E totoe ni nai aso seia oʻo i le amataga o se tafe fou i le fua mai OTUS. I lenei tulaga, matou te fia faʻasoa atu ia te oe se faaliliuga o mea aoga i luga o le autu.
Se fa'asologa o fa'amatalaga blog i luga o fautuaga ma togafiti mo fa'afitauli o le IPv6 ping (ICMPv6 Echo Request/Echo Reply)
Faamolemole ia matau o loʻo ou faʻaaogaina Linux (faʻapitoa Fedora 31), peitaʻi o le ping command syntax mo isi faiga faʻaoga e tatau ona faʻamoemoe e tutusa lelei.
Ping uma nodes IPv6 i luga o se alalaupapa
O le fa'amatalaga muamua ma le faigofie o le ping uma IPv6 nodes i luga o le so'oga.
IPv6 fa'aoga tuatusi fa'asalalau mo ituaiga uma o feso'ota'iga tasi-i-tele. E leai ni fa'asalalauga (po'o fa'asalalauga) tuatusi IPv6. O lenei mea e fa'aeseese ai le IPv6 mai le IPv4, lea e tele ituaiga o fa'asalalauga fa'asalalauga, mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, o le tuatusi "fa'atapula'a" tuatusi 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai le tuatusi IPv6 "all-nodes multicast", o lea o le a matou faʻaogaina ai e ping uma IPv6 nodes i luga o le soʻotaga. (O se tuatusi "faasalalauga" e moni lava na o se tuatusi faakomepiuta igoa faapitoa, o se vaega telecast e aofia ai nodes uma. Manatua, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le "vaega" poʻo le tele o tuatusi tuatusi o loʻo faʻaalia i tuatusi faʻasalalauga Ethernet i le laina fesoʻotaʻiga. ).
Tulaga IPv6 fa'asalalau uma fa'aulaula mo le alalaupapa: ff02::1. ff e fa'ailoa ai se tuatusi IPv6 fa'asalalau tele. O le isi 0 o le vaega lea o le fu'a o lo'o i ai vaega e le'i setiina.
atili 2 fa'amatala le vaega o se vaega multicast. E le pei o tuatusi IPv4 multicast, o tuatusi IPv6 telecast e iai le lautele. O le tau o le lautele o loʻo faʻaalia ai le vaega o le fesoʻotaʻiga lea e faʻatagaina ai le tuʻuina atu o se pepa multicast. O le taimi lava e o'o atu ai se pepa i le tuaoi o le lautele ua fa'amaonia, e tatau ona pa'u i lalo le pepa, tusa lava po'o lona fanua o le Hop Count e leai se mea. O le mea moni, afai e o'o le numera o le hop i le zero a'o le'i o'o atu i le tuaoi o vaega multicast, e vave fo'i ona toe setiina. O le lisi atoa lea o le IPv6 multicast lautele.
Mulimuli ::1 fa'amaoti mai se vaega fa'asalalau fa'asalalau uma.
E uiga i le tuatusi ff02::1 E tatau ona maitauina e le mautonu. I luga o le IPv6 host ma le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga, e pei o le router poʻo le multihomed host, le tuatusi ff02::1 e leai se mea e mafai ona e faʻamaonia ai po o le fea atinaʻe e lafo ai ICMPv6 echo talosaga pe faʻamoemoe e maua tali ICMPv6 echo pe a latou taunuu. ff02::1 e aoga ma e mafai ona faʻaoga i soʻo se fesoʻotaʻiga ma alalaupapa faʻapipiʻi i le node multi-interface.
O lea la pe a matou ping uma IPv6 nodes i luga o se soʻotaga, matou te manaʻomia foi ona taʻu atu le aoga ping mo IPv6, lea fa'aoga e fa'aoga.
Fa'amatalaina o Feso'ota'iga - Filifiliga Laina Poloaiga
E pei ona uma ona tatou vaʻaia, o le tuatusi multicast-nodes uma tatou te manaʻo e faʻaogaina o le - ff02::1 - e le tu'uina atu so'o se fa'amatalaga e uiga i le fa'aoga e lafo ma maua mai le ICMPv6 echo request ma tali tali pa'u.
O lea la, e fa'afefea ona tatou fa'amaonia le fa'aoga e fa'aoga mo le telecast address space po'o le unicast Link-Local address space?
O le auala muamua ma sili ona manino o le tuʻuina atu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga i le talosaga o loʻo matou faʻaogaina.
Mo le aoga ping matou te tuuina atu e ala i le filifiliga -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$I le fa'aogaina o lenei ping multicast-nodes uma, na matou maua ai tali mai le 6 IPv6 nodes. Na maua tali mai tuatusi node Link-Local IPv6, amata ile prefix fe80::/10.
lea ping e le faʻaauauina le tuʻuina atu o talosaga a le ICMPv6 e faʻavavau seʻia oʻo ina matou faʻalavelaveina, matou te masani ona faʻamaonia le numera o pepa e lafo e ala i le filifiliga -c. Ae ui i lea, e taofia ai foi le ping mai le taliaina ma le faʻaalia o le sili atu ma le tasi le ICMPv6 echo tali pe a tuʻuina atu le multicast ICMPv6 echo request. Nai lo lena, na matou faʻaogaina le -w filifiliga e faʻamaonia ai e tatau ona maeʻa le ping pe a maeʻa le 1 sekone, tusa lava po o le a le tele o talosaga a le ICMPv6 poʻo tali tali na lafoina pe mauaina.
O le isi mea e tatau ona gauai i ai o le (DUP!) galuega faatino i tali lona lua ma tali mulimuli ane. O nei pepa o lo'o fa'ailoaina o ni tali fa'alua ona e tutusa le fa'asologa o le ICMP e pei o talosaga a le ICMPv6 ta'ito'atasi na lafo muamua. E aliali mai ona ole talosaga ole ICMPv6 multicast echo e maua ai le tele o tali unicast ta'ito'atasi. Ole numera o fa'alua o lo'o fa'ailoa mai fo'i ile aotelega o fa'amaumauga.
Fa'amatalaina o Feso'ota'iga - Sone ID
O le isi auala e faʻaalia ai se atinaʻe mo le faʻaogaina o se vaega o le tuatusi IPv6 faʻasologa.
E mafai ona tatou vaʻai i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o lenei mea i le ping output, lea o loʻo i ai i tuatusi o le tali a le IPv6 hosts le suffix. %enp3s2, mo se faataitaiga:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msO lenei metotia o le faʻamalamalamaina o fesoʻotaʻiga o loʻo faʻamatalaina aloaia i le [RFC4007], "IPv6 Defined Address Architecture." E ui lava e masani ona taʻua o le faʻaogaina o faiga faʻaoga, latou te faʻamalamalamaina se mea e sili atu ona lautele-o se "sone" poʻo le "vaʻaiga."
O le mafuaʻaga o le tele o sone lautele poʻo sone lautele, e pei ona taʻua i le [RFC4007], o le IPv6 node e mafai ona iai ni fesoʻotaʻiga IPv6 eseese e fesoʻotaʻi i le ala tutusa. O nei feso'ota'iga o sui o le sone e tasi.
E tatau ona mafai ona tu'ufa'atasia le tele o feso'ota'iga i totonu o se sone i lalo ole faiga fa'aoga; I le taimi nei ou te le iloa pe mafai lenei mea i lalo o Linux pe faʻafefea ona fai.
Fa'aaogaina o le suffix %<zone_id>, e mafai ona tatou aveese le filifiliga laina poloaiga -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$So'oga-Fa'alotoifale Tali
Mai lenei mea uma-nodes multicast ping na matou mauaina le aofaʻi o tali tulaga ese e 6.
O nei tali na sau mai tuatusi Unicast Link-Local IPv6 host addresss. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tali muamua lea:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msUnicast Link-Local IPv6 tuatusi e manaʻomia i luga o fesoʻotaʻiga uma IPv6-faʻaogaina [RFC4291], "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture". O le mafuaaga o lenei mea o le IPv6 node e otometi lava ona i ai se tuatusi IPv6 unicast, lea e mafai ona faʻaogaina e fesoʻotaʻi ai ma isi pona i luga o ona soʻotaga fesoʻotaʻi tuusao. E aofia ai le fesoʻotaʻi ma talosaga i isi 'au e ala ile Link-Local host address.
E fa'afaigofieina le mamanu ma le fa'atinoga o fa'atonuga e pei ole IPv6 Neighbor Discovery ma le OSPFv3. E fa'ataga ai fo'i talosaga fa'au'u i luga o 'au e fa'afeso'ota'i i luga o le alaleo e aunoa ma le mana'omia o so'o se isi mea e lagolagoina ai le IPv6 i luga o le alalaupapa. Feso'ota'iga tuusa'o i le va o 'au IPv6 feso'ota'i e le mana'omia se fa'auila IPv6 po'o le server DHCPv6 i luga o le feso'ota'iga.
Link-Local tuatusi e amata ile 10-bit prefix fe80, sosoo ai ma le 54 zero bits ona sosoo ai lea ma le 64-bit interface identifier (IID). I le tali muamua i luga 2392:6213:a15b:66ff o se 64-bit IID.
Looped Multicast
Ona o le faaletonu, e toe faafoi atu pepa multicast i totonu i le node na auina atu ai. E tupu lenei mea mo tuatusi IPv6 ma IPv4.
O le mafuaʻaga o lenei amioga le lelei o le a tuʻuina atu pepa multicast, e mafai foi ona i ai se faʻalogo i le lotoifale multicast talosaga o loʻo faʻaogaina i luga o le 'au na auina atu lava ia, faʻapea foʻi ma se mea i luga o le upega tafailagi. O lenei talosaga fa'apitonu'u e tatau fo'i ona maua ni pepa fa'asalalau tele.
E mafai ona matou vaʻai i lenei faʻaoga faʻapitonuʻu multicast i la matou ping output:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...O le tali muamua ma le vave (0,106 ms pe a fa'atusatusa i le 0,453 ms) e sau mai le tuatusi Link-Local ua fa'atulagaina i luga o le atina'e lava ia. enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$Тилита ping e maua ai se auala e taofiofia ai manatu fa'asalalau fa'apitonu'u e fa'aaoga ai le parakalafa -L. Afai tatou te auina atu se ping multicast uma-nodes ma lenei fuʻa, ona faʻatapulaʻa lea o tali i nodes mamao. Matou te le maua se tali mai le Link-Local address o le faʻasalalauga tuʻuina atu.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Ping Link-Tulaga Fa'apitonu'u
E pei ona e mateina, o tuatusi Link-Local tuatusi na o latou lava e le lava ni faʻamatalaga e faʻaalia ai le faʻaoga e faʻaoga e oʻo atu ai. E pei o ping multicast uma-nodes, e manaʻomia foʻi ona tatou faʻamaonia le faʻaoga o se laina laina faʻatonu ping po'o le ID sone ma le tuatusi pe a ping i tuatusi Link-Local.
O le taimi lenei e mafai ona tatou faʻaaogaina -ce fa'atapula'a le aofa'i o pepa ma tali na lafo ma maua ping, talu ai o loʻo matou faia le ping unicast.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (uma) isi tuatusi IPv6?
I lenei tusiga, na matou vaʻavaʻai pe faʻafefea ona ping uma IPv6 nodes i luga o se alalaupapa e faʻaaoga ai se tuatusi IPv6 multicast uma-nodes. ff02::1. Na matou vaʻai foʻi pe faʻafefea ona faʻamaonia po o le a le faʻaoga e faʻaoga i se tuatusi IPv6 multicast uma-nodes, talu ai e le mafai e le tuatusi lava ia ona tuʻuina atu lenei faʻamatalaga. Na matou faʻaaogaina le filifiliga laina laina ping, poʻo faʻamaoti le atinaʻe e faʻaaoga ai le suffix %<zone_id>.
Ona matou aʻoaʻoina lea e uiga i tuatusi Unicast Link-Local, o tuatusi ia e faʻaaogaina e tali atu ai i faʻamatalaga uma multicast ICMPv6 echo requests.
Na matou vaʻai foʻi pe faʻafefea ona toe faʻafoʻi atu paʻu multicast i le node auina atu e ala i le le mafai ma pe faʻafefea ona faʻamalo lenei mea mo le aoga. ping.
Mulimuli ane, na matou pingina se tuatusi Link-Local e tasi e faʻaaoga ai le suffix %<zone_id>, talu ai o tuatusi Link-Local latou lava e le tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga e uiga i le atinaʻe fafo.
Ae fa'afefea la ping isi pona uma ma maua a latou tuatusi unicast lalolagi (GUAs) (o lona uiga, o latou tuatusi lautele i luga ole Initaneti) po'o a latou tuatusi fa'apitonu'u tulaga ese (ULAs)? O le a tatou vaʻavaʻai i lenei mea i le isi blog post.
Pau lava lena.
E mafai ona e iloa atili e uiga i la matou kosi i.
puna: www.habr.com