{"id":94388,"date":"2020-09-16T07:43:39","date_gmt":"2020-09-16T05:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hranenie-dannyh-v-klastere-kubernetes"},"modified":"2020-09-16T07:43:39","modified_gmt":"2020-09-16T05:43:39","slug":"hranenie-dannyh-v-klastere-kubernetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hranenie-dannyh-v-klastere-kubernetes","title":{"rendered":"Shranjevanje podatkov v Kubernetes klastru","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Shranjevanje podatkov aplikacij, ki delujejo v Kubernetes klastru, lahko nastavite na ve\u010d na\u010dinov. Nekateri so \u017ee zastareli, drugi pa so se pojavili zelo nedavno. V tem \u010dlanku bomo obravnavali koncept treh na\u010dinov povezovanja shranjevanja, vklju\u010dno z najnovej\u0161im \u2014 povezovanjem preko Container Storage Interface.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shranjevanje podatkov v Kubernetes klastru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/c045dc02cc4db1a0693730574a02eb4a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sposob-1-ukazanie-pv-v-manifeste-poda\">Na\u010din 1. Dolo\u010danje PV v manifestu poda<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tipi\u010den manifest, ki opisuje pod v Kubernetes klastru: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shranjevanje podatkov v Kubernetes klastru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/1df1b236df758f4a4a18905d31413617.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V dokumentu so z barvo ozna\u010deni deli, kjer je opisana povezava do katerega volumna in kam.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V razdelku <strong>volumeMounts<\/strong> so dolo\u010dene to\u010dke monta\u017ee (mountPath) \u2014 v katero mapsko mesto znotraj kontejnerja bo povezan trajni volumen ter ime volumna.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V razdelku <strong>x<\/strong> so na\u0161teti vsi volumni, ki se uporabljajo v podu. Dolo\u010deno je ime vsakega volumna, njegova vrsta (v na\u0161em primeru: awsElasticBlockStore) in parametri povezave. Kateri natan\u010dni parametri se omenjajo v manifestu, je odvisno od vrste volumna.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Isti volumen je lahko hkrati povezan v ve\u010d kontejnerjih poda. Tako imajo razli\u010dni procesi aplikacije dostop do istih podatkov. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ta na\u010din povezovanja so izmislili na za\u010detku, ko je Kubernetes \u0161ele za\u017eivel, in je danes zastarel.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pri njegovi uporabi nastane ve\u010d te\u017eav: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>vse volumne je treba ustvariti ro\u010dno, Kubernetes ne more ustvariti ni\u010desar namesto nas;<\/li>\n<li>dostopni parametri za vsak volumen so edinstveni, in jih je potrebno navesti v manifestih vseh podov, ki uporabljajo ta volumen;<\/li>\n<li>\u010de \u017eelite spremeniti sistem shranjevanja (na primer, preseliti se iz AWS v Google Cloud), je treba spremeniti nastavitve in vrsto povezanih volumov v vseh manifestih.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vse to je zelo neprijetno, zato se v resnici tovrstna povezava uporablja samo za nekatere posebne vrste volumov: configMap, secret, emptyDir, hostPath:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>configMap in secret \u2014 slu\u017ebena volumna, ki omogo\u010data ustvarjanje volumna s datotekami iz manifestov Kubernetes v kontejnerju.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>emptyDir \u2014 za\u010dasni volumen, ki se ustvari le za \u010das \u017eivljenja poda. Udobno je uporabljati za testiranje ali shranjevanje za\u010dasnih podatkov. Ko se pod izbri\u0161e, se volumen emptyDir prav tako izbri\u0161e in vsi podatki izginejo.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>hostPath \u2014 omogo\u010da, da se kateri koli imenik lokalnega diska stre\u017enika, na katerem deluje aplikacija, vklju\u010dno z \/etc\/kubernetes, montira znotraj kontejnerja z aplikacijo. To je nevarna mo\u017enost, zato varnostne politike obi\u010dajno prepovedujejo uporabo tak\u0161nih volumenov. V nasprotnem primeru lahko zlonamerna aplikacija v svoj kontejner montira imenik HTC Kubernetes in ukrade vse certifikate gru\u010de. Na splo\u0161no je dovoljena uporaba hostPath volumnov samo sistemskim aplikacijam, ki se izvajajo v namespace kube-system.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/storage\/volumes\/#types-of-volumes\">Shranjevalni sistemi, s katerimi Kubernetes deluje iz \u0161katle<\/a><\/noindex> so navedeni v dokumentaciji.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sposob-2-podklyuchenie-k-podam-scpvcpv\">Na\u010din 2. Povezovanje z pods SC\/PVC\/PV<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Alternativni na\u010din povezovanja \u2014 koncept Storage class, PersistentVolumeClaim, PersistentVolume.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><u>Storage class<\/u> shranjuje parametre za povezavo s shranjevalnim sistemom.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><u>PersistentVolumeClaim<\/u> opisuje zahteve za prostornino, ki jo potrebuje aplikacija.<br \/>\n<u>PersistentVolume<\/u> shranjuje parametre dostopa in status volumna.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Osnovna zamisel je, da v manifestu poda navedete volumen tipa PersistentVolumeClaim in navedete ime te entitete v parametru claimName.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shranjevanje podatkov v Kubernetes klastru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/08b0460be887d39801d1acb9ee1bbd2a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V manifestu PersistentVolumeClaim opisujete zahteve za podatkovno prostornino, ki jo potrebujete za aplikacijo. Med drugim:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>velikost diska; <\/li>\n<li>na\u010din dostopa: ReadWriteOnce ali ReadWriteMany;<\/li>\n<li>povezava na Storage class \u2014 v katerem shranjevalnem sistemu \u017eelimo ustvariti volumen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V manifestu Storage class so shranjeni tip in parametri povezave s shranjevalnim sistemom. Potrebni so kubeletu, da montira volumen na svoj vozli\u0161\u010de. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>V manifestih PersistentVolume je navedena Storage class in parametri dostopa do konkretnega volumna (ID volumna, pot itd.).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ko ustvarite PVC, Kubernetes pregleda, kak\u0161ne velikosti in iz katere Storage class bo potreboval volumen, in izbere prosti PersistentVolume.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010ce tak\u0161nih PV ni na voljo, lahko Kubernetes za\u017eene posebno aplikacijo - Provisioner (njeno ime je navedeno v Storage class). Ta program se pove\u017ee s shranjevalnim sistemom, ustvari volumen potrebne velikosti, pridobi identifikator in v gru\u010di Kubernetes ustvari manifest PersistentVolume, ki je povezan s PersistentVolumeClaim.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na te \u0161tevilne abstrakcije omogo\u010dajo odstranitev informacij o tem, s katerim shranjevalnim sistemom deluje aplikacija, z nivoja manifestov aplikacij na nivo upravljanja. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vsi parametri za povezovanje s sistemom shranjevanja podatkov so v razredu shranjevanja, za katerega so odgovorni skrbniki grozda. Vse, kar morate storiti pri selitvi iz AWS v Google Cloud, je, da v manifestih aplikacije spremenite ime razreda shranjevanja v PVC. Trajni volumen za shranjevanje podatkov bo avtomatsko ustvarjen v grozdu s pomo\u010djo programa Provisioner.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sposob-3-container-storage-interface\">Na\u010din 3. Vmesnik za shranjevanje vsebnika<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vsa koda, ki sodeluje z razli\u010dnimi sistemi shranjevanja podatkov, je del jedra Kubernetes. Izdaja popravkov napak ali nove funkcionalnosti je povezana z novimi razli\u010dicami, kodo je treba spreminjati za vse podprte razli\u010dice Kubernetes. Vse to je te\u017eko vzdr\u017eevati in dodajati novo funkcionalnost.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Da bi re\u0161ili te\u017eavo, so razvijalci iz Cloud Foundry, Kubernetes, Mesos in Docker ustvarili Vmesnik za shranjevanje vsebnika (CSI) \u2014 preprost enoten vmesnik, ki opisuje interakcijo sistema za upravljanje s kontejnerji in posebnega gonilnika (CSI Driver), ki deluje s specifi\u010dnim sistemom shranjevanja podatkov. Vso kodo za interakcijo s sistemom shranjevanja so izvzeli iz jedra Kubernetes in jo prenesli v samostojen sistem.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/blog\/2019\/01\/15\/container-storage-interface-ga\/\">Dokumentacija za Vmesnik za shranjevanje vsebnika<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kot pravilo, CSI gonilnik sestoji iz dveh komponent: Node Plugin in Controller Plugin.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Node Plugin se izvaja na vsakem vozli\u0161\u010du in je odgovoren za monta\u017eo volumov ter operacije na njih. Controller Plugin interagira s sistemom shranjevanja podatkov: ustvarja ali odstranjuje volume, dodeljuje pravice dostopa itd.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dokler v jedru Kubernetes ostajajo stari gonilniki, jih ni priporo\u010dljivo uporabljati, vsi pa se spodbujajo, da namestijo CSI gonilnik posebej za tisti sistem, s katerim morajo delati.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Novost lahko prestra\u0161i tiste, ki so se \u017ee navadili nastavljati shranjevanje podatkov preko razreda shranjevanja, a v resnici ni ni\u010d huj\u0161ega. Za programerje se zagotovo ni\u010d ne spremeni \u2014 delali so samo z imenom razreda shranjevanja in nadaljujejo. Skrbniki so morali dodati namestitev helm chart in se je spremenila struktura nastavitev. \u010ce so bili prej nastavitve vnesene neposredno v razred shranjevanja, jih je zdaj najprej treba dolo\u010diti v helm chart, nato pa \u0161e v razred shranjevanja. \u010ce se o tem pozanimate, ni pri\u0161lo do nobenega velikih sprememb.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Poglejmo si na primeru, katere prednosti lahko pridobite z uporabo vmesnika za shranjevanje Ceph s pomo\u010djo CSI gonilnika.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pri delu s Ceph-om CSI gonilnik ponuja ve\u010d mo\u017enosti za delo s sistemom shranjevanja podatkov kot vgrajeni gonilniki.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Dinami\u010dno ustvarjanje diskov.<\/strong> \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 RBD \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 RWO, \u0430 CSI \u0434\u043b\u044f Ceph \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 RWX. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e pod&#8217;\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 RDB-\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ustvarjanje posnetkov.<\/strong> V Kubernetes grozdu je mogo\u010de ustvariti manifest, ki zahteva ustvarjanje posnetka. CSI vti\u010dnik ga bo opazil in naredil posnetek z diska. Na njegovi osnovi bo mogo\u010de narediti bodisi varnostno kopijo bodisi kopijo PersistentVolume. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Pove\u010danje velikosti diska<\/strong> na SAN in PersistentVolume v Kubernetes grozdu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kvote.<\/strong> Vgrajeni CephFS vti\u010dniki v Kubernetes ne podpirajo kvot, medtem ko novi CSI vti\u010dniki z novim Ceph Nautilus podpirajo aktivacijo kvot na CephFS particijah.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Metrike.<\/strong> CSI vti\u010dnik lahko Prometheusu posreduje veliko meritev o tem, kateri volumni so priklju\u010deni, kak\u0161na je interakcija in tako naprej.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zavedna geologija.<\/strong> Omogo\u010da dolo\u010ditev v manifestih, kako geografsko razporejena je grozda, in se izogniti povezovanju na pode, ki so zagnani v Londonu, z zmogljivostmi za shranjevanje podatkov, ki se nahajajo v Amsterdamu. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kako povezati Ceph z grozdom Kubernetes preko CSI, si oglejte <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/DteNn-1f-WI\">v prakti\u010dnem delu predavanja ve\u010derne \u0161ole Sljerm<\/a><\/noindex>. Prav tako se lahko prijavite na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/to.slurm.io\/Ssx7pg\">video te\u010daj Ceph<\/a><\/noindex>, ki se bo za\u010del 15. oktobra. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>Avtor \u010dlanka: Sergej Bondarev, prakticirajo\u010di arhitekt Southbridge, Certificirani Kubernetes Administrator, eden od razvijalcev kubespray.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>                        <b class=\"spoiler_title\">\u041d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e Post Scriptum \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438&#8230;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>P.S. Sergej Bondarev vodi dva intenziva: posodobljen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/to.slurm.io\/1WIJFg\">Kubernetes Osnova<\/a><\/noindex> 28-30 septembra in napreden <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/to.slurm.io\/Wbqz5g\">Kubernetes Mega<\/a><\/noindex> od 14. do 16. oktobra.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Shranjevanje podatkov v Kubernetes klastru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/69752ee9f7c9caf887011564139baf16.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/southbridge\/blog\/519130\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 Kubernetes, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0425\u0414, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 Container Storage Interface. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 1. \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 PV \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 Kubernetes: \u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":94389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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