{"id":53753,"date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-08T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:41","slug":"nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","title":{"rendered":"Prihaja doba ARM-stre\u017enikov?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Prihaja<\/a><\/noindex>
\nMaterinska plo\u0161\u010da SynQuacer E-Series za 24-jedrni ARM-stre\u017enik s procesorjem ARM Cortex A53 in 32 GB pomnilnika, december 2018<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n

Dolge leta so ARM procesorji z zmanj\u0161anim naborom ukazov (RISC) prevladovali na trgu mobilnih naprav. A jim ni uspelo prodreti v podatkovne centre, kjer \u0161e vedno prevladujeta Intel in AMD z naborom ukazov x86. Ob\u010dasno se pojavijo posamezne eksoti\u010dne re\u0161itve, kot je 24-jedrni ARM-stre\u017enik na platformi Banana Pi<\/a><\/noindex>, a resnih ponudb \u0161e ni. Natan\u010dneje, do tega tedna.<\/p>\n

Ta teden je AWS v oblaku predstavil svoje lastne 64-jedrne ARM-procesorje Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0\u2014 to je sistem na \u010dipu z jedrom ARM Neoverse N1. Podjetje trdi, da je Graviton2 bistveno hitrej\u0161i od ARM-procesorjev prej\u0161nje generacije v instancah EC2 A1, in tukaj so prvi neodvisni testi<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nInfrastrukturno poslovanje je primerjava \u0161tevilk. V bistvu strankam podatkovnega centra ali obla\u010dne storitve ni pomembno, katera arhitektura procesorjev je prisotna. Skrbi jih razmerje med ceno in zmogljivostjo. \u010ce je delo na ARM cenej\u0161e kot na x86, bodo to izbrali. <\/p>\n

Do nedavnega ni bilo mogo\u010de nedvoumno trditi, da bodo izra\u010duni na ARM bolj donosni kot na x86. Na primer, stre\u017eni 24-jedrni ARM Cortex A53 je model SocioNext SC2A11<\/a><\/noindex> vrednosti pribli\u017eno 1000 $, ki je lahko dvignila spletni stre\u017enik na Ubuntu, a je po zmogljivosti mo\u010dno zaostajala za procesorji x86.<\/p>\n

Kljub temu osupljiva energetska u\u010dinkovitost ARM procesorjev znova in znova spodbuja zanimanje zanje. Na primer, SocioNext SC2A11 porabi le 5 W. In elektri\u010dna energija predstavlja skoraj 20% stro\u0161kov podatkovnega centra. \u010ce se ti \u010dipi izka\u017eejo za dostojne glede zmogljivosti, ne bo ve\u010d mo\u017enosti za x86.<\/p>\n

Prvo prihajanje ARM: instance EC2 A1<\/h2>\n

\nKonec leta 2018 je AWS predstavil instance EC2 A1<\/a><\/noindex> na lastnih ARM-procesorjih. Nedvomno je to bilo signal za industrijo o potencialnih spremembah na trgu, vendar so rezultati benchmarkov bili razo\u010darujo\u010di.<\/p>\n

V spodnji tabeli so prikazani rezultati stresnega testiranja<\/a><\/noindex> instanc EC2 A1 (ARM) in EC2 M5d.metal (x86). Za testiranje je bila uporabljena orodje stress-ng<\/code>:<\/p>\n

stress-ng --metrics-brief --cache 16 --icache 16 --matrix 16 --cpu 16 --memcpy 16 --qsort 16 --dentry 16 --timer 16 -t 1m<\/code><\/p>\n

Kot smo videli, so se A1 slab\u0161e odrezali v vseh testih razen pri predpomnilniku. Pri ve\u010dini drugih kazalnikov so ARM mo\u010dno zaostajali. Ta razlika v zmogljivosti je ve\u010dja od razlike v ceni 46 % med A1 in M5. Z drugimi besedami, instan\u010dni procesorji x86 so \u0161e vedno ponudili bolj\u0161o vrednost za denar glede na razmerje cena\/zmogljivost:<\/p>\n

Test
\nEC2 A1
\nEC2 M5d.metal
\nRazlika<\/p>\n

predpomnilnik
\n1280
\n311
\n311,58%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n18209
\n34368
\n-47,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrika
\n77932
\n252190
\n-69,10%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n9336
\n24077
\n-61,22%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n21085
\n111877
\n-81,15%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n522
\n728
\n-28,30%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n1389634
\n2770985
\n-49.85%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n4970125
\n15367075
\n-67,66%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nSeveda mikrobenchmarki ne ka\u017eejo vedno objektivne slike. Pomembna je razlika v dejanski zmogljivosti aplikacije. Toda tudi tukaj slika ni bila bolj\u0161a. Kolegi iz Scylla so primerjali instan\u010dne a1.metal in m5.4xlarge z enakim \u0161tevilom procesorjev. V standardnem testu branja NoSQL podatkovne baze v konfiguraciji z enim vozli\u0161\u010dem je prva dosegla 102.000 operacij branja na sekundo, druga pa 610.000. V obeh primerih so bili vsi dostopni procesorji izkori\u0161\u010deni 100 %. To ustreza zmanj\u0161anju zmogljivosti pribli\u017eno \u0161estkrat, kar ni pokriveno z ni\u017ejo ceno.<\/p>\n

Poleg tega instan\u010dni A1 delujejo samo na EBS brez podpore hitrih naprav NVMe, kot pri drugih instancah.<\/p>\n

Na splo\u0161no je A1 korak v novem smeri, vendar ni izpolnil pri\u010dakovanj o ARM.<\/p>\n

Drugo prihajanje ARM: instan\u010dni EC2 M6<\/h2>\n

\n\"Prihaja<\/p>\n

Vse se je spremenilo ta teden, ko je AWS predstavil nov razred ARM stre\u017enikov in vrsto instanc na novih procesorjih Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>, vklju\u010dno z M6g in M6gd<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Primerjava teh instanc \u017ee prikazuje povsem druga\u010dno sliko. V nekaterih testih ARM deluje bolje, v\u010dasih pa dale\u010d bolje kot x86.<\/p>\n

Tukaj so rezultati izvajanja istega stresa testiranja:<\/p>\n

Test<\/strong>
\nEC2 M6g<\/strong>
\nEC2 M5d.metal<\/strong>
\nRazlika<\/strong><\/p>\n

predpomnilnik
\n218
\n311
\n-29,90%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n45887
\n34368
\n33,52%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrika
\n453982
\n252190
\n80,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n14694
\n24077
\n-38,97%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n134711
\n111877
\n20,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n943
\n728
\n29,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n3088242
\n2770985
\n11,45%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n55515663
\n15367075
\n261,26%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nTo je \u017ee povsem druga zgodba: M6g je petkrat hitrej\u0161i od A1 pri izvajanju operacij branja iz NoSQL podatkovne baze Scylla, medtem ko novi instanci M6gd delujejo z hitrimi NVMe pomnilniki.<\/p>\n

Napredovanje ARM na vseh podro\u010djih<\/h2>\n

\nProcesor AWS Graviton2 je le en primer uporabe ARM v podatkovnih centrih. Vendar pa prihajajo signali z razli\u010dnih strani. Na primer, 15. novembra 2019 je ameri\u0161ki startup Nuvia pridobil 53 milijonov dolarjev tveganega kapitala<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Startup so ustanovili trije vodilni in\u017eenirji, ki so delali na razvoju procesorjev pri Apple in Google. Obljubili so, da bodo razvili procesorje za podatkovne centre, ki bodo konkurirali Intelu in AMD.<\/p>\n

Po razpolo\u017eljive informacije<\/a><\/noindex>, Nuvia je zasnovala procesorsko jedro od nule koje mo\u017ee biti izgra\u0111eno \u201ena osnovi\u201c ARM arhitekture, ali bez sticanja ARM licence.<\/p>\n

Sve to ukazuje da su ARM procesori spremni da osvoje tr\u017ei\u0161te servera. Na kraju krajeva, \u017eivimo u post-PC eri. Godi\u0161nje isporuke x86 pale su gotovo za 10% sa vrhunca 2011. godine, dok su RISC \u010dipovi narasli na 20 milijardi. Danas je 99% 32- i 64-bitnih procesora u svetu RISC.<\/p>\n

Nagra\u0111ivani Tjuringovi laureati D\u017eon Henesi i Devid Patterson objavili su \u010dlanak u februaru 2019. godine \u201eNova zlatna era za ra\u010dunarsku arhitekturu\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>. Evo \u0161ta oni pi\u0161u: <\/p>\n

Tr\u017ei\u0161te je razjasnilo spor izme\u0111u RISC i CISC. Iako je CISC pobedio u kasnijim fazama PC ere, RISC pobedjuje sada, kada je po\u010dela post-PC era. Nove ISA za CISC nisu kreirane decenijama. Na na\u0161e iznena\u0111enje, op\u0161te mi\u0161ljenje o najboljim principima ISA za procesore op\u0161te namene danas se i dalje naginje ka RISC-u, 35 godina nakon njegovog izuma... U ekosistemima sa otvorenim kodom, ve\u0161to dizajnirani \u010dipovi \u0107e ubedljivo demonstrirati dostignu\u0107a i tako ubrzati komercijalnu primenu. Filozofija procesora op\u0161te namene u tim \u010dipovima verovatno \u0107e biti RISC, koji je izdr\u017eao test vremena. O\u010dekujte sli\u010dne brze inovacije kao tokom pro\u0161le zlatne ere, ali ovog puta sa stanovi\u0161ta cene, energije i sigurnosti, a ne samo performansi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u201eU narednoj deceniji do\u0107i \u0107e do kambriijske eksplozije novih ra\u010dunarskih arhitektura, \u0161to zna\u010di uzbudljiva vremena za ra\u010dunarske arhitekte u akademskoj zajednici i industriji\u201c, zaklju\u010duju oni na kraju \u010dlanka.
\n
Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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