Fa'amaoniga aloa'ia o le fa'amaoniga lea o le tasi polokalame po'o le algorithm e fa'aoga ai le isi.
O se tasi lea o auala sili ona malosi e mafai ai ona e suʻeina faʻafitauli uma i totonu o se polokalame pe faʻamaonia e le o iai.
O se fa'amatalaga auiliili o fa'amaoniga aloa'ia e mafai ona va'aia i le fa'ata'ita'iga o le fo'ia o le fa'afitauli o i la'u tusiga muamua.
I lenei tusiga ou te alu ese mai le faʻamaonia aloaia o faʻafitauli i polokalame ma faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea
e fa'afefea ona fa'aliliuina i faiga fa'atulafonoina otometi.
Ina ia faia lenei mea, sa ou tusia laʻu lava analogue o se masini komepiuta, e faʻaaoga ai faʻavae faʻatusa.
E fa'avasega le fa'ailoga o le polokalame ma fa'aliliu i se faiga fa'atusa (SMT), lea e mafai ona fo'ia fa'apolokalame.
Talu ai o faʻamatalaga e uiga i faʻatusatusaga faʻatusa o loʻo tuʻuina atu i luga o le Initaneti i se vaega faʻapitoa,
O le a ou faamatalaina puupuu pe o le a.
Fa'ailoga fa'atusa o se auala e fa'atino ai i le taimi e tasi se polokalame i luga o le tele o fa'amaumauga ma o le meafaigaluega autu mo le fa'amaoniaina o polokalame aloaia.
Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e mafai ona tatou faʻatulagaina tulaga faʻaoga e mafai ai e le finauga muamua ona ave soʻo se tulaga lelei, o le lona lua le lelei, lona tolu zero, ma le faʻamatalaga o galuega, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, 42.
O faʻatusatusaga faʻatusa i le tasi taʻavale o le a maua ai le tali pe mafai ona tatou maua le manaʻoga ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga o se seti o ia mea faʻaoga. Po'o le fa'amaoniga e leai ni fa'ailoga fa'apea.
E le gata i lea, e mafai ona tatou setiina faʻamatalaga tuʻufaʻatasia i mea uma e mafai, ma filifili naʻo mea e fai, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, le password administrator.
I lenei tulaga, o le a matou mauaina uma faʻafitauli o le polokalama poʻo le mauaina o faʻamaoniga e saogalemu le faʻaupuga a le pule.
E mafai ona maitauina o le faʻatinoina masani o se polokalame faʻatasi ai ma faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa faʻapipiʻi o se tulaga faʻapitoa o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatusa.
O le mea lea, o laʻu amio VM e mafai foi ona galue i le faʻataʻitaʻiga o se masini faʻapitoa masani.
I faʻamatalaga i le tusiga muamua e mafai e se tasi ona maua se faitioga talafeagai o le faʻamaonia aloaia ma se talanoaga o ona vaivaiga.
O faafitauli autu o:
- Pa'u tu'ufa'atasi, talu ai o fa'amaoniga aloa'ia e o'o mai i lalo i le P=NP
- O le faʻaogaina o telefoni i le faila faila, fesoʻotaʻiga ma isi mea e teu ai fafo e sili atu ona faigata ona faʻamaonia
- Bugs i le faʻamatalaga, pe a faʻamoemoe le tagata faʻatau poʻo le programmer se mea se tasi, ae leʻi faʻamatalaina saʻo i le faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa.
O se taunuuga, o le polokalama o le a faʻamaonia ma tausisia le faʻamatalaga, ae o le a faia se mea e matua ese lava mai mea na faʻamoemoeina e le au foafoa.
Talu ai i lenei tusiga o loʻo ou mafaufau tele i le faʻaogaina o le faʻamaoniga aloaia i le faʻatinoga, o le a ou le tuʻi loʻu ulu i luga o le puipui mo le taimi nei, ma o le a filifilia se faiga e laʻititi ai le lavelave algorithmic ma le numera o telefoni i fafo.
Talu ai o konekarate atamai e sili ona fetaui ma nei manaʻoga, o le filifiliga na pa'ū i luga o konekarate RIDE mai le Waves platform: latou te leʻi maeʻa Turing, ma o latou lavelave aupito maualuga e faʻatapulaʻaina.
Ae o le a tatou iloiloina naʻo latou mai le itu faʻapitoa.
I le faʻaopoopoga i mea uma, o le faʻamaoniga aloaia o le a sili ona manaʻomia mo soʻo se konekarate: e masani lava e le mafai ona faʻasaʻo se mea sese konekarate pe a uma ona faʻalauiloa.
Ma o le tau o ia mea sese e mafai ona maualuga tele, talu ai o le tele o tupe e masani ona teuina i luga o konekarate atamai.
O la'u masini fa'atusa fa'atusa o lo'o tusia i le PHP ma le Python, ma fa'aaoga le Z3Prover mai le Su'esu'ega a Microsoft e fo'ia ai fua fa'atatau SMT.
I lona autu o se suʻesuʻega tele-transaction mamana, lea
fa'atagaina oe e su'e fofo po'o fa'aletonu, tusa lava pe mana'omia le tele o fefa'atauaiga.
E oo lava i le , o se tasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatusa sili ona malosi mo le sailia o faʻafitauli o le Ethereum, naʻo le faʻaopoopoina o lenei gafatia i nai masina talu ai.
Ae e taua le matauina o konekarate eter e sili atu ona faigata ma ua maeʻa Turing.
PHP fa'aliliuina le code source o le RIDE smart contract i se python script, lea o lo'o tu'uina atu ai le polokalame o se faiga e fetaui ma le Z3 SMT o setete ma aiaiga mo a latou suiga:
O lea o le a ou faʻamatalaina mea o loʻo tupu i totonu i le auiliiliga.
Ae muamua, o nai upu e uiga i le gagana konekarate atamai RIDE.
Ose gagana fa'apolokalame fa'atino ma fa'aaliga e paie ile mamanu.
O le RIDE e alu ese i totonu o le poloka poloka ma e mafai ona toe aumai ma tusi faʻamatalaga mai le teuina e fesoʻotaʻi ma le atotupe a le tagata faʻaoga.
E mafai ona e fa'apipi'i se konekarate RIDE i atotupe ta'itasi, ma o le fa'ai'uga o le fa'ataunu'uina o le a na'o le MONI po'o le SESE.
TRUE o lona uiga o le konekarate atamai e faʻatagaina le fefaʻatauaiga, ma le FALSE o lona uiga e faʻasaina.
O se fa'ata'ita'iga faigofie: e mafai e se fa'amaumauga ona fa'asa le tu'uina atu pe afai o le paleni atotupe e itiiti ifo i le 100.
Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le a ou ave le Wolf, Goat, ma Cabbage, ae ua uma ona tuʻuina atu i le tulaga o se konekarate atamai.
O le a le mafai e le tagata faʻaoga ona aveese tupe mai le atotupe o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai le konekarate seia oʻo ina ia auina atu tagata uma i le isi itu.
#Извлекаем положение всех объектов из блокчейна
let contract = tx.sender
let human= extract(getInteger(contract,"human"))
let wolf= extract(getInteger(contract,"wolf"))
let goat= extract(getInteger(contract,"goat"))
let cabbage= extract(getInteger(contract,"cabbage"))
#Это так называемая дата-транзакция, в которой пользователь присылает новые 4 переменные.
#Контракт разрешит её только в случае если все объекты останутся в сохранности.
match tx {
case t:DataTransaction =>
#Извлекаем будущее положение всех объектов из транзакции
let newHuman= extract(getInteger(t.data,"human"))
let newWolf= extract(getInteger(t.data,"wolf"))
let newGoat= extract(getInteger(t.data,"goat"))
let newCabbage= extract(getInteger(t.data,"cabbage"))
#0 обозначает, что объект на левом берегу, а 1 что на правом
let humanSide= human == 0 || human == 1
let wolfSide= wolf == 0 || wolf == 1
let goatSide= goat == 0 || goat == 1
let cabbageSide= cabbage == 0 || cabbage == 1
let side= humanSide && wolfSide && goatSide && cabbageSide
#Будут разрешены только те транзакции, где с козой никого нет в отсутствии фермера.
let safeAlone= newGoat != newWolf && newGoat != newCabbage
let safe= safeAlone || newGoat == newHuman
let humanTravel= human != newHuman
#Способы путешествия фермера туда и обратно, с кем-то либо в одиночку.
let t1= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf + 1 && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage
let t2= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat + 1 && newCabbage == cabbage
let t3= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage + 1
let t4= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf - 1 && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage
let t5= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat - 1 && newCabbage == cabbage
let t6= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage - 1
let t7= humanTravel && newWolf == wolf && newGoat == goat && newCabbage == cabbage
let objectTravel = t1 || t2 || t3 || t4 || t5 || t6 || t7
#Последняя строка в разделе транзакции описывает разрешающее транзакцию условие.
#Переменные транзакции должны иметь значения 1 или 0, все объекты должны
#быть в безопасности, а фермер должен переплывать реку в одиночку
#или с кем-то на каждом шагу
side && safe && humanTravel && objectTravel
case s:TransferTransaction =>
#Транзакция вывода средств разрешена только в случае если все переплыли на другой берег
human == 1 && wolf == 1 && goat == 1 && cabbage == 1
#Все прочие типы транзакций запрещены
case _ => false
}
O le PHP muamua e aveese uma fesuiaiga mai le konekarate atamai i foliga o latou ki ma le fesuiaiga o le Boolean expression talafeagai.
cabbage: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "cabbage" ) )
goat: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "goat" ) )
human: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "human" ) )
wolf: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "wolf" ) )
fState: human== 1 && wolf== 1 && goat== 1 && cabbage== 1
fState:
wolf:
goat:
cabbage:
cabbageSide: cabbage== 0 || cabbage== 1
human: extract ( getInteger ( contract , "human" ) )
newGoat: extract ( getInteger ( t.data , "goat" ) )
newHuman: extract ( getInteger ( t.data , "human" ) )
goatSide: goat== 0 || goat== 1
humanSide: human== 0 || human== 1
t7: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage
t3: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage + 1
t6: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage - 1
t2: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat + 1 && newCabbage== cabbage
t5: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf && newGoat== goat - 1 && newCabbage== cabbage
t1: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf + 1 && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage
t4: humanTravel && newWolf== wolf - 1 && newGoat== goat && newCabbage== cabbage
safeAlone: newGoat != newWolf && newGoat != newCabbage
wolfSide: wolf== 0 || wolf== 1
humanTravel: human != newHuman
side: humanSide && wolfSide && goatSide && cabbageSide
safe: safeAlone || newGoat== newHuman
objectTravel: t1 || t2 || t3 || t4 || t5 || t6 || t7
PHP ona liua lea i latou ile Z3Prover SMT-compatible system description ile Python.
O faʻamaumauga o loʻo afifiina i totonu o se matasele, lea e maua ai e le teuina o fesuiaiga le faasino igoa i, fesuiaiga o fefaʻatauaiga i + 1, ma fesuiaiga ma faʻamatalaga e seti ai tulafono mo le suiga mai le setete muamua i le isi.
O le fatu tonu lea o la tatou masini komepiuta, lea e maua ai se masini su'esu'e tele-transactional.
fState: And( And( And( human[Steps] == 1 , wolf[Steps] == 1 ) , goat[Steps] == 1 ) , cabbage[Steps] == 1 )
final: fState[Steps]
fState:
wolf:
goat:
cabbage:
cabbageSide: Or( cabbage[i] == 0 , cabbage[i] == 1 )
goatSide: Or( goat[i] == 0 , goat[i] == 1 )
humanSide: Or( human[i] == 0 , human[i] == 1 )
t7: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t3: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] + 1 )
t6: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] - 1 )
t2: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] + 1 ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t5: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] - 1 ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t1: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] + 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
t4: And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf == wolf[i] - 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage == cabbage[i] )
safeAlone: And( goat[i+1] != wolf , goat[i+1] != cabbage )
wolfSide: Or( wolf[i] == 0 , wolf[i] == 1 )
humanTravel: human[i] != human[i+1]
side: And( And( And( humanSide[i] , wolfSide[i] ) , goatSide[i] ) , cabbageSide[i] )
safe: Or( safeAlone[i] , goat[i+1] == human[i+1] )
objectTravel: Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( t1[i] , t2[i] ) , t3[i] ) , t4[i] ) , t5[i] ) , t6[i] ) , t7[i] )
data: And( And( And( side[i] , safe[i] ) , humanTravel[i] ) , objectTravel[i] )
O tu'utu'uga e fa'avasega ma fa'aofi i totonu o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asologa e fa'amatala ai le SMT system i le Python.
Fa'ata'ita'iga avanoa
import json
from z3 import *
s = Solver()
Steps=7
Num= Steps+1
$code$
#template, only start rest
s.add(data + start)
#template
s.add(final)
ind = 0
f = open("/var/www/html/all/bin/python/log.txt", "a")
while s.check() == sat:
ind = ind +1
print ind
m = s.model()
print m
print "traversing model..."
#for d in m.decls():
#print "%s = %s" % (d.name(), m[d])
f.write(str(m))
f.write("nn")
exit()
#s.add(Or(goat[0] != s.model()[data[0]] )) # prevent next model from using the same assignment as a previous model
print "Total solution number: "
print ind
f.close()
Mo le setete mulimuli i le filifili atoa, o tulafono o loʻo faʻamaonia i le vaega o fefaʻatauaiga o fefaʻatauaiga e faʻaaogaina.
O lona uiga o le Z3Prover o le a su'e tonu ia seti o aiaiga e iu ai ina fa'atagaina tupe e aveese mai le konekarate.
O le i'uga, e otometi lava ona matou maua se fa'ata'ita'iga SMT atoatoa o le matou konekarate.
E mafai ona e vaʻai e talitutusa lava ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga mai laʻu tusiga muamua, lea na ou tuufaatasia ma le lima.
Fa'ata'ita'iga ua mae'a
import json
from z3 import *
s = Solver()
Steps=7
Num= Steps+1
human = [ Int('human_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
wolf = [ Int('wolf_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
goat = [ Int('goat_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
cabbage = [ Int('cabbage_%i' % (i + 1)) for i in range(Num) ]
nothing= [ And( human[i] == human[i+1], wolf[i] == wolf[i+1], goat[i] == goat[i+1], cabbage[i] == cabbage[i+1] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
start= [ human[0] == 1, wolf[0] == 0, goat[0] == 1, cabbage[0] == 0 ]
safeAlone= [ And( goat[i+1] != wolf[i+1] , goat[i+1] != cabbage[i+1] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
safe= [ Or( safeAlone[i] , goat[i+1] == human[i+1] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
humanTravel= [ human[i] != human[i+1] for i in range(Num-1) ]
cabbageSide= [ Or( cabbage[i] == 0 , cabbage[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
goatSide= [ Or( goat[i] == 0 , goat[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
humanSide= [ Or( human[i] == 0 , human[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t7= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t3= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] + 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t6= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] - 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t2= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] + 1 ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t5= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] - 1 ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t1= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] + 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
t4= [ And( And( And( humanTravel[i] , wolf[i+1] == wolf[i] - 1 ) , goat[i+1] == goat[i] ) , cabbage[i+1] == cabbage[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
wolfSide= [ Or( wolf[i] == 0 , wolf[i] == 1 ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
side= [ And( And( And( humanSide[i] , wolfSide[i] ) , goatSide[i] ) , cabbageSide[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
objectTravel= [ Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( Or( t1[i] , t2[i] ) , t3[i] ) , t4[i] ) , t5[i] ) , t6[i] ) , t7[i] ) for i in range(Num-1) ]
data= [ Or( And( And( And( side[i] , safe[i] ) , humanTravel[i] ) , objectTravel[i] ) , nothing[i]) for i in range(Num-1) ]
fState= And( And( And( human[Steps] == 1 , wolf[Steps] == 1 ) , goat[Steps] == 1 ) , cabbage[Steps] == 1 )
final= fState
#template, only start rest
s.add(data + start)
#template
s.add(final)
ind = 0
f = open("/var/www/html/all/bin/python/log.txt", "a")
while s.check() == sat:
ind = ind +1
print ind
m = s.model()
print m
print "traversing model..."
#for d in m.decls():
#print "%s = %s" % (d.name(), m[d])
f.write(str(m))
f.write("nn")
exit()
#s.add(Or(goat[0] != s.model()[data[0]] )) # prevent next model from using the same assignment as a previous model
print "Total solution number: "
print ind
f.close()
A maeʻa le faʻalauiloaina, ua foia e le Z3Prover le konekarate atamai ma tuʻuina mai ia i matou se filifili o fefaʻatauaiga e mafai ai ona matou faaui i tua tupe:
Winning transaction chain found:
Data transaction: human= 0, wolf= 0, goat= 1, cabbage= 0
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 0, goat= 1, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 0, wolf= 0, goat= 0, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 1, goat= 0, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 0, wolf= 1, goat= 0, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 1, goat= 1, cabbage= 1
Data transaction: human= 1, wolf= 1, goat= 1, cabbage= 1
Transfer transaction
I le faaopoopo atu i le konekarate vaʻa, e mafai ona e faʻataʻitaʻi i au lava konekarate pe faʻataʻitaʻi lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie, lea e foia i le 2 fefaʻatauaiga.
let contract = tx.sender
let a= extract(getInteger(contract,"a"))
let b= extract(getInteger(contract,"b"))
let c= extract(getInteger(contract,"c"))
let d= extract(getInteger(contract,"d"))
match tx {
case t:DataTransaction =>
let na= extract(getInteger(t.data,"a"))
let nb= extract(getInteger(t.data,"b"))
let nc= extract(getInteger(t.data,"c"))
let nd= extract(getInteger(t.data,"d"))
nd == 0 || a == 100 - 5
case s:TransferTransaction =>
( a + b - c ) * d == 12
case _ => true
}
Talu ai o le lomiga muamua lea, o le syntax e matua faʻatapulaʻa ma e ono iai ni faʻailoga.
I tala o loʻo mulimuli mai, ou te fuafua e faʻapipiʻi le faʻalauteleina o le VM, ma faʻaalia pe faʻapefea ona e faia ni konekarate atamai faʻamaonia aloaia ma lana fesoasoani, ae le na o le foia.
O lo'o maua le masini fa'akomepiuta uiga i
A maeʻa ona tuʻuina le faʻailoga autu o le VM faʻatusa ma faʻaopoopo faʻamatalaga iina, ou te fuafua e tuʻu i luga ole GitHub mo avanoa saoloto.
puna: www.habr.com