Upu Tomua
Talofa uma! O loʻu igoa o Sasha, ma sa ou suʻeina le pito i tua (Linux services ma API) mo le silia ma le ono tausaga. O le manatu mo le tusiga na oʻo mai ia te aʻu i le maeʻa ai o se isi talosaga mai se uo faʻataʻitaʻi e taʻu atu ia te ia mea e mafai ona ia faitau e uiga i Linux poloaiga aʻo leʻi faia se faatalanoaga. E masani lava, o se sui tauva mo se tulaga inisinia QA e manaʻomia le iloa o tulafono faʻavae (pe afai, ioe, latou te aofia ai le galulue ma Linux), ae faʻafefea ona e iloa poʻo fea poloaiga e tatau ona faitau i luga pe a sauni mo se faatalanoaga pe afai e itiiti sau pe leai se poto masani i Linux?
O le mea lea, e ui lava ua uma ona tusia lenei mea i le tele o taimi, ae na ou filifili lava e tusi se isi tala "Linux mo tagata amata" ma lisi iinei tulafono faavae e tatau ona e iloa aʻo leʻi faia se faatalanoaga i se matagaluega (poʻo se kamupani) e faʻaaogaina Linux. Sa ou mafaufau po o le a le poloaiga ma mea aoga ma po o fea mea e masani ona ou faʻaaogaina, aoina faʻamatalaga mai aʻu paaga, ma tuʻufaʻatasia uma i se tusiga e tasi. O le tusiga ua vaevaeina i vaega e 3: muamua, faʻamatalaga puupuu e uiga i faʻavae o le I / O i le Linux terminal, ona vaʻaia ai lea o tulafono sili ona taua, ma o le vaega lona tolu o loʻo faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea ona foia faafitauli masani i Linux.
O fa'atonuga ta'itasi e tele filifiliga, o le a le lisiina uma iinei. E mafai ona e ulufale i taimi uma `tagata <poloaiga>`poʻo`<poloaiga> --fesoasoani` e aoao atili e uiga i le 'au.
Faataitaiga:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Afai e umi se taimi e fa'amae'a ai se fa'atonuga, e mafai ona e fa'amutaina i le kilikiina o le fa'amafanafanaga Ctrl + C (ua lafo atu se faailo i le faagasologa SAINI).
O sina mea itiiti e uiga i le fa'atonuga
A amata se faagasologa i Linux, e 3 faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga masani e faia mo lena faʻagasologa: stdin, stdout и stderr. E faanumera 0, 1 ma le 2. Ae o lea ua tatou fiafia stdout ma, i se tulaga maualalo, stderr. Mai igoa e faigofie ona mateina lena mea stdout e fa'aaogaina e fa'aulu ai fa'amaumauga, ma stderr - e faʻaalia ai faʻamatalaga sese. E ala i le faaletonu pe a faʻatautaia se poloaiga ile Linux stdout и stderr tu'u uma fa'amatalaga i le fa'amafanafanaga, peita'i, afai e tele le fa'atonuga, e ono faigofie ona toe tu'u atu i se faila. E mafai ona faia lenei mea, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, pei o lenei:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Afai matou te faʻaalia mea o loʻo i totonu o le faila man_signal, ona tatou iloa ai lea e tutusa ma le mea o le a i ai pe a na ona tatou faʻatinoina le poloaiga 'faailo tagata`.
Toe fa'atonu le galuega `>` faaletonu i stdout. E mafai ona e faʻamaonia se toe faʻafeiloaʻi stdout manino: `1>. E fa'apena fo'i, e mafai ona e fa'ailoa le toe fa'atonu stderr:`2>. E mafai ona e tuʻufaʻatasia nei gaioiga ma faʻapea ona tuʻueseese le faʻatonuga masani ma faʻamatalaga sese:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Toe fa'atonu ma stdoutma stderr i se faila e tasi e pei ona taua i lalo:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Toe fa'atonu le galuega `2> & 1` o lona uiga toe fa'asino stderr i le nofoaga lava e tasi e pei ona faatonuina stdout.
O le isi meafaigaluega talafeagai mo le galulue faatasi ma I / O (po o se mea, o se meafaigaluega talafeagai mo interprocess fesootaiga) o paipa (po o avefe'au). E masani ona faʻaaogaina paipa e faʻafesoʻotaʻi ai le tele o faʻatonuga: stdout poloaiga ua toe faasino i stdin sosoo ai, ma faapena ai lava i le filifili:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Poloaiga Linux Autu
Matagaluega o Galuega
Fa'aali atu le lisi (galue) o lo'o iai nei.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
aso
Fa'aali le aso ma le taimi o lo'o iai nei.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
O lenei fa'atonuga e fa'aalia ai po'o ai ua saini i totonu o le faiga. E le gata i lea, o le uptime ma le LA (load average) o loʻo faʻaalia foi i luga o le lau.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Lolomi mea o lo'o i totonu o se lisi. Afai e te le pasia le ala, o mea o loʻo i totonu o le lisi o loʻo iai nei o le a faʻaalia.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
I le tagata lava ia, e masani ona ou faʻaogaina filifiliga -l (fa'asologa o lisi umi - fa'aulu i se koluma ma fa'amatalaga fa'aopoopo e uiga i faila), -t (fa'avasega i faila/fa'atonu taimi suiga) ma -r (fa'avasega fa'asaga - fa'atasi ma -t o faila sili ona lata mai o le a i lalo):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
E 2 igoa fa'ailoga fa'apitoa: "."Ma"..". O le mea muamua o lona uiga o le lisi o loʻo i ai nei, o le lona lua o lona uiga o le faʻatonuga matua. E mafai ona faigofie ona faʻaoga i 'au eseese, aemaise lava ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
O loʻo i ai foi se filifiliga aoga e faʻaalia ai faila natia (amata i le ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
E mafai foi ona e faʻaogaina le filifiliga -h - galuega fa'atino i le fa'asologa e mafai ona faitau tagata (fa'alogo i le tele o faila):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Suia le lisi o iai nei.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Afai e te le pasi le igoa o le lisi e fai ma finauga, o le a faʻaaogaina le fesuiaiga o le siosiomaga $ FALE, o lona uiga, o le home directory. E mafai foi ona faigofie le faʻaaogaina `~` o se uiga uiga faapitoa $ FALE:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Fausia se lisi.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
O nisi taimi e te manaʻomia le fatuina o se faʻatonuga faʻapitoa: mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se lisi i totonu o se lisi e le o iai. Ina ia aloese mai le ulufale faatele i se laina mkdir, e mafai ona e faʻaogaina le filifiliga -p - e mafai ai ona e fatuina lisi uma o loʻo misi i le faʻatonuga. Faʻatasi ai ma lenei filifiliga mkdir e le toe fa'afo'i se mea sese pe a iai le fa'atonuga.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Aveese se faila.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Filifiliga -r fa'atagaina oe e toe tape fa'amaumauga fa'atasi ma latou mea uma, filifiliga -f fa'atagaina oe e le amana'ia mea sese pe a tape (mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, e uiga i se faila e le o iai). O nei filifiliga e mafai ai, e tusa lava pe tautala, se faʻamaonia le tapeina o le faʻatonuga atoa o faila ma faʻamaumauga (pe a iai le aia tatau a le tagata faʻaoga), o le mea lea, e tatau ona faʻaogaina ma le faʻaeteete (o se faʻataʻitaʻiga masani o le "rm-rf /", i lalo o nisi tulaga, o le a tapeina oe, pe a le o le polokalama atoa, ona tele lea o faila taua mo lona faatinoga).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Kopi se faila po'o se lisi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
O lenei poloaiga e iai foi filifiliga -r и -f, e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e faʻamautinoa ai o loʻo kopiina le faʻasologa o faʻamaumauga ma faila i se isi nofoaga.
mv
Si'i pe toe fa'aigoa se faila po'o se lisi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
pusi
Lolomi mea o loʻo i totonu o se faila (poʻo faila).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
E aoga foi le gauai atu i poloaiga ulu (gagana n laina muamua poʻo bytes o le faila) ma siʻuʻu (sili atu e uiga ia te ia mulimuli ane).
siʻuʻu
Aveese n laina mulimuli po'o bytes o le faila.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
E aoga tele le filifiliga -f - e mafai ai ona e faʻaalia faʻamatalaga fou i se faila i le taimi moni.
itiiti
O nisi taimi e tele tele le faila faila ma e le faigofie ona faʻaalia i le faʻatonuga pusi. Ona mafai lea ona e tatalaina e faaaoga ai le poloaiga itiiti: o le faila o le a tuʻuina atu i vaega; faʻatautaia i nei vaega, suʻesuʻega ma isi galuega faigofie o loʻo avanoa.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Atonu e faigofie foi ona faʻaaoga itiiti ma le avefe'au (paipa):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Lisi faiga.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
O aʻu lava ia e masani ona faʻaaogaina filifiliga BSD "aux" - faʻaalia uma faiga i totonu o le polokalama (talu ai e mafai ona tele faʻagasologa, na ou faʻaalia naʻo le 5 muamua o latou faʻaogaina le paipa (paipa) ma le au ulu):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
E toʻatele foʻi e faʻaogaina filifiliga BSD "axjf", lea e mafai ai ona e faʻaalia le laʻau faʻagasologa (o iinei na ou aveesea ai se vaega o le gaioiga mo faʻataʻitaʻiga):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
O lenei poloaiga e tele filifiliga eseese, o lea afai e te faʻaaogaina malosi, ou te fautuaina oe e faitau le pepa. Mo le tele o tulaga, ua lava na o le iloa "ps ia".
fasioti
Auina atu se faailo i se faagasologa. E le mafai ona auina atu le faailo Saini, lea e faamuta ai le faagasologa.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Talu ai o se faagasologa e mafai ona i ai ni fa'ailoga fa'ailoga, fasioti e le o taimi uma e taitai atu ai i le taunuuga faamoemoeina - maeʻa vave o le faagasologa. Ina ia "fasioti" se faagasologa mautinoa, e tatau ona e auina atu se faailo i le faagasologa SIGKILL. Ae ui i lea, e mafai ona oʻo atu i le leiloa o faʻamatalaga (mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, pe a manaʻomia le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga i le disk aʻo leʻi faʻamutaina), o lea e tatau ai ona e faʻaogaina lenei poloaiga ma le faʻaeteete. Numera fa'ailoga SIGKILL - 9, o lona uiga o le faʻamatalaga puupuu o le poloaiga e pei o lenei:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
E le gata i lea ua taua Saini и SIGKILL E tele isi fa'ailoga eseese; o se lisi o ia mea e faigofie ona maua i luga ole Initaneti. Ma aua nei galo o faailo SIGKILL и Saini e le mafai ona taofia pe le amanaiaina.
ping
Auina atu se pusa ICMP i le talimalo ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
e faaletonu ping galue seia oo ina faamutaina ma le lima. O lea e mafai ona aoga le filifiliga -c - le numera o afifi ina ua uma ona lafo ping o le a mae'a na o ia. O le isi filifiliga ou te faʻaaogaina i nisi taimi o le -i, le va i le va o le auina atu o afifi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
OpenSSH SSH client e fa'atagaina oe e fa'afeso'ota'i i se 'au mamao.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
E tele nuances i le faʻaaogaina o le SSH, ma o lenei tagata faʻatau e iai foʻi le tele o gafatia, o lea afai e te manaʻo (pe manaʻomia) e mafai ona e faitau e uiga i ai. .
scp
Kopi faila i le va o 'au (mo lenei faʻaoga ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
E mafai fo'i ona e fa'aoga e fa'amaopoopo fa'atonuga i le va o 'au rsync (-a - faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga, faʻatagaina oe e kopi uma mea o loʻo i totonu o le lisi "pei o", -v - fa'aulufale i le fa'amafanafanaga o fa'amatalaga fa'aopoopo):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
faʻalogo
Faaali atu se laina o tusitusiga.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Filifiliga e tatau ona mafaufau i ai iinei -n - aua le fa'apipi'i le laina fa'atasi ai ma se laina laina i le pito, ma -e - fa'atagaina le sola ese mai le fa'auiga e fa'aaoga ai le "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
E mafai foʻi ona e faʻaalia le tau o fesuiaiga e faʻaaoga ai lenei poloaiga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i Linux o loʻo teuina le code exit o le poloaiga mulimuli na maeʻa i se fesuiaiga faʻapitoa $?, ma o le auala lenei e mafai ai ona e iloa tonu po o le a le mea sese na tupu i le talosaga mulimuli:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telenet
Tagata fa'atau mo le TELNET protocol. Fa'aoga e feso'ota'i ma se isi talimalo.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Afai e te manaʻomia le faʻaogaina o le TLS protocol (seʻi ou faamanatu atu ia te oe o SSL ua leva ona tuai), ona telenet e le talafeagai mo nei fa'amoemoe. Ae o le a sau le kalani tatala:
O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaogaina o openssl ma le faʻaalia o se tali i se talosaga GET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Foia faʻafitauli masani i Linux
Suia le pule faila
E mafai ona e suia le tagata e ona se faila poʻo se lisi e faʻaaoga ai le poloaiga ofu:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
O le parakalafa i lenei poloaiga e tatau ona tuʻuina atu i le tagata fou ma le kulupu (filifiliga), vavae ese e se kolone. E le gata i lea, pe a suia le pule o se lisi, e mafai ona aoga le filifiliga -R - ona sui lea o tagata e ona mo mea uma i totonu o le lisi.
Suia faatagaga faila
O lenei faʻafitauli e mafai ona foia e faʻaaoga ai le poloaiga chmod. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le a ou tuʻuina atu le faʻatagaga faʻatagaga "e faʻatagaina le tagata e faitau, tusitusi ma faʻatino, faʻatagaina le vaega e faitau ma tusitusi, e le faʻatagaina tagata uma":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
O le 7 muamua (o le 0b111 lea i le fa'atusa) i le parakalafa o lona uiga o "aia tatau uma mo lē e ona", o le lona lua 6 (o le 0b110 lea i le fa'atusa) o lona uiga "faitau ma tusitusi", ma le 0 e leai se mea mo le isi . O le bitmask e aofia ai ni vaega se tolu: o le pito sili ona taua ("taumatau") e nafa ma le faʻatinoina, o le isi ("ogatotonu") bit e mo le tusitusi, ma le pito sili ona taua ("agavale") e mo le faitau.
E mafai foi ona e setiina faatagaga e faaaoga ai mataitusi faapitoa (fa'asologa o le mnemonic). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo mulimuli mai e aveese muamua ai aia tatau mo le tagata o loʻo iai nei ona toe suia lea:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
O lenei poloaiga e tele faʻaoga, o lea ou te fautuaina oe e faitau atili e uiga i ai (aemaise lava e uiga i le mnemonic syntax, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ).
Lolomi mea i totonu o se faila binary
E mafai ona faia lenei mea e faʻaaoga ai le faʻaoga hexdump. Lalo o faʻataʻitaʻiga o lona faʻaogaina.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
I le faʻaaogaina o lenei faʻaoga, e mafai ona e faʻapipiʻiina faʻamatalaga i isi faʻatulagaga, ae o mea ia e sili ona aoga mo le faʻaaogaina.
Su'e faila
E mafai ona e mauaina se faila i se vaega o lona igoa i le laʻau faʻatonu e faʻaaoga ai le poloaiga maua:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
O isi su'esu'ega ma filiga o lo'o avanoa fo'i. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le auala lea e mafai ai ona e mauaina faila i totonu o se faila suʻegafaia nai lo le 5 aso talu ai:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Su'e tusitusiga i faila
O le a fesoasoani le 'au ia te oe e faʻafetaui lenei galuega grep. E tele lona fa'aoga, o le mea sili ona faigofie o lo'o tu'uina atu iinei e fai ma fa'ata'ita'iga.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
O se tasi o auala lauiloa e faʻaaoga ai le poloaiga grep - fa'aaogaina i se paipa (paipa):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Filifiliga -v e mafai ai ona e faia se aafiaga grep'ma le tua - na'o laina e le o iai le mamanu na pasi atu i grep.
Va'ai afifi fa'apipi'i
E leai se faʻatonuga lautele, aua o mea uma e faʻalagolago i le tufatufaina atu o Linux ma le pule o pusa na faʻaaogaina. E foliga mai o se tasi o tulafono nei o le a fesoasoani ia te oe:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Va'ai po'o le a le tele o avanoa e fa'aaoga e le la'au fa'atonu
O se tasi o filifiliga mo le faʻaaogaina o le poloaiga du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
E mafai ona e suia le tau o le parameter -de maua ai nisi fa'amatalaga auiliili e uiga i le la'au fa'atonu. E mafai fo'i ona e fa'aogaina le fa'atonuga fa'atasi ma faʻanofo:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Filifiliga -h le au faʻanofo e fa'atagaina oe e fa'avasega lapo'a o lo'o tusia ile fa'asologa e mafai ona faitau tagata (fa'ata'ita'iga, 1K, 2G), filifiliga -r fa'atagaina oe e fa'avasega fa'amaumauga i le fa'asologa fa'asolosolo.
"Saili ma sui" i se faila, i faila i totonu o se lisi
O lenei gaioiga e faia i le faʻaaogaina o le aoga i (leai se fu'a g i le faaiuga, na o le mea muamua na tupu o "tusi tuai" i le laina o le a suia):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
E mafai ona e fa'aogaina mo ni faila i le taimi e tasi:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Tusi se koluma mai le galuega faatino
O le a fesoasoani i le taulimaina o lenei galuega ausa. O lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai le koluma lona lua o le faʻatonuga o galuega 'ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
I le taimi lava e tasi, e tatau ona manatua lena mea ausa e sili atu ona aoga, o lea afai e te manaʻomia le galue i tusitusiga i luga o le laina faʻatonu, e tatau ona e faitau atili e uiga i lenei poloaiga.
Su'e tuatusi IP ile igoa talimalo
O se tasi o tulafono nei o le a fesoasoani i lenei mea:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Fa'amatalaga feso'ota'iga
E mafai ona faʻaaoga peʻafai:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Pe atonu ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
E le gata i lea, afai, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e te fiafia i IPv4, ona mafai lea ona e faʻaopoopoina le filifiliga -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Va'ai uafu matala
Ina ia faia lenei mea, faʻaaoga le faʻaoga netstat. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e vaʻavaʻai uma TCP ma UDP faʻalogo ports faʻatasi ma se faʻaaliga o le PID o le faʻagasologa o le faʻalogo i luga o le taulaga ma se numera numera o le taulaga, e tatau ona e faʻaogaina i filifiliga nei:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Fa'amatalaga Faiga
E mafai ona e mauaina lenei faʻamatalaga e faʻaaoga ai le poloaiga leai.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Ina ia malamalama i le faatulagaga o loʻo gaosia ai le gaosiga, e mafai ona e vaʻai i fesoasoani‘ona o lenei poloa‘iga:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Fa'amatalaga manatua
Ina ia malamalama i le tele o le RAM o loʻo nofoia pe leai, e mafai ona e faʻaogaina le poloaiga saʻoloto.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Fa'amatalaga e uiga i faiga faila (vaavaa tisiki avanoa)
au df fa'atagaina oe e va'ai pe fia le avanoa e maua fua ma nofoia i luga o faiga faila fa'apipi'i.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Filifiliga -T fa'amaoti mai e tatau ona fa'ailoa le ituaiga faiga faila.
Fa'amatalaga e uiga i galuega ma fuainumera eseese i luga o le faiga
Ina ia faia lenei mea, faʻaaoga le poloaiga tumutumu. E mafai ona faʻaalia faʻamatalaga eseese: mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, faiga pito i luga e ala i le faʻaogaina o le RAM poʻo le faʻaogaina o luga ole taimi ole CPU. O lo'o fa'aalia ai fo'i fa'amatalaga e uiga i le manatua, PPU, uptime ma LA (avevega o uta).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
O lenei faʻaoga e iai le tele o galuega, o lea afai e te manaʻomia le faʻaaogaina masani, e sili atu le faitau i ana pepa.
Lafoa'i o feoaiga i luga ole laiga
Ina ia faʻaogaina fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i Linux, e faʻaaogaina se aoga tcpdump. Ina ia lafoaʻi feoaiga i luga o le taulaga 12345, e mafai ona e faʻaogaina le poloaiga lenei:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Filifiliga -A fai mai matou te fia vaʻai i le gaioiga i le ASCII (e lelei mo faʻamaumauga tusitusia), -i soo se mea fa'ailoa mai matou te le fiafia i feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga, tāulaga — lea uafu feoaiga e lafoai. Nai lo le tāulaga mafai ona faʻaaoga matai, po o se tuufaatasiga matai и tāulaga (talimalo A ma le taulaga X). Atonu o le isi filifiliga aoga -n — aua le faaliliuina tuatusi i igoa talimalo i le galuega faatino.
Ae fa'afefea pe a fai o le feoaiga e lua? Ona fesoasoani lea o le filifiliga ia i tatou -X - faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga i le hex ma le ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
E tatau ona amanaia i tulaga uma e lua o le a faʻaaogaina ai pusa IP, o lea i le amataga o latou taʻitasi o le ai ai le binary IP ma TCP ulutala. O se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le fesili "123" auina atu i le 'auʻaunaga e faʻalogo i luga o le taulaga 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Nai lo galuega faatino
Ioe, e tele naua mea manaia i Linux e mafai ona e faitau i ai i luga o Habré, StackOverflow ma isi nofoaga (O le a ou tuʻuina atu ia te oe se faʻataʻitaʻiga , lea foi ). E fa'aoga e le fa'atonuina o le fa'atonu ma le DevOps le tele o fa'atonuga ma mea fa'aoga e fa'atulaga ai 'au'aunaga, ae e o'o lava i tagata su'esu'e atonu e le lava le fa'atonuga o lo'o lisiina. Atonu e te manaʻomia le siakiina o le saʻo o se taimi faigata i le va o le kalani ma le server, poʻo le faʻaogaina o le server pe a leai se avanoa avanoa. Ou te le o talanoa e uiga i, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Docker, lea o loʻo faʻaaogaina nei e le tele o kamupani. Mata e manaia, o se vaega o le faʻaauauina o lenei faʻamatalaga tusiga, e vaʻavaʻai i le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaaogaina o faʻaoga faʻamafanafana Linux i le faagasologa o suʻega auaunaga? Fa'asoa fo'i au 'au pito i luga ile fa'amatalaga :)
puna: www.habr.com