF-Cache-Status: DYNAMIC\n&lt;Expect-CT: max-age=604800, report-uri=&quot;https:\/\/report-uri.cloudflare.com\/cdn-cgi\/beacon\/expect-ct&quot;\n&lt;Server: cloudflare\n&lt;CF-RAY: 52feee696f42d891-CPH\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/c77b8a396e7d20f0b4d74b61380595df.jpg\" alt=\"Domena fronting na osnovi TLS 1.3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V tem primeru smo se obrnili na blokiran stre\u017enik rutracker.nl, pri tem pa uporabili DoH-re\u0161itelj dns.google (tukaj ni napake, zdaj ima znani korporaciji svoj vrhnji domen) in se skrili za drugim domenom, katerega blokiranje je strogo prepovedano vsem DPI pod gro\u017enjo smrtne kazni. Iz prejetega odgovora lahko razumemo, da je bila na\u0161a zahteva uspe\u0161no obdelana.<\/p>\n<p>Kot dodatno preverjanje, da avdio DPI reagira na odprti SNI, ki ga prena\u0161amo kot pokritje \u2014 lahko izvedemo zahtevo na rutracker.nl, pri tem pa se skrijemo za nekim drugim prepovedanim virom, na primer drugim 'dobrim' torrent trackerjem:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">$ ESNI_COVER=\"rutor.info\" DOH_URL=https:\/\/dns.google\/dns-query .\/curl-esni https:\/\/rutracker.nl\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Odgovora od stre\u017enika ne bomo prejeli, saj bo na\u0161a zahteva blokirana s sistemom DPI.<\/p>\n<h3>Kratka zaklju\u010dek prvega dela<\/h3>\n<p>Torej, uspelo nam je pokazati delovanje eSNI s pomo\u010djo openssl in curl ter preveriti delovanje domen-frontalizacije, ki temelji na eSNI. Na enak na\u010din lahko prilagodimo na\u0161e najljub\u0161e pripomo\u010dke, ki uporabljajo knji\u017enico openssl, za delo 'pod pokritjem' drugih domen. Ve\u010d o tem \u2014 v na\u0161ih naslednjih \u010dlankih.<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/475372\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a Cisco, BlueCoat, FireEye \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 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\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445\/\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52639","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 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