{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"Najbolj\u0161e programe Unix","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Avtor \u010dlanka Douglas McIlroy je ameri\u0161ki matematik, in\u017eenir in programer. Najbolj znan je po razvoju cevovodnega sistema v operacijskem sistemu Unix, na\u010del komponente usmerjenega programiranja in \u0161tevilnih originalnih pripomo\u010dkov: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Ob\u010dasno naletite na res izjemne programe. Po pregledu spomina sem sestavil seznam pravih dragocin Unix skozi vsa leta. Ve\u010dinoma gre za precej redke in ne tako nujne programe. A kar jih izstopa, je njihova izvirnost. Ne morem si predstavljati, da bi sam kdaj imel idejo za katerega od njih.<\/p>\n

Delite, kateri programi so vas prav tako tako presenetili?<\/p>\n

PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n

\nZa za\u010detek, sama sistem PDP-7 Unix. Njena preprostost in mo\u010d sta me prisilila, da sem pre\u0161el z zmogljivega glavnega ra\u010dunalnika na majhno napravo. Tukaj je kvintesenca hierarhi\u010dnega datote\u010dnega sistema, lo\u010dena lupina in upravljanje s procesi na ravni uporabnika, kar Multics na glavnih ra\u010dunalnikih ni mogel uresni\u010diti po ve\u010d sto letih razvoja. Pomanjkljivosti Unix (na primer struktura zapisov v datote\u010dnem sistemu) so bile prav tako pou\u010dne in osvobajajo\u010de, kot so bile njene novosti (na primer preusmerjanje vhodno-izhodnih operacij v lupini).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

dc<\/h1>\n

\nMatemati\u010dna knji\u017enica za namizni kalkulator z spremenljivo natan\u010dnostjo Roberta Morrisa je uporabljala obratno analizo napak za dolo\u010ditev natan\u010dnosti, potrebne na vsakem koraku, da bi dosegla \u017eeleno natan\u010dnost rezultata. Na konferenci NATO o in\u017eeniringu programske opreme leta 1968 sem v svojem poro\u010dilu o programskih komponentah predlagal referen\u010dne postopke, ki lahko dajo rezultat katerekoli \u017eeleno natan\u010dnost, vendar nisem vedel, kako jih uresni\u010diti v praksi. dc je \u0161e vedno edini znani program, ki to zmore.<\/p>\n

typo<\/h1>\n

\nTypo \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u0447\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 ‘hte’ \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f typo \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044e.<\/p>\n

Typo je iznutra jednako neo\u010dekivano postavljen kao i izvana. Algoritam za mjerenje sli\u010dnosti temelji se na u\u010destalosti trigram\u00e2, koji se ra\u010dunaju u nizu 26\u00d726\u00d726. U si\u0107u\u0161noj memoriji jedva je bilo mjesta za jednosmjerne broja\u010de, stoga je implementiran sustav kompresije velikih brojeva u male broja\u010de. Kako bi se izbjeglo prelivanje, broja\u010di su se a\u017eurirali na probabilisti\u010dkoj osnovi, odr\u017eavaju\u0107i procjenu logaritamske vrijednosti broja\u010da.<\/p>\n

eqn<\/h1>\n

\nS pojavom fotonabava postalo je mogu\u0107e, ali izuzetno iscrpljuju\u0107e ispisivati klasi\u010dnu matemati\u010dku notaciju. Lorinda Cherry odlu\u010dila je razviti jezik vi\u0161eg opisa, a ubrzo joj se pridru\u017eio Brian Kernighan. Njihov briljantni potez bio je izraziti usmenu tradiciju na pisani na\u010din, tako da je eqn bio izuzetno jednostavan za u\u010denje. Prvi jezik za preprocesiranje matemati\u010dkih izraza, eqn od tada se gotovo nije pobolj\u0161avao.<\/p>\n

struct<\/h1>\n

\nBrenda Baker je zapo\u010dela razvoj svog konvertera Fortan-to-Ratfor unato\u010d savjetu svog \u0161efa \u2014 mene. Pomislio sam da bi to moglo dovesti do posebnog preure\u0111enja izvornih tekstova. Bit \u0107e slobodan od brojeva operatora, ali u ostalom ne vi\u0161e \u010ditljiv od dobro strukturiranog Fortran koda. Brenda je dokazala da sam bio u krivu. Otkrila je da svaka Fortran programa ima kanoni\u010dki strukturiranu formu. Programerima je bila dra\u017ea kanoni\u010dka forma od onoga \u0161to su prvotno napisali.<\/p>\n

pascal<\/h1>\n

\nDiagnostika sintakse u kompajleru koji je stvorila grupa Su Grehem u Berkliju bila je najkorisnija od svih \u0161to sam ikada vidio \u2013 a obavljala se automatski. Kada do\u0111e do sintakti\u010dke gre\u0161ke, kompajler predla\u017ee umetanje lekseme kako bi se nastavila sintakti\u010dka analiza. Nema poku\u0161aja obja\u0161njenja \u0161to nije u redu. S ovim kompajlerom nau\u010dio sam Pascal za jednu ve\u010der, nemaju\u0107i pri ruci nikakvo uputstvo.<\/p>\n

delovi<\/h1>\n

\n\u0421\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430 WWB (Writer’s Workbench) \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c delovi<\/code> Lorinda \u010ceri odre\u0111uje delove govora za re\u010di u tekstu na engleskom jeziku koriste\u0107i samo mali re\u010dnik, pravila pravopisa i gramatike. Na osnovu ove anotacije, program WWB generi\u0161e stilometrijske pokazatelje teksta, kao \u0161to su preovla\u0111ivanje prideva, zavisnih re\u010denica i slo\u017eenih re\u010denica. Kada je Lorinda dala intervju u televizijskoj emisiji Today na NBC-u i govorila o inovativnoj proveri gramatike u tekstovima WWB, to je bilo prvo pominjanje Unix-a na televiziji.<\/p>\n

egrep<\/h1>\n

\nAl Aho je o\u010dekivao da \u0107e njegov deterministi\u010dki prepoznava\u010d regularnih izraza prete\u0107i klasi\u010dni nedeterministi\u010dki prepoznava\u010d Kena. Na\u017ealost, poslednji je ve\u0107 zavr\u0161avao prolazak kroz slo\u017eene regularne izraze, dok egrep<\/code> je gradio svoju deterministi\u010dku automatiku. Da bi ipak pobedio u ovoj trci, Al Aho je zaobi\u0161ao prokletstvo eksponencijalnog rasta tabele stanja automata, izumiv\u0161i na\u010din izgradnje u hodu samo onih zapisa tabele koji se zaista pose\u0107uju tokom prepoznavanja.<\/p>\n

rakovi<\/h1>\n

\n\u0160armantna meta-programa Luke Kardelija za prozorski sistem Blit ispu\u0161tala je virtualne rakove koji su se kretali po praznom prostoru ekrana, sve vi\u0161e i vi\u0161e grickaju\u0107i ivice aktivnih prozora.<\/p>\n

Neke op\u0161te misli<\/h1>\n

\nIako to nije vidljivo spolja, teorija i algoritmi su igrali klju\u010dnu ulogu u stvaranju ve\u0107ine ovih programa: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. U stvarnosti, najve\u0107e iznena\u0111enje je upravo neobi\u010dna primena teorije.<\/p>\n

Originalni autori skoro polovine liste \u2013 pascal, struct, delovi, eqn \u2013 bile su \u017eene, \u0161to znatno prema\u0161uje demografski udeo \u017eena u oblasti ra\u010dunarskih nauka.<\/p>\n

Daglas Makilroj
\nMart, 2020<\/i>
\n
Izvor: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Najbolj\u0161e Unix programe | ProHoster","description":"Avtor \u010dlanka Douglas McIlroy je ameri\u0161ki matematik, in\u017eenir in 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