{"id":90406,"date":"2020-08-01T01:41:57","date_gmt":"2020-07-31T23:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-takoe-dns-tunnelirovanie-instrukcziya-po-obnaruzheniyu"},"modified":"2020-08-01T01:41:57","modified_gmt":"2020-07-31T23:41:57","slug":"chto-takoe-dns-tunnelirovanie-instrukcziya-po-obnaruzheniyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-takoe-dns-tunnelirovanie-instrukcziya-po-obnaruzheniyu","title":{"rendered":"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/f2bfcb839356ceed6ff0c8d47cec3497.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDNS-tunneling pretvori sistem domenskih imena u oru\u017eje hakera. DNS je, su\u0161tinski, ogromna telefonska knjiga interneta. Tako\u0111e, DNS je osnovni protokol koji omogu\u0107ava administratorima da \u0161alju upite u bazu podataka DNS servera. Sve to deluje prili\u010dno jasno. Me\u0111utim, lukavi hakeri su shvatili da mogu prikriveno komunicirati sa zara\u017eenim ra\u010dunarom tako \u0161to \u0107e umetati upravlja\u010dke komande i podatke u DNS protokol. Ova ideja je osnova DNS-tunnelinga.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2> Kako funkcioni\u0161e DNS-tunneling<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/f19bf65f1c0eba1326b5eaa4363b7c94.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZa sve na internetu postoji poseban protokol. A DNS podr\u017eava relativno jednostavan <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.verisign.com\/en_US\/website-presence\/online\/how-dns-works\/index.xhtml\">protokol <\/a><\/noindex>tip upita-odgovora. Ako \u017eelite da vidite kako to funkcioni\u0161e, mo\u017eete pokrenuti nslookup \u2013 glavni alat za slanje DNS upita. Mo\u017eete zatra\u017eiti adresu jednostavno tako \u0161to \u0107ete navesti interesantno domen ime, na primer:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0125acad0c2431eccbc0ea21b9b854fe.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nU na\u0161em slu\u010daju, protokol je odgovorio IP adresom domena. U terminima DNS protokola, uradio sam upit za adresu ili upit tipa \"A\". Postoje i drugi tipovi upita, pri \u010demu \u0107e DNS protokol odgovarati razli\u010ditim skupovima podataka, koje, kao \u0161to \u0107emo kasnije videti, hakeri mogu iskoristiti.<\/p>\n<p>U su\u0161tini, DNS protokol se bavi prenosom upita do servera i povratnim odgovorom klijentu. A \u0161ta ako napada\u010d ubaci skrivenu poruku unutar upita domena? Na primer, umesto da unese sasvim legitiman URL, unet \u0107e podatke koje \u017eeli da prenese:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/676fc6d7878912b590e315b1664565ce.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPretpostavimo da napada\u010d upravlja DNS serverom. Tada mo\u017ee prenositi podatke \u2013 kao \u0161to su li\u010dni podaci \u2013 i ne mora nu\u017eno biti otkriven. Na kraju krajeva, po \u010demu bi DNS upit mogao biti ne\u0161to ilegalno? <\/p>\n<p>Upravljanjem serverom, hakeri mogu falsifikovati odgovore i slati podatke nazad na ciljani sistem. To im omogu\u0107ava da prenose poruke skrivene u raznim poljima DNS odgovora, ka zlo\u0107udnom softveru na inficiranoj ma\u0161ini, uz uputstva poput pretrage unutar odre\u0111ene fascikle.<\/p>\n<p>\"Tuneliraju\u0107i\" deo ovog napada sastoji se u <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.varonis.com\/blog\/powershell-obfuscation-stealth-through-confusion-part-i\/\">skrivanju <\/a><\/noindex> podataka i komandi od otkrivanja od strane sistema za monitoring. Hakeri mogu koristiti skupove karaktera base32, base64 itd., ili \u010dak \u0161ifrovati podatke. Takva kodiranje \u0107e pro\u0107i neprime\u0107eno pored jednostavnih alata za otkrivanje pretnji koji pretra\u017euju otvoreni tekst.<\/p>\n<p>In to je DNS-tunneling!<\/p>\n<h2> Zgodovina napadov preko DNS-tunnelinga<\/h2>\n<p>\nVse ima svoj za\u010detek, vklju\u010dno z idejo o prevzemu DNS-protokola za hekerske namene. Kolikor lahko presojamo, prvo <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/groups.google.com\/forum\/#!msg\/muc.lists.bugtraq\/Myj1gKWzCAY\/QI6BrCtG7cgJ\">razpravljanje <\/a><\/noindex>tak\u0161nega napada je izvedel Oskar Pearson v po\u0161tni seznamu Bugtraq aprila 1998.<\/p>\n<p>Do leta 2004 je bil DNS-tunneling predstavljen na Black Hat kot hekerska metoda v predstavitvi Dana Kaminskyja. Tako se je ideja zelo hitro razvila v pravi napadalni instrument.<\/p>\n<p>Danes DNS-tunneling zauzema trdne pozicije na zemljevidu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.securityweek.com\/iranian-hackers-heavily-reliant-dns-tunneling\">potencialnih gro\u017eenj <\/a><\/noindex>(in blogerje s podro\u010dja informacijske varnosti pogosto prosijo, da jo razlo\u017eijo).<\/p>\n<p>Ste sli\u0161ali za <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.talosintelligence.com\/2019\/04\/seaturtle.html\">Sea Turtle <\/a><\/noindex>? \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u2014 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f DNS-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0435\u00bb IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, Google \u0438\u043b\u0438 FedEx. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 DNS-\u0442\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2> Gro\u017enje DNS-tunnelinga<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/368dcf4cbd442f994cb3385788f0bbd2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDNS-tunneling je kot indikator za\u010detka faze slabih novic. Kak\u0161ne to\u010dno? \u017de smo omenili nekatere, vendar jih strukturirajmo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Izvlek podatkov (ekssfiltracija)<\/strong> \u2013 heker skrivaj prena\u0161a kriti\u010dne podatke preko DNS. To zagotovo ni naju\u010dinkovitej\u0161i na\u010din prena\u0161anja informacij iz ra\u010dunalnika \u017ertve \u2013 glede na vse stro\u0161ke in kodiranja \u2013 vendar deluje, in to skrivaj!<\/li>\n<li><strong>Upravljanje in nadzor (Command and Control, skraj\u0161ano C2)<\/strong> \u2013 hekerji uporabljajo DNS-protokol za po\u0161iljanje preprostih upravljalskih ukazov, recimo, preko <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.varonis.com\/blog\/koadic-lol-malware-meets-python-based-command-and-control-c2-server-part-i\/\">trojanskega konja za oddaljeni dostop <\/a><\/noindex>(Remote Access Trojan, skraj\u0161ano RAT).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tunneling IP-Over-DNS <\/strong>\u2013 to se morda zdi noro, vendar obstajajo orodja, ki izvajajo IP-sklad preko zahtevkov in odgovorov DNS-protokola. To naredi prenos podatkov z uporabo FTP, Netcat, ssh itd. razmeroma preprosto opravilo. Zelo zlo!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Odkrivanje DNS-tunnelinga<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaj je DNS-tuneliranje? Navodilo za odkrivanje\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8e182ef5a3d5be38b27f79317008ca0f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nObstajata dva glavna metoda odkrivanja zlorabe DNS: analiza obremenitve in analiza prometa.<\/p>\n<p>Pri <strong>analiza obremenitve <\/strong> obrambna stran i\u0161\u010de anomalije v podatkih, prena\u0161anih v obe smeri, ki jih je mogo\u010de odkriti s statisti\u010dnimi metodami: \u010dudno izgledajo\u010da imena gostiteljev, tip DNS zapisa, ki ni tako pogosto uporabljen, ali nestandardno kodiranje.<\/p>\n<p>Pri <strong>analiza prometa <\/strong>Ocena \u0161tevila DNS poizvedb po vsakem domenu v primerjavi s povpre\u010dno vrednostjo. Osebe, ki uporabljajo DNS-tuneliranje, bodo ustvarile veliko koli\u010dino prometa na stre\u017eniku. V teoriji, znatno presegajo\u010d normalno izmenjavo DNS-sporo\u010dil. In to je potrebno spremljati! <\/p>\n<h3>Orodja za DNS-tuneliranje<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u010ce \u017eelite izvesti lasten pentest in preveriti, kako dobro lahko va\u0161e podjetje zazna in se odzove na tovrstno aktivnost, obstaja ve\u010d orodij. Vsa zmorejo tunelirati v na\u010dinu <em>IP-Over-DNS<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/code.kryo.se\/iodine\/\">Iodine <\/a><\/noindex>\u2013 na voljo je na ve\u010d platformah (Linux, Mac OS, FreeBSD in Windows). Omogo\u010da vzpostavitev SSH lupine med ciljnikom in nadzornim ra\u010dunalnikom. Tukaj je dober <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/calebmadrigal.com\/dns-tunneling-with-iodine\/\">vodnik <\/a><\/noindex>o nastavitvi in uporabi Iodine.<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dankaminsky.com\/?s=ozymandns\">OzymanDNS<\/a><\/noindex> \u2013 projekt DNS-tuneliranja, ki ga je ustvaril Dan Kaminsky, napisan v Perlu. Z njim se lahko pove\u017eete preko SSH.<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/iagox86\/dnscat2\">DNSCat2 <\/a><\/noindex>\u2013 \"DNS-tunel, od katerega ni slabo\". Ustvari \u0161ifriran C2-kanal za po\u0161iljanje\/prenos datotek, zagon lupin itd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Orodja za spremljanje DNS-a<\/h3>\n<p>\nSpodaj je seznam nekaterih orodij, ki bodo koristna za odkrivanje tunelirnih napadov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/hunttools.gitbooks.io\/mercenary-linux\/content\/dnshunter_module.html\">dnsHunter<\/a><\/noindex> \u2013 Python modul, napisan za MercenaryHuntFramework in Mercenary-Linux. Prebere .pcap datoteke, izvle\u010de DNS poizvedbe in izvede geolokacijsko usklajevanje, kar pomaga pri analizi.<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vs.uni-due.de\/wander\/reassemble_dns\/\">reassemble_dns <\/a><\/noindex>\u2013 orodje v Pythonu, ki bere .pcap datoteke in analizira DNS sporo\u010dila.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Mikro FAQ o DNS-tuneliranju<\/h2>\n<p>\nKoristne informacije v obliki vpra\u0161anj in odgovorov!<\/p>\n<p><strong>V: Kaj je tuneliranje?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>O:<\/strong> To je preprosto na\u010din prenosa podatkov preko obstoje\u010dega protokola. Osnovni protokol zagotavlja namenski kanal ali tunel, ki se nato uporablja za prikrivanje informacij, ki se dejansko po\u0161iljajo.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V: Kdaj je bil izveden prvi napad s DNS-tuneliranjem?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>O: <\/strong> Ne vemo! \u010ce vi veste \u2013 prosim, sporo\u010dite nam. Kolikor vemo, je prvo razpravo o napadu spro\u017eil Oskar Pirsan na po\u0161tni seznam Bugtraq aprila 1998.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V: Katere napade je podobno DNS-tuneliranju?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>O: <\/strong>DNS ni ni edini protokol, ki ga je mogo\u010de uporabiti za tuneliranje. Na primer, zlonamerne programske opreme za upravljanje in nadzor (C2) pogosto uporablja HTTP za prikrivanje komunikacijskega kanala. Tako kot pri DNS tuneliranju hacker skrije svoje podatke, vendar ti v tem primeru izgledajo kot promet obi\u010dajnega spletnega brskalnika, ki dostopa do oddaljene spletne strani (pod nadzorom storilca). To lahko ostane neopa\u017eeno s strani nadzornih programov, razen \u010de niso nastavljeni za zaznavanje. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/attack.mitre.org\/tactics\/TA0011\/\">gro\u017enje <\/a><\/noindex>zlorabe HTTP protokola v namen hekerstva.<\/p>\n<p>\u017delite, da vam pri tem pomagamo pri odkrivanju DNS tuneliranja? Oglejte si na\u0161 modul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.varonis.com\/ru\/products-edge\/\"> Varonis Edge <\/a><\/noindex>in preizkusite brezpla\u010dno <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/info.varonis.com\/demo\/ru\"> demo<\/a><\/noindex>!<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/varonis\/blog\/513160\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DNS-\u0442\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0451\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. 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