{"id":55027,"date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:06","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:06","slug":"bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","title":{"rendered":"BD sporo\u010dila (2. del): sekcijamo \"na \u017eivo\"","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Uspe\u0161no smo projektovali strukturo na\u0161e PostgreSQL baze za shranjevanje sporo\u010dil. Minilo je leto, uporabniki jo aktivno polnijo, \u017ee ima <b>milijone zapisov<\/b>, in... nekaj se je za\u010delo zaustavljati.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483176\/\">Deo 1: projektujemo okvir baze<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Deo 2: sekcioniramo 'u \u017eivo'<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD sporo\u010dila (2. del): sekcijamo &quot;na \u017eivo&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/7830da046d9c472af15330e42cbb05e0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nGre za to, da <b>z rastjo obsega tabele raste tudi \u201eglobina\u201c indeksov<\/b> \u2014 \u010deprav logaritemsko. A s \u010dasom to pomeni, da mora stre\u017enik za izvajanje istih nalog branja\/pisanja <i>obdelovati mnogo ve\u010d strani podatkov<\/i>, kot na za\u010detku.<\/p>\n<p>Tukaj pa pride na pomo\u010d <b>sekcioniranje<\/b>.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nOpazil bi, da ne govorimo o sharding, torej razdelitvi podatkov med razli\u010dnimi bazami ali stre\u017eniki. Ker, tudi \u010de razdelite podatke na <b>nekaterih<\/b> stre\u017enike, se ne morete znebiti te\u017eave \u201enapihnjenih\u201c indeksov s \u010dasom. Jasno je, da \u010de si lahko privo\u0161\u010dite vsak dan vklju\u010diti nov stre\u017enik, bodo va\u0161e te\u017eave le\u017eale \u017ee na povsem druga\u010dni ravni od konkretne Baze podatkov.<\/p>\n<p>Mi pa bomo obravnavali ne konkretne skripte za izvajanje sekcioniranja \u201ev strojni opremi\u201c, temve\u010d sam pristop \u2014 kaj in kako je treba \u201erazrezati na kose\u201c, in do \u010desa to vodi.<\/p>\n<h2>Koncept<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0160e enkrat dolo\u010dimo na\u0161 cilj: \u017eelimo narediti tako, da bo danes, jutri in \u010dez leto \u0161tevilo berljivih PostgreSQL podatkov pri kateri koli operaciji branja\/pisanja ostalo pribli\u017eno enako.<\/p>\n<p>Za vse <b>kronolo\u0161ko akumulirane podatke<\/b> (\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u044b, &#8230;) \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <b>datum\/\u010das dogodka<\/b>. V na\u0161em primeru je tak\u0161no dogodke <u>trenutek po\u0161iljanja sporo\u010dila<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>Opazimo, da uporabniki prakti\u010dno vedno <b>delujejo samo z \u201ezadnjimi\u201c<\/b> tak\u0161nimi podatki \u2014 berejo zadnja sporo\u010dila, analizirajo zadnje dnevnike,\u2026 Ne, seveda, lahko prelistajo tudi naprej v preteklost, a to po\u010dnejo zelo redko.<\/p>\n<p>Iz teh omejitev postane o\u010ditno, da bodo optimalne re\u0161itve za sporo\u010dila <b>\u201ednevne\u201c sekcije<\/b> \u2014 kajti skoraj vedno bo na\u0161 uporabnik bral tisto, kar je pri\u0161lo \u201edanes\u201c ali \u201ev\u010deraj\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ce v teku dneva pi\u0161emo in beremo prakti\u010dno samo v eno sekcijo, to zagotavlja \u0161e <b>bolj u\u010dinkovito uporabo pomnilnika in diska<\/b> \u2014 saj se vsi indeksi sekcije zlahka prilegajo v pomnilnik, za razliko od \u201evelikih in debelih\u201c po celotni tabeli.<\/p>\n<h2>korak za korakom<\/h2>\n<p>\nV splo\u0161nem vse, kar je bilo prej re\u010deno, zveni kot enkraten dobi\u010dek. In dosegljiv je, vendar se bomo morali potruditi \u2014 kajti <u>odlo\u010ditev o sekvenciranju ene od entitet prina\u0161a potrebo po \"raz\u017eaganju\" in povezanih z njo<\/u>.<\/p>\n<h4>Sporo\u010dilo, njegove lastnosti in projekcije<\/h4>\n<p>\nKer smo se odlo\u010dili razdeliti sporo\u010dila po datumih, je smiselno tudi odvisne lastnosti (prilo\u017eene datoteke, seznam prejemnikov) prav tako deliti, in <b>tudi po datumu sporo\u010dila<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Ker je ena od na\u0161ih tipi\u010dnih nalog prav pregledovanje registrov sporo\u010dil (neprebranih, prejetih, vseh), je logi\u010dno, da jih prav tako \"vklju\u010dimo\" v sekvenciranje po datumih sporo\u010dil.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD sporo\u010dila (2. del): sekcijamo &quot;na \u017eivo&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/5ea615ca97a2b865de537777c401038c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Dodajamo klju\u010d sekvenciranja (datum sporo\u010dila) v vse tabele: prejemniki, datoteka, registri. V samo sporo\u010dilo ga ni potrebno dodajati, ampak uporabiti obstoje\u010di Datum\u010cas.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Teme<\/h4>\n<p>\nKer je tema skupna ve\u010d sporo\u010dilom, je ne moremo razdeliti v isti shemi, treba se je opreti na nekaj drugega. V na\u0161em primeru se odli\u010dno prilega <b>datum prvega sporo\u010dila v korespondenci<\/b> - torej trenutek nastanka, lastne teme.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD sporo\u010dila (2. del): sekcijamo &quot;na \u017eivo&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4f1336a9e229221f1e25ee8d3c08fb5e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Dodajamo klju\u010d sekvenciranja (datum teme) v vse tabele: tema, udele\u017eenec.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nToda zdaj se nam pojavita kar dva problema:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v kateri sekciji iskati sporo\u010dila po temi?<\/li>\n<li>v kateri sekciji iskati temo od sporo\u010dila?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSeveda, lahko nadaljujemo iskati po vseh sekcijah, vendar bo to zelo \u017ealostno in bo izni\u010dilo vse na\u0161e dobi\u010dke. Zato, da bi vedeli, kje konkretno iskati, bomo naredili logi\u010dne povezave\/oznake na sekcije:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v sporo\u010dilo dodamo <b>polje z datumom teme<\/b><\/li>\n<li>k temi dodamo <b>nabor datumov sporo\u010dil<\/b> te korespondence (lahko lo\u010dena tabela, lahko pa tudi niz datumov)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD sporo\u010dila (2. del): sekcijamo &quot;na \u017eivo&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/f7bfdc96c396ca37f46d876f185bf98e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKer bo modifikacij seznama datumov sporo\u010dil za vsak posamezen korespondenco le malo (saj skoraj vse sporo\u010dila spadajo v 1-2 sosednja dneva), se bom ustavil prav pri tej mo\u017enosti.<\/p>\n<p>Torej, struktura na\u0161e baze je pridobila naslednjo obliko ob upo\u0161tevanju sekvenciranja:<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabele: RU, pri odvratnosti do cirilice v imenih tabel\/polji bolje ne gledati<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">-- sekcije po datumu poruke\nCREATE TABLE \"Poruka_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Poruka\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n, \"DatumTeme\"\n    date\n, \"Autor\"\n    uuid\n, \"DatumVreme\" -- koristimo kao datum\n    timestamp\n, \"Tekst\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Primalac_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatumPoruke\"\n    date\n, \"Poruka\"\n    uuid\n, \"Osoba\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Poruka\", \"Osoba\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Fajl_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatumPoruke\"\n    date\n, \"Fajl\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Poruka\"\n    uuid\n, \"BLOB\"\n    uuid\n, \"Ime\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"RegistarPoruka_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatumPoruke\"\n    date\n, \"Vlasnik\"\n    uuid\n, \"TipRegistra\"\n    smallint\n, \"DatumVreme\"\n    timestamp\n, \"Poruka\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Vlasnik\", \"TipRegistra\", \"Poruka\")\n);\nCREATE INDEX ON \"RegistarPoruka_YYYYMMDD\"(\"Vlasnik\", \"TipRegistra\", \"DatumVreme\" DESC);\n\n-- sekcije po datumu teme\nCREATE TABLE \"Tema_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatumTeme\"\n    date\n, \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Dokument\"\n    uuid\n, \"Naslov\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"UcesnikTeme_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatumTeme\"\n    date\n, \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n, \"Osoba\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Tema\", \"Osoba\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"DatumiPorukaTeme_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatumTeme\"\n    date\n, \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Datum\"\n    date\n);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>\u0160tedimo nov\u010di\u0107<\/h2>\n<p>\nPa, ako ne koristimo <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/10\/ddl-partitioning\">klasi\u010dnu metodu sekcionisanja<\/a><\/noindex> na osnovu raspodele vrednosti polja (putem okida\u010da i nasle\u0111ivanja ili PARTITION BY), ve\u0107 \u00abru\u010dno\u00bb na nivou aplikacije, mo\u017ee se primetiti da se vrednost klju\u010da za sekcionisanje ve\u0107 \u010duva u imenu same tabele.<\/p>\n<p>Zato, ako ste toliko <b>zabrinuti zbog obima pohranjenih podataka<\/b>, mo\u017eete se osloboditi tih \u00absuvi\u0161nih\u00bb polja i direktno se obra\u0107ati konkretnim tabelama. Na\u017ealost, sve pretrage iz vi\u0161e sekcija u ovom slu\u010daju ve\u0107 \u0107ete morati da obavite na strani aplikacije.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u2026 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 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