E iloa e tagata uma o nei paita e ono, e masani ona faʻaalia i le hexadecimal format, e tuʻuina atu i le network card i le fale gaosimea, ma e foliga mai e faʻafuaseʻi. O nisi tagata latou te iloa o paita muamua e tolu o le tuatusi o le ID gaosi oloa, ma o isi paita e tolu e tuʻuina atu ia i latou. E iloa foi e mafai ona e setiina oe lava soʻona fai tuatusi. E to'atele tagata ua fa'alogo e uiga i "tuatusi fa'afuase'i" ile Wi-Fi.
Se'i tatou iloa po o le a.
O le tuatusi MAC (tuatusi faʻasalalauga avanoa) o se faʻamatalaga tulaga ese e tuʻuina atu i se fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga, faʻaaogaina i fesoʻotaʻiga o tulaga IEEE 802, aemaise lava Ethernet, Wi-Fi ma Bluetooth. Ua ta'ua aloa'ia o le "EUI-48 type identifier". Mai le igoa e iloagofie ai o le tuatusi e 48 bits umi, i.e. 6 paita. E leai se tulaga masani e taliaina mo le tusiaina o se tuatusi (e ese mai i le tuatusi IPv4, lea e masani ona tuueseese ai octets i togitogi e masani ona tusia i numera hexadecimal e ono e vavaeina e se kolone: 00:AB:CD:EF:11: 22, e ui lava o nisi tagata gaosi meafaigaluega latou te fiafia i le faʻailoga 00 -AB-CD-EF-11-22 ma e oʻo lava i le 00ab.cdef.1122.
I aso ua mavae, sa fa'apolokalameina tuatusi i totonu o le chipset ROM o le network card ma e le mafai ona suia e aunoa ma se flash programmer, ae o aso nei e mafai ona suia le tuatusi i le fa'apolokalameina mai le operating system. E mafai ona e setiina lima le tuatusi MAC o le network card i totonu Linux ma MacOS (i taimi uma), Windows (toetoe lava o taimi uma, pe afai e faʻatagaina e le avetaavale), Android (ua na'o le rooted); fa'atasi ai ma le iOS (e aunoa ma le root) e le mafai se togafiti fa'apena.
Fa'atulagaina o tuatusi
O le tuatusi o lo'o i ai se vaega o le fa'ailoaina a le kamupani gaosi oloa, OUI, ma se fa'amatalaga ua tofia e le kamupani gaosi oloa. Tofiga ole OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) identifiers faalapotopotoga IEEE. O le mea moni, o lona umi e le gata i le 3 bytes (24 bits), ae 28 poʻo le 36 bits, mai ai poloka (MAC Address Block, MA) o tuatusi o ituaiga Large (MA-L), Medium (MA-M) ma Laiti e fai (MA-S) ta'itasi. O le tele o le poloka tuʻuina atu, i lenei tulaga, o le a 24, 20, 12 bits poʻo 16 miliona, 1 miliona, 4 afe tuatusi. O loʻo i ai nei pe tusa ma le 38 afe poloka o loʻo tufatufaina, e mafai ona vaʻaia e faʻaaoga ai le tele o meafaigaluega i luga ole laiga, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo .
O ai e ona tuatusi?
Faigofie faiga o avanoa lautele E maua e le IEEE le tele o faʻamatalaga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o nisi faʻalapotopotoga ua latou aveina le tele o poloka OUI mo i latou lava. O a tatou toa nei:
Fa'atau
Numera o poloka/faamaumauga
Numera o tuatusi, miliona
Cisco Systems Inc
888
14208
apu
772
12352
Samsung
636
10144
Huawei Technologies Co.Ltd
606
9696
Intel Corporation
375
5776
ARRIS Group Inc.
319
5104
Nokia Corporation
241
3856
patino
232
2704
pepa faaletulafono Texas
212
3392
zte kamupani
198
3168
Pulega Resitala IEEE
194
3072
Hewlett Packard
149
2384
Afioga Hon Hai Sa'o
136
2176
TP-LINK
134
2144
Dell Inc.
123
1968
Juniper Networks
110
1760
Sagemcom Broadband SAS
97
1552
Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co. LTD
97
1552
Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
88
1408
Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp.Ltd
82
1312
Google e na'o le 40 o latou, ma e le o se mea e ofo ai: latou te le maua le tele o masini feso'otaiga.
O poloka MA e le tuʻuina atu e aunoa ma se totogi, e mafai ona faʻatau mo se tau talafeagai (e aunoa ma se totogi o le lesitala) mo le $ 3000, $ 1800 poʻo le $ 755, i le faasologa. O le mea e malie ai, mo tupe faʻaopoopo (i le tausaga) e mafai ona e faʻatauina le "natia" o faʻamatalaga lautele e uiga i le poloka tuʻufaʻatasia. Ua 232 nei i latou, e pei ona vaaia i luga.
O afea tatou te le maua ai tuatusi MAC?
Matou te matua vaivai uma lava i tala o loʻo faʻaauau mo le 10 tausaga e faapea "O tuatusi IPv4 ua lata ina uma." Ioe, o poloka IPv4 fou ua le toe faigofie ona maua. Ua iloa o tuatusi IP ; O lo'o i ai ni poloka tetele ma le fa'aaogaina o lo'o umia e fa'alapotopotoga tetele ma lala sooupu a le malo o Amerika, peita'i, e itiiti le fa'amoemoe e toe tufa atu ia i latou o lo'o mana'omia. O le faʻateleina o le NAT, CG-NAT ma le IPv6 ua faʻaititia ai le faʻafitauli o le le lava o faʻasalalauga lautele.
O se tuatusi MAC e 48 bits, o le 46 e mafai ona manatu "aoga" (aisea? faitau i luga), lea e tuʻuina atu ai le 246 poʻo le 1014 tuatusi, lea e 214 taimi e sili atu nai lo le avanoa tuatusi IPv4.
I le taimi nei, e tusa ma le afa tiliona tuatusi ua tufatufaina, pe naʻo le 0.73% o le aofaʻi atoa. O loʻo matou matua mamao lava mai le leai o ni tuatusi MAC.
Fa'ailoga fa'afuase'i
E mafai ona faʻapea o le OUI e tufatufa faʻafuaseʻi, ma o le tagata faʻatau na te tuʻuina atu faʻapitoa tuatusi i masini fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitasi. E fa'apea? Seʻi o tatou vaʻavaʻai i le tufatufaina atu o mea i totonu o faʻamaumauga o tuatusi MAC o 802.11 masini i loʻu tuʻuina atu, aoina mai e ala i faiga faʻatagaina i totonu o fesoʻotaiga vavave. . O tuatusi e patino i masini moni e fesoʻotaʻi i le Wi-Fi i le tele o tausaga i atunuu e tolu. E le gata i lea o loʻo i ai se faʻamaumauga laiti o 802.3 telefoni LAN masini.
Se'i o tatou vaevae i lalo tuatusi MAC ta'itasi (ono paita) o fa'ata'ita'iga ta'itasi i ni fasi, ta'i ta'i ta'i, ma va'ai i le fa'afia ona tupu o le bit "1" i tulaga ta'itasi e 48. Afai o le bit e setiina i se faiga faʻapitoa, o le avanoa e maua ai le "1" e tatau ona 50%.
Filifiliga Wi-Fi Numera 1 (RF)
Fa'ata'ita'iga Wi-Fi Numera 2 (Belarus)
Filifiliga Wi-Fi Numera 3 (Uzbekistan)
LAN sampling (RF)
Numera o fa'amaumauga i totonu o fa'amaumauga
5929000
1274000
366000
1000
Numera bit:
% bit "1"
% bit "1"
% bit "1"
% bit "1"
1
48.6%
49.2%
50.7%
28.7%
2
44.8%
49.1%
47.7%
30.7%
3
46.7%
48.3%
46.8%
35.8%
4
48.0%
48.6%
49.8%
37.1%
5
45.7%
46.9%
47.0%
32.3%
6
46.6%
46.7%
47.8%
27.1%
7
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.7%
8
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9
48.1%
50.6%
49.4%
38.1%
10
49.1%
50.2%
47.4%
42.7%
11
50.8%
50.0%
50.6%
42.9%
12
49.0%
48.4%
48.2%
53.7%
13
47.6%
47.0%
46.3%
48.5%
14
47.5%
47.4%
51.7%
46.8%
15
48.3%
47.5%
48.7%
46.1%
16
50.6%
50.4%
51.2%
45.3%
17
49.4%
50.4%
54.3%
38.2%
18
49.8%
50.5%
51.5%
51.9%
19
51.6%
53.3%
53.9%
42.6%
20
46.6%
46.1%
45.5%
48.4%
21
51.7%
52.9%
47.7%
48.9%
22
49.2%
49.6%
41.6%
49.8%
23
51.2%
50.9%
47.0%
41.9%
24
49.5%
50.2%
50.1%
47.5%
25
47.1%
47.3%
47.7%
44.2%
26
48.6%
48.6%
49.2%
43.9%
27
49.8%
49.0%
49.7%
48.9%
28
49.3%
49.3%
49.7%
55.1%
29
49.5%
49.4%
49.8%
49.8%
30
49.8%
49.8%
49.7%
52.1%
31
49.5%
49.7%
49.6%
46.6%
32
49.4%
49.7%
49.5%
47.5%
33
49.4%
49.8%
49.7%
48.3%
34
49.7%
50.0%
49.6%
44.9%
35
49.9%
50.0%
50.0%
50.6%
36
49.9%
49.9%
49.8%
49.1%
37
49.8%
50.0%
49.9%
51.4%
38
50.0%
50.0%
49.8%
51.8%
39
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
55.7%
40
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
49.5%
41
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
52.2%
42
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
53.9%
43
50.1%
50.0%
50.3%
56.1%
44
50.1%
50.0%
50.1%
45.8%
45
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
50.1%
46
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
49.5%
47
49.2%
49.4%
49.7%
45.2%
48
49.9%
50.1%
50.7%
54.6%
Aisea le le tonu i le 7 ma le 8 bits? E toetoe lava o taimi uma e leai.
O le mea moni, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻamatalaina nei vaega e faʻapitoa ():
O le lona valu (mai le amataga) o le paita muamua o le tuatusi MAC e taʻua o le Unicast/Multicast bit ma fuafua poʻo le a le ituaiga o faʻavaa (ava) e tuʻuina atu i lenei tuatusi, masani (0) poʻo le faʻasalalauga (1) (faʻasalalau tele pe fa'asalalauga). Mo feso'ota'iga masani, feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga unicast, ua tu'u le vaega lea i le "0" i fa'aputu uma e lafo i ai.
O le pito lona fitu (mai le amataga) o le paita muamua o le tuatusi MAC e taʻua o le U/L (Universal/Local) bit ma fuafua pe o le tuatusi e tulaga ese i le lalolagi atoa (0), poʻo le tulaga faʻapitonuʻu (1). Ona o le le mafai, o tuatusi uma "gaosimea-su'i" e tulaga ese i le lalolagi atoa, o lea o le tele o tuatusi MAC ua aoina o loʻo i ai le pito fitu ua seti i le "0". I le laulau o faʻamatalaga OUI ua tofia, e naʻo le 130 faʻamaumauga e iai le U / L bit o le "1", ma e foliga mai o poloka ia o tuatusi MAC mo manaʻoga faʻapitoa.
Mai le ono i le pito muamua o le paita muamua, o fasi o le lona lua ma le tolu paita i totonu o faʻamatalaga OUI, ma sili atu foi i le 4-6 paita o le tuatusi o loʻo tuʻuina atu e le gaosi oloa e tufatufaina atu pe itiiti ifo foi. .
O le mea lea, i le tuatusi MAC moni o le fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga, o mea e tutusa lelei ma e leai se uiga faʻatekonolosi, seʻi vagana ai ni vaega se lua o le byte maualuga.
Fa'atele
O lo'o mafaufau po'o fea kamupani gaosi mea e fa'aogaina uaealesi e sili ona ta'uta'ua? Se'i tu'ufa'atasia le su'esu'ega i le OUI database ma fa'amaumauga mai le fa'ata'ita'iga Numera 1.
Fa'atau
Fa'asoa o masini,%
apu
26,09
Samsung
19,79
Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
7,80
Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
6,83
Sony Feso'ota'iga Fe'avea'i Inc
3,29
LG Electronics (Feso'ota'iga Fe'avea'i)
2,76
ASUSTek KOMPUTER INC.
2,58
TCT mobile Ltd
2,13
zte kamupani
2,00
e le maua i le IEEE database
1,92
Lenovo Mobile Feso'ota'iga Tekonolosi Ltd.
1,71
HTC Corporation
1,68
Murata Manufacturing
1,31
InPro Comm
1,26
Faalapotopotoga Microsoft
1,11
Shenzhen TINNO Mobile Technology Corp.
1,02
Motorola (Wuhan) Mobility Technologies Communication Co. Ltd.
0,93
Nokia Corporation
0,88
Shanghai Wind Technologies Co. Ltd
0,74
Lenovo Mobile Communication (Wuhan) Kamupani Limited
0,71
O faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaalia ai o le sili atu le manuia o le aufaipisinisi fesoʻotaʻiga uaealesi i se nofoaga tuʻuina atu, o le tele foi lea o le faʻasoa o masini Apple.
Tulaga ese
E tulaga ese tuatusi MAC? I le teori, ioe, talu ai e manaʻomia e tagata gaosi masini taʻitasi (MA poloka poloka) e tuʻuina atu se tuatusi tulaga ese mo fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitasi e gaosia. Ae ui i lea, o nisi kamupani gaosi oloa, e pei o:
- 00:0A:F5 Airgo Networks, Inc. (lea Qualcomm)
- 00:08:22 InPro Comm (lea MediaTek)
seti le tolu paita mulimuli o le tuatusi MAC i se numera faʻafuaseʻi, e foliga mai pe a uma ona toe faʻafouina masini taʻitasi. E 1 afe ia tuatusi i la'u fa'ata'ita'iga Numera 82.
E mafai, ioe, e te setiina oe lava i se tuatusi ese, e le tulaga ese e ala i le faʻatulagaina ma le faʻamoemoeina "pei o lou tuaoi", faʻailoa i se sogisogi, poʻo le filifilia faʻafuaseʻi. E mafai foi ona faʻafuaseʻi ona tuʻuina oe lava i se tuatusi e le faʻapitoa e, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, toe faʻafoʻisia se faʻamaumauga faʻapipiʻi o se router e pei o Mikrotik poʻo OpenWrt.
O le a le mea e tupu pe afai e lua masini i luga o le upega tafailagi ma le tuatusi MAC tutusa? E fa'alagolago uma lava i le fa'atatauga o masini feso'ota'iga (uaea uaea, uaea feso'ota'iga pule). E foliga mai, o masini uma e lua o le a le aoga pe o le a galue faʻafuaseʻi. Mai le vaaiga o tulaga IEEE, o le puipuiga mai le faʻaogaina o le tuatusi MAC o loʻo fuafua e foia e faʻaaoga, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, MACsec poʻo le 802.1X.
Ae faʻapefea pe a e faʻapipiʻi se MAC ma le fitu poʻo le valu bit seti i le "1", i.e. tuatusi fa'apitonu'u po'o fa'asalalauga tele? E foliga mai, o lau fesoʻotaʻiga o le a le gauai atu i lenei mea, ae o le tulaga aloaia o sea tuatusi o le a le tausisia le tulaga masani, ma e sili atu le aua le faia.
E fa'afefea ona galue fa'afuase'i
Matou te iloa ina ia puipuia le siakiina o gaioiga a tagata e ala i le suʻesuʻeina ma le aoina o galu o le ea, o loʻo faʻaogaina e le telefoni feaveaʻi MAC faiga faʻaogaina tekinolosi mo le tele o tausaga. I le talitonuga, pe a suʻesuʻeina le ea i le sailiga o fesoʻotaʻiga lauiloa, e auina atu e le telefoni se pusa (vaega o paʻu) o le ituaiga talosaga suʻesuʻe 802.11 ma le tuatusi MAC o le punavai:
O le faʻaogaina o le randomization e mafai ai ona e faʻamaonia e le o le "suʻi", ae o se isi tuatusi faʻapogai, suia i taʻamilosaga taʻitasi, i le aluga o taimi, poʻo se isi auala. E aoga? Sei o tatou tilotilo i fuainumera o tuatusi MAC na aoina mai le ea e le mea ua taʻua o le "Wi-Fi Radar":
Fa'ata'ita'iga atoa
Fa'ata'ita'i fa'atasi ma zero 7th bit
Numera o fa'amaumauga i totonu o fa'amaumauga
3920000
305000
Numera bit:
% bit "1"
% bit "1"
1
66.1%
43.3%
2
66.5%
43.4%
3
31.7%
43.8%
4
66.6%
46.4%
5
66.7%
45.7%
6
31.9%
46.4%
7
92.2%
0.0%
8
0.0%
0.0%
9
67.2%
47.5%
10
32.3%
45.6%
11
66.9%
45.3%
12
32.3%
46.8%
13
32.6%
50.1%
14
33.0%
56.1%
15
32.5%
45.0%
16
67.2%
48.3%
17
33.2%
56.9%
18
33.3%
56.8%
19
33.3%
56.3%
20
66.8%
43.2%
21
67.0%
46.4%
22
32.6%
50.1%
23
32.9%
51.2%
24
67.6%
52.2%
25
49.8%
47.8%
26
50.0%
50.0%
27
50.0%
50.2%
28
50.0%
49.8%
29
50.0%
49.4%
30
50.0%
50.0%
31
50.0%
49.7%
32
50.0%
49.9%
33
50.0%
49.7%
34
50.0%
49.6%
35
50.0%
50.1%
36
50.0%
49.5%
37
50.0%
49.9%
38
50.0%
49.8%
39
50.0%
49.9%
40
50.0%
50.1%
41
50.0%
50.2%
42
50.0%
50.2%
43
50.0%
50.1%
44
50.0%
50.1%
45
50.0%
50.0%
46
50.0%
49.8%
47
50.0%
49.8%
48
50.1%
50.9%
O le ata e matua ese lava.
O le 8th bit o le muamua byte o le tuatusi MAC e tutusa lava ma le natura Unicast o le tuatusi SRC i le pepa talosaga su'esu'e.
O le 7th bit ua seti i le Local i le 92.2% o mataupu, i.e. Faatasi ai ma se tikeri talafeagai o le mautinoa, e mafai ona tatou manatu o le tele tonu o tuatusi aoina e faʻafuaseʻi, ma e itiiti ifo i le 8% e moni. I lenei tulaga, o le tufatufaina atu o fasi i le OUI mo ia tuatusi moni e tusa ma faʻamatalaga i le laulau muamua.
O le fea gaosi oloa, e tusa ai ma le OUI, e ona tuatusi faʻavasegaina (e pei o le 7th bit i le "1")?
Gaosi e le OUI
Faasoa atu i tuatusi uma
e le maua i le IEEE database
62.45%
Inc. Google
37.54%
malolo
0.01%
E le gata i lea, o tuatusi fa'avasega uma e tu'uina atu ia Google e fa'atatau i le OUI tutusa ma le prefix T:A1:19. O le a lenei prefix? Sei o tatou tilotilo i totonu .
private static final MacAddress BASE_GOOGLE_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("da:a1:19:0:0:0");O lo'o fa'aogaina e le Stock Android se OUI fa'apitoa, fa'amauina pe a su'e feso'ota'iga uaealesi, o se tasi o nai fa'atasi ma le seti lona fitu.
Fa'atusatusa le MAC moni mai le tasi
Sei o tatou vaai iina:
private static final long VALID_LONG_MASK = (1L << 48) - 1;
private static final long LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("2:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
private static final long MULTICAST_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("1:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
public static @NonNull MacAddress createRandomUnicastAddress(MacAddress base, Random r) {
long addr;
if (base == null) {
addr = r.nextLong() & VALID_LONG_MASK;
} else {
addr = (base.mAddr & OUI_MASK) | (NIC_MASK & r.nextLong());
}
addr |= LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK;
addr &= ~MULTICAST_MASK;
MacAddress mac = new MacAddress(addr);
if (mac.equals(DEFAULT_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
return createRandomUnicastAddress(base, r);
}
return mac;
}
O le tuatusi atoa, poʻo lona tolu paita pito i lalo, e mama Random.nextLong()O le "toe fa'afo'isia fa'apateni o se MAC moni" o se taufaasese. E mafai ona fa'amoemoeina ma le mautinoa tele o le a faia e le au gaosi oloa AndroidO isi OUI e le'i resitalaina e fa'aaogaina fo'i i telefoni. E leai sa matou fa'ailoga punaoa o le iOS, ae e foliga mai o lo'o fa'aaogaina fo'i se algorithm faapena iina.
Ole mea o loʻo i luga e le faʻamaloina ai le galuega a isi auala mo le faʻailoaina o le au fai pisinisi Wi-Fi, e faʻavae i luga o le auʻiliʻiliga o isi matāʻupu o le faʻasologa o talosaga suʻesuʻe, poʻo le faʻamaopoopoina o le fesoʻotaʻiga masani o talosaga na lafoina e le masini. Ae ui i lea, o le su'esu'eina ma le fa'atuatuaina o se tagata fai saofaga e fa'aaoga ai auala i fafo e matua fa'afitauli. O faʻamaumauga e aoina o le a sili atu ona talafeagai mo le suʻeina o averesi / pito maualuga i luga o le nofoaga ma le taimi, faʻavae i luga o numera tele, e aunoa ma se faʻamatalaga i masini ma tagata patino. Na'o latou "i totonu", o lo'o gaosia e le OS feavea'i latou lava, ma fa'apipi'i talosaga e iai fa'amaumauga sa'o.
O le ā le mea mata'utia e uiga i le iloa e se tasi o le tuatusi MAC o lau masini? E mafai ona fa'alauiloa se osofa'iga e te'ena ai le tautua i luga o feso'ota'iga uaea ma uaealesi. Mo se masini uaealesi, e iai fo'i le avanoa e mafai ona iloa ai lona i ai i le nofoaga o le masini fa'alogo. E mafai ona fa'aogaina le fa'aseseina o tuatusi e fa'afoliga ai o lau masini, ae o le a aoga lenei mea pe afai e leai ni isi puipuiga fa'aopoopo (fa'atagaga ma/po'o le fa'ailogaina). 99.9% E leai se mea e popole ai tagata iinei.
Ole tuatusi MAC e sili atu ona faigata nai lo le mea e foliga mai, ae sili atu ona faigofie nai lo le mea e mafai.
puna: www.habr.com
