Tusitala: Te'i ma Tetete 16 (2009) 45–59
Tusitala: Robin Alastair Amy, Guglielmo S. Aglietti (I-meli: [imeli puipuia]), ma Guy Richardson
Fa'atasiga a le au tusitala: Astronautical Research Group, Iunivesite o Southampton, School of Engineering Sciences, Southampton, UK
Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, Guildford, Surrey, UK
Puletaofia 2009 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Ole tala lea ole avanoa tatala fa'asalalauina ile Creative Commons Attribution License, lea e fa'ataga ai le fa'aogaina e le fa'atulafonoina, tufatufaina, ma le toe gaosia i so'o se ala, pe a fa'apea o le ulua'i galuega e fa'asino sa'o.
Faʻaaliga I le lumanaʻi, o loʻo faʻamoemoeina o mea faʻaonaponei faʻaonaponei o le a faʻateleina galuega faʻatino aʻo faʻatumauina le gafatia e tatalia le teʻi ma le vibration. O le faʻagasologa o le vaʻaia o le faʻamaoni e faigata ona o le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave ma uiga le manuia o mea faʻaeletoroni, o lea o loʻo i ai nei metotia o se fetuutuunai i le va o le faʻatusatusaga saʻo ma le tau.
Faʻatuatuaina ma vave vavalo o le faʻatuatuaina o mea faʻaeletoroni pe a faʻaogaina i lalo o avega mamafa e taua tele mo pisinisi. O lenei tusiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai faʻafitauli i le vaʻaia o le faʻamaoni o mea faʻaeletoroni e faʻagesegese ai iʻuga. E tatau foi ona amanaia e masani lava ona fausia le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaoni e faʻatatau i le tele o faʻasologa o meafaigaluega mo le tele o vaega tutusa. E fa vasega o le faʻatuatuaina o metotia vavalo (faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga, faʻamatalaga suʻega, faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o mafuaʻaga faʻaletino o le toilalo - physics o le toilalo) faʻatusatusa i lenei tusiga e filifili ai le avanoa e faʻaaoga ai se tasi poʻo se isi metotia. O loʻo maitauina o le tele o faʻaletonu i mea faʻaeletoroni e mafua mai i avega vevela, ae o lenei iloiloga e taulaʻi i faʻaletonu e mafua mai i le teʻi ma le vibration i le taimi o le taotoga.
Fa'amatalaga a le faaliliu. O le tusiga o se toe iloiloga o tusitusiga i lenei autu. E ui lava i lona matua matua, e avea o se folasaga sili ona lelei i le faʻafitauli o le iloiloina o le faʻamaoni e faʻaaoga ai metotia eseese.
1. Upu
BGA Polo Grid Fa'asologa.
DIP Dual In-line Processor, o nisi taimi e taʻua o le Dual In-line Package.
FE mea e gata ai.
PGA Pin Grid Array.
PCB Lomitusi Circuit Board, o nisi taimi e taʻua o le PWB (Printed Wiring Board).
PLCC Palasitika Leaded Chip Ave.
PTH Plated Through Hole, o nisi taimi e ta'ua o Pin Through Hole.
QFP Quad Flat Pack - e ta'ua fo'i o le apaau gull.
SMA Shape Memory Alloys.
SMT Laupapa Mauga Tekonolosi.
Fa'amatalaga mai tusitala muamua: I totonu o lenei tusiga, o le faaupuga "vaega" e faasino i se masini faaeletonika faapitoa e mafai ona soldered i se laupapa matagaluega lolomi, o le faaupuga "package" e faasino i soʻo se vaega o se matagaluega tuʻufaʻatasia (e masani lava soʻo se SMT poʻo le DIP vaega). O le faaupuga "vaega faʻapipiʻi" e faʻatatau i soʻo se laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi tuʻufaʻatasia poʻo vaega vaega, faʻamamafaina o vaega faʻapipiʻi e iai a latou lava tele ma malo. (O le afifi tioata ma lona aʻafiaga i le faʻamaoni e le o talanoaina i totonu o le tusiga, o le mea lea o loʻo mulimuli mai ai le faaupuga "faʻapipiʻi" e mafai ona vaʻaia o se "mataupu" o le tasi ituaiga poʻo le isi - approx. transl.)
2. Fa'amatalaga o le fa'afitauli
O le te'i ma le tete'e uta o lo'o tu'uina atu i luga o le PCB e mafua ai le fa'amamafa i luga o le PCB substrate, vaega afifi, vaega fa'ailoga, ma solder so'oga. O nei faʻalavelave e mafua mai i le tuʻufaʻatasia o taimi punou i le laupapa matagaluega ma le tele o le inertia o le vaega. I se tulaga e sili ona leaga, o nei faʻalavelave e mafai ona mafua ai se tasi o faiga faʻaletonu: PCB delamination, solder solder toilalo, taʻitaʻia le manuia, poʻo le paʻu o vaega. Afai e tupu se tasi o nei faiga fa'aletonu, e foliga mai o le a mulimuli mai le fa'aletonu atoa o le masini. O le fa'aletonu na tupu i le taimi o le fa'agaioiga e fa'atatau i le ituaiga afifiina, mea totino o le laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi, fa'apea fo'i ma le tele o taimi ma le tele o taimi punou ma le malosi. Fa'agesegese le alualu i luma i su'esu'ega fa'atuatuaina o masini fa'aeletoroni e mafua mai i le tele o tu'ufa'atasiga o mea fa'aoga ma faiga fa'aletonu e mana'omia ona iloiloina.
O le vaega o totoe o lenei vaega o le a taumafai e faʻamatala le faigata o le iloiloina o mea faʻaoga eseese i le taimi e tasi.
O le mea muamua faʻalavelave e mafaufau i ai o le tele o ituaiga afifi o loʻo maua i mea tau eletise faʻaonaponei, aua e mafai ona toilalo taʻitasi mo mafuaaga eseese. O vaega mamafa e sili atu ona aʻafia i uta le tumau, ae o le tali a vaega SMT e sili atu ona faʻalagolago i le curvature o le laupapa matagaluega. O se taunuuga, ona o nei eseesega autu, o nei ituaiga o vaega e tele lava le eseesega o tulaga toilalo e faavae i luga o le tele poʻo le tele. O lenei faʻafitauli ua atili faʻateleina ona o le faʻaalia pea o vaega fou o loʻo maua i luga o le maketi. O le mea lea, so'o se metotia fa'atatauga fa'atuatuaina e tatau ona fa'afetaui i vaega fou ina ia maua ai so'o se fa'aoga aoga i le lumana'i. O le tali a se laupapa matagaluega lolomi i le vibration e fuafua i le malo ma le mamafa o vaega, lea e aʻafia ai le tali atu i le lotoifale o le laupapa matagaluega lolomi. Ua iloa o vaega pito sili ona mamafa pe sili ona tele e suia ai le tali a le laupapa i le vibration i nofoaga o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina ai. PCB mea tau masini (Young's modulus ma mafiafia) e mafai ona aafia ai le faatuatuaina i auala e faigata ona valoia.
O se PCB stiffer e mafai ona faaitiitia le taimi atoa tali o le PCB i lalo o le uta, ae i le taimi lava e tasi, e mafai moni lava faateleina i le lotoifale le taimi punou e faaaoga i vaega (E le gata i lea, mai se vaaiga toilalo thermally induced, e moni lava e sili ona faamaoti se sili atu. PCB fetaui, talu ai e faʻaitiitia ai le mamafa o le vevela o loʻo tuʻuina atu i luga o le afifi - faʻamatalaga a le tusitala). O le tele o taimi ma le tele o taimi punou i totonu o le lotoifale ma le mamafa o le mamafa o loʻo tuʻuina atu i luga o le faʻaputu e aʻafia ai foʻi le faʻalavelave faʻaletonu. Ole maualuga ole amplitude amplitude mamafa e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le vaivai o le fausaga, lea e mafai ona avea ma mafuaʻaga autu o le toilalo (maualalo / maualuga cyclic vaivai, LCF e faasino i toilalo e pulea e le palasitika deformation (N_f 10 ^ 6) i le toilalo [10] - tusi a le tusitala) O le faʻatulagaina mulimuli o elemene i luga o le laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi o le a fuafua ai le mafuaʻaga o le toilalo, lea e ono tupu ona o le faʻalavelave i totonu o se vaega taʻitasi e mafua mai i avega inertial po'o taimi fa'apitonu'u. Ma le mea mulimuli, e tatau ona amanaʻia le aʻafiaga o aʻafiaga o tagata ma foliga o le gaosiga, lea e faʻapupulaina ai le ono le manuia o meafaigaluega.
Pe a mafaufau i se numera taua o mea faʻaoga ma a latou fegalegaleaiga faʻalavelave, e manino pe aisea e leʻi faia ai se auala aoga mo le vavaloina o le faʻamaoni o masini eletise. O se tasi o suʻesuʻega tusi na fautuaina e le au tusitala i lenei mataupu o loʻo tuʻuina atu i le IEEE [26]. Ae ui i lea, o lenei iloiloga e taulaʻi tele i faʻavasegaga lautele lautele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatuatuaina, e pei o le auala e vaʻai ai le faʻamaoni mai tusitusiga faʻamatalaga, faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga komepiuta o tulaga le manuia (Physics-of-Failure Reliability (PoF)), ma e le faʻaalia ai faʻaletonu. i le lava auiliiliga e mafua mai i le te'i ma le vibration. Foucher et al.. [17] mulimuli i se otootoga tutusa i le IEEE iloiloga, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻamamafa tele i faʻaletonu vevela. O le puupuu muamua o le auiliiliga o metotia PoF, aemaise lava pe a faʻaaogaina i le teʻi ma le vibration toilalo, e tatau ona latou toe iloiloina. O le IEEE-pei o le iloiloga o loʻo i ai i le faagasologa o le tuufaatasia e le AIAA, ae o le lautele o le iloiloga e le o iloa i le taimi nei.
3. Fa'aleleia o metotia fa'atatauga fa'amaoni
O le uluai faʻatuatuaina faʻataʻitaʻiga metotia, na atiina ae i le 1960s, o loʻo faʻamatalaina nei i le MIL-HDBK-217F [44] (Mil-Hdbk-217F o le toe iloiloga aupito lata mai ma mulimuli o le metotia, faʻasalalau i le 1995 - tusi a le tusitala) Faʻaaogaina O lenei metotia faʻaoga se fa'amaumauga o masini fa'aeletoroni ua le mafai ona maua le averesi o le ola tautua o se laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi e aofia ai nisi vaega. O lenei metotia ua lauiloa o se metotia mo le vavalo o le faʻamaoni mai faʻamatalaga ma tusitusiga masani. E ui lava o le Mil-Hdbk-217F ua faʻateleina le tuai, o loʻo faʻaaogaina pea le auala faʻasino i aso nei. O tapulaʻa ma le le saʻo o lenei metotia ua faʻamaonia lelei [42,50], e taʻitaʻia ai le atinaʻeina o vasega e tolu o isi auala: faʻataʻitaʻiga komepiuta o tulaga faʻaletonu o le tino (PoF), faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma faʻamaumauga o suʻega fanua.
O metotia a le PoF e va'ai ai le fa'amaoni e aunoa ma le fa'alagolago i fa'amaumauga na aoina muamua. O metotia uma a le PoF e lua uiga masani o le auala masani o loʻo faʻamatalaina i Steinberg [62]: muamua, o le tali vibration o le laupapa matagaluega lolomi e suʻeina se faʻamalosi faʻapitoa, ona faʻataʻitaʻiina lea o tulaga le manuia o vaega taʻitasi pe a maeʻa le faʻaalia o le vibration. O se alualu i luma taua i auala o le PoF o le faʻaaogaina lea o fanua faʻasalalau faʻasalalau (aveve) e vave fausia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga numera o se laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi [54], lea na faʻaitiitia ai le lavelave ma le taimi faʻaalu i le fuafuaina saʻo o le tali vibration o se lolomi. laupapa matagaluega (tagai Vaega 8.1.3). O atina'e lata mai i faiga PoF ua fa'aleleia atili ai le fa'ai'uga fa'aletonu mo vaega fa'apipi'i i luga o mauga (SMT); ae ui i lea, sei vagana ai le Barkers method [59], o nei metotia fou e naʻo le faʻaogaina o tuʻufaʻatasiga faʻapitoa o vaega ma laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi. E itiiti lava auala e maua mo vaega tetele e pei o transformers po'o capacitors tetele.
Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaleleia ai le lelei ma le gafatia o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaaogaina i metotia faʻamaonia faʻamaonia e faʻavae i luga o tusitusiga faʻasino. O le auala muamua e faʻavae i luga o faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le vaʻaia o le faʻamaoni o mea faʻaeletoroni na faʻamatalaina i se pepa 1999 e faʻaaoga ai le HIRAP (Honeywell In-service Reliability Assessment Program), lea na faia i Honeywell, Inc. [20]. O le metotia o faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga e iai le tele o faʻamanuiaga nai lo metotia mo le vavalo o le faʻamaoni e faʻaaoga ai faʻamatalaga ma tusitusiga masani. Talu ai nei, e tele auala faʻapena na faʻaalia (REMM ma TRACS [17], faʻapea foi FIDES [16]). O le auala o faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻapea foʻi ma le auala e vaʻai ai le faʻamaoni e faʻaaoga ai faʻamatalaga ma tusitusiga masani, e le mafai ai ona tatou faʻamalieina le faʻatulagaina o le laupapa ma le siosiomaga faʻaogaina o lona faʻatinoga i le iloiloga o le faʻamaoni. O lenei faaletonu e mafai ona faʻasaʻo e ala i le faʻaogaina o faʻamaumauga faʻaletonu mai laupapa e tutusa i le mamanu, poʻo mai laupapa na faʻaalia i tulaga faʻaogaina tutusa.
O metotia fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'iga e fa'alagolago i le maua o se fa'amaumauga tele o lo'o iai fa'amatalaga fa'alavelave i le aluga o taimi. O ituaiga faaletonu uma i totonu o lenei fa'amaumauga e tatau ona fa'ailoa sa'o ma fa'amauina lona mafua'aga. O lenei metotia su'esu'ega fa'atuatuaina e fetaui lelei mo kamupani o lo'o gaosia le ituaiga o mea faigaluega i se aofaiga tele ina ia mafai ai ona fa'agasolo se numera tele o fa'aletonu e iloilo ai le fa'amaoni.
Metotia mo le su'eina o vaega fa'aeletoroni mo le fa'amaoni sa fa'aaogaina talu mai le ogatotonu o le 1970 ma e masani ona vaevaeina i su'ega fa'avavevave ma su'ega e le fa'avaveina. O le faiga fa'avae o le fa'atinoina lea o fa'ata'ita'iga o meafaigaluega e fa'atupuina ai le fa'amoemoeina o le siosiomaga fa'atinoina i le mea moni e mafai ai. E faia su'ega se'ia tupu se fa'aletonu, e mafai ai ona va'ai le MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures). Afai o le MTBF e fuafua e umi tele, ona mafai lea ona faʻaititia le umi o le suʻega e ala i le faʻavaveina o suʻega, lea e ausia e ala i le faʻateleina o mea faʻaogaina o le siosiomaga ma le faʻaaogaina o se fua faʻatatau e faʻafesoʻotaʻi le fua o le toilalo i le suʻega faʻavavevave i le fua faʻatatau o loʻo faʻamoemoeina i totonu. fa'agaioiga. O lenei suʻega e taua tele mo vaega e maualuga le lamatiaga o le toilalo aua e maua ai e le tagata suʻesuʻe le maualuga maualuga o faʻamaumauga mautinoa, peitaʻi, e le mafai ona faʻaaogaina mo le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le laupapa ona o le umi o taimi o suʻesuʻega.
O se iloiloga vave o galuega na lomia i le 1990s ua fautua mai ai o se vaitaimi lea na tauva ai faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamaumauga o suʻega, ma metotia PoF e sui ai metotia tuai mo le vavaloina o le faʻamaoni mai tusi faʻamatalaga. Ae ui i lea, o metotia taʻitasi e iai ona lava lelei ma faʻaletonu, ma pe a faʻaoga saʻo, e maua ai iʻuga taua. O se taunuuga, IEEE talu ai nei na tuʻuina atu se tulaga [26] o loʻo lisi uma ai metotia faʻamaonia o loʻo faʻaaogaina i aso nei. O le sini o le IEEE o le saunia lea o se taʻiala e tuʻuina atu ai i le inisinia faʻamatalaga e uiga i metotia uma o loʻo avanoa ma le lelei ma le le lelei o loʻo iai i metotia taʻitasi. E ui lava o le IEEE auala o loʻo i ai pea i le amataga o se evolusione umi, e foliga mai o loʻo i ai ona lava aoga, aua o le AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) o loʻo mulimulitaʻia ma se taʻiala e taʻua o le S-102, lea e tutusa ma le IEEE ae. e amanaʻia foʻi le tulaga lelei o faʻamaumauga mai metotia taʻitasi [27]. O nei taʻiala ua faʻamoemoeina naʻo le tuʻufaʻatasia o metotia o loʻo faʻasalalau i tusitusiga uma a le lalolagi ua lomia i nei mataupu.
4. Fa'aletonu e mafua mai i le tetete
O le tele o suʻesuʻega ua tuanaʻi na taulaʻi atu i luga o le vibration faʻafuaseʻi e pei o se uta PCB, ae o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo mulimuli mai e vaʻavaʻai faʻapitoa i faʻaletonu e aʻafia ai. O ia metotia o le a le talanoaina atoatoa iinei pe a latou pa'ū i lalo o le faʻavasegaina o metotia PoF ma o loʻo talanoaina i vaega 8.1 ma le 8.2 o lenei tusiga. Heen et al.. [24] na faia se laupapa suʻega e suʻe ai le saʻo o soʻo faʻapipiʻi BGA pe a oʻo i le teʻi. Lau et al.. [36] faʻamatalaina le faʻatuatuaina o vaega PLCC, PQFP ma QFP i lalo o le vaʻalele ma fafo o le vaʻalele. Pitarresi et al.. [53,55] na vaʻavaʻai i faʻaletonu o masini komepiuta ona o le teʻi mamafa ma tuʻuina atu se iloiloga lelei o tusitusiga o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai mea faʻaeletoroni i lalo o uta teʻi. Steinberg [62] o loʻo tuʻuina atu se mataupu atoa i luga o le mamanu ma le auʻiliʻiliga o mea faʻaeletoroni ua aʻafia, e aofia uma ai le auala e vaʻai ai le siosiomaga faʻateʻia ma pe faʻapefea ona faʻamautinoa le faʻatinoina o vaega eletise. Sukhir [64,65] faʻamatalaina mea sese i faʻatusatusaga laina o le tali atu a se laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi i se uta aʻafiaga e faʻaaogaina i faʻamau laupapa. O le mea lea, o fa'amatalaga ma fa'ata'ita'iga metotia fa'amaumauga e mafai ona mafaufau i fa'aletonu o mea faigaluega e feso'otai i a'afiaga, ae o nei metotia o lo'o fa'amatalaina fa'aletonu "a'afiaga".
5. Fa'amatalaga auala
Mai auala uma o loʻo maua o loʻo faʻamatalaina i totonu o tusi lesona, o le a tatou faʻatapulaʻaina i tatou lava i na o le lua e mafaufau i le toilalo o le vibration: Mil-Hdbk-217 ma CNET [9]. Mil-Hdbk-217 ua talia e le tele o tagata gaosi oloa. E pei o tusi lesona uma ma metotia faʻasino, e faʻavae i luga o auala faʻapitoa e faʻamoemoe e vaʻai le faʻamaoni vaega mai faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo faʻamaumauga suʻesuʻe. O metotia o loʻo faʻamatalaina i tusi faʻamatalaga e faigofie lava ona faʻatinoina, talu ai latou te le manaʻomia le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamatematika lavelave ma faʻaaoga naʻo ituaiga o vaega, numera o vaega, tulaga faʻaogaina o le laupapa ma isi faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie ona maua. O faʻamatalaga faʻapipiʻi e tuʻuina atu i totonu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e fuafua ai le taimi i le va o toilalo, MTBF. E ui lava i ona tulaga lelei, o Mil-Hdbk-217 ua faʻaitiitia ma faʻaitiitia le lauiloa [12, 17,42,50,51]. Sei o tatou mafaufau i se lisi le atoatoa o tapula'a i lona fa'aogaina.
- O faʻamaumauga ua faʻateleina le tuai, talu ai ona toe faʻafouina i le 1995 ma e le talafeagai i vaega fou, e leai se avanoa e toe faʻaleleia ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga e pei ona filifili le Defense Standards Improvement Board e faʻatagaina le metotia "oti i se oti masani" [ 26].
- O le auala e le maua ai faʻamatalaga e uiga i le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina, o lea e le mafai ai ona faʻaleleia pe faʻaleleia le faʻatulagaina o le PCB.
- O faʻataʻitaʻiga e manatu o le toilalo o le mamanu tutoʻatasi, le amanaʻiaina o le faʻatulagaina o vaega i luga o le PCB, ae ui i lea, o le faʻasologa o vaega e iloa e i ai se aafiaga tele i luga o le avanoa o le toilalo. [50].
- O faʻamaumauga faʻapitoa na aoina o loʻo i ai le tele o mea le saʻo, faʻaaogaina faʻamatalaga mai vaega muamua-augatupulaga faʻatasi ai ma se tulaga le masani ai le toilalo ona o faʻamaumauga sese o taimi faʻagaioia, toe faʻaleleia, ma isi, e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻatuatuaina o taunuʻuga faʻamoemoega mautinoa [51].
O nei faaletonu uma o loʻo faʻaalia ai e tatau ona aloese mai le faʻaogaina o metotia faʻasino, peitaʻi, i totonu o tapulaʻa o le faʻatagaina o nei metotia, e tatau ona faʻatinoina le tele o manaʻoga o faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa. O le mea lea, o metotia faʻasino e tatau ona faʻaaogaina pe a talafeagai, i.e. i le amataga o le mamanu [46]. Ae paga lea, e oʻo lava i lenei faʻaoga e tatau ona faʻalatalata ma faʻaeteete, talu ai o nei ituaiga o metotia e leʻi toe faʻaleleia talu mai le 1995. O le mea lea, o metotia fa'asino e matua le lelei lava e va'ai i le fa'atuatuaina o masini ma e tatau ona fa'aoga ma le fa'aeteete.
6. Su'ega fa'amatalaga metotia
O metotia fa'amaumauga o su'ega o metotia fa'amaoni sili ona faigofie o lo'o maua. O se fa'ata'ita'iga o le fa'atulagaina o le fa'asologa o le laupapa fa'atonu lolomi e a'afia i le si'osi'omaga vibrations toe gaosia i luga o se potu su'esu'e. O le isi, o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaleagaina (MTTF, faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi) e suʻesuʻeina, ona faʻaaogaina lea e fuafua ai faʻamaoniga mautinoa [26]. E tatau ona fa'aogaina le metotia o fa'amaumauga o su'ega e fa'atatau i ona lelei ma mea le lelei.
O le aoga autu o metotia faʻamaumauga o suʻega o le maualuga ma le faʻamaoni o taunuʻuga, o lea mo meafaigaluega e maualuga le lamatiaga o le toilalo, o le laasaga mulimuli o le faiga o le mamanu e tatau ona aofia ai i taimi uma suʻega agavaa vibration. O le faʻaletonu o le umi o le taimi e manaʻomia e gaosia ai, faʻapipiʻi ma utaina le suʻega suʻega, lea e le talafeagai ai le metotia mo le faʻaleleia atili o le mamanu o meafaigaluega ma se avanoa maualuga o le toilalo. Mo se faiga fa'ata'ita'i fa'asologa o oloa, e tatau ona mafaufau i se auala vave. E mafai ona faʻaitiitia le taimi faʻaalia o uta e ala i le faʻavaveina o suʻega pe afai o loʻo avanoa faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatuatuaina mo le faʻatusatusaina o le ola tautua moni [70,71]. Ae ui i lea, o auala faʻavavevave suʻega e sili atu ona talafeagai mo le faʻataʻitaʻiina o faʻaletonu vevela nai lo faʻaletonu o le vibration. E mafua ona e itiiti se taimi e faʻataʻitaʻi ai aʻafiaga o uta vevela i luga o meafaigaluega nai lo le suʻeina o aʻafiaga o uta vibration. O le aafiaga o le vibration e mafai ona aliali mai i totonu o le oloa pe a uma se taimi umi.
O le iʻuga, o metotia suʻega e masani ona le faʻaaogaina mo le faʻaletonu o le vibration seivagana ua i ai ni tulaga faʻaitiitia, e pei o le maualalo o voltage e mafua ai le umi o taimi e toilalo. O faʻataʻitaʻiga o auala faʻamaonia faʻamaumauga e mafai ona vaʻaia i galuega a Hart [23], Hin et al. [24], Li [37], Lau et al. [36], Shetty et al.. [57], Liguore ma Followell [40], Estes et al. [15], Wang et al. [67], Jih ma Jung [30]. O se vaaiga lautele lelei o le metotia o loʻo tuʻuina atu ile IEEE [26].
7. Faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga metotia
Ole metotia fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'iga e fa'avae i fa'amaumauga fa'aletonu mai laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi tutusa na fa'ata'ita'iina i lalo ole tulaga fa'atino. E na'o le auala e sa'o mo laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi e o'o i uta fa'apenei. O le metotia faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e lua vaega autu: fausiaina o se faʻamaumauga o faʻaletonu o vaega faʻaeletoroni ma le faʻatinoina o le auala e faʻavae i luga o le mamanu fuafuaina. Ina ia fausia se faʻamaumauga talafeagai, e tatau ona i ai faʻamaumauga faʻaletonu talafeagai na aoina mai mamanu tutusa; o lona uiga e tatau ona iai fa'amaumauga i fa'aletonu o masini fa'apena. E tatau fo'i ona su'esu'eina meafaigaluega fa'aletonu ma fa'aputu lelei fa'amaumauga, e le lava le ta'u mai o se fa'ailoga PCB na tu'uina atu na le manuia pe a mae'a se numera o itula, o le nofoaga, fa'aletonu faiga ma le mafua'aga o le fa'aletonu e tatau ona fuafuaina. Se'i vagana ua uma ona su'esu'eina mae'ae'a fa'amaumauga fa'aletonu muamua, e mana'omia se vaitaimi umi o le aoina o fa'amaumauga a'o le'i fa'aogaina le metotia fa'ata'ita'i.
O se fofo talafeagai mo lenei tapulaʻa o le faʻatinoina lea o le Highly Accelerated Lifecycle Testing (HALT) mo le faʻamoemoe o le vave fausia o se faʻamaumauga o faʻamaumauga o le toilalo, e ui lava o le toe gaosia saʻo o le siosiomaga e faigata ae taua [27]. O se faʻamatalaga o le laasaga lona lua o le faʻatinoina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga metotia faʻamatalaga e mafai ona faitau i le [27], o loʻo faʻaalia ai pe faʻapefea ona vaʻai le MTBF mo se mamanu fuafuaina pe afai o le mamanu o loʻo i lalo o le suʻega e maua e ala i le suia o se laupapa o loʻo i ai lea o loʻo iai faʻamatalaga faʻaletonu. . O isi iloiloga o metotia faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻamatalaina e tusitala eseese i le [11,17,20,26].
8. Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'akomepiuta o tulaga fa'aletonu (PoF)
Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'akomepiuta mo tulaga fa'aletonu, e ta'ua fo'i o fa'amamafa ma fa'aleagaina fa'ata'ita'iga po'o fa'ata'ita'iga PoF, o lo'o fa'atinoina i se fa'agasologa fa'atuatuaina e lua-laasaga. O le laʻasaga muamua e aofia ai le suʻeina o le tali a le laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi i se avega malosi na tuʻuina atu i luga; i le laasaga lona lua, o le tali a le faʻataʻitaʻiga e fuafua e faʻamautinoa ai se faʻamaoniga mautinoa. O le tele o tusitusiga e masani ona tu'uina atu i le auala e va'ai ai le tali ma le fa'agasologa o le su'eina o tulaga fa'aletonu. O nei metotia e lua e sili ona malamalama pe a faʻamatalaina tutoʻatasi, o lea o lenei iloiloga o le a vaʻavaʻai eseese nei laasaga e lua.
I le va o laʻasaga o le vavalo o le tali ma le suʻeina o tulaga faʻaletonu, o faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga na faia i le laasaga muamua ma faʻaaogaina i le lona lua e faʻafeiloaʻi i le faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le fesuiaiga o le tali na tupu mai i le faʻaaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le faʻavavevave i luga o le chassis [15,36,37,67], e ala i le faʻavavevave moni na maua e le vaega e faʻatatau mo tali eseese vibrational o laiga PCB eseese [40], ma mulimuli ane mafaufau. tafaoga i le lotoifale [62] poʻo taimi faʻapitonuʻu [59] faʻaalia e le PCB i le lotoifale i le vaega.
Ua maitauina o le toilalo o se galuega o le faʻatulagaina o vaega i luga o se laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi [21,38], o lea o faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻapipiʻi ai le tali vibration i le lotoifale e sili atu ona saʻo. O le filifiliga o le fea parameter (faʻavavevave faʻapitonuʻu, faʻalavelave faʻapitonuʻu poʻo le taimi o le punou) o le mea e fuafua ai mo le toilalo e faʻalagolago i le mataupu patino.
Afai e faʻaaogaina vaega SMT, curvature poʻo taimi punou atonu o mea sili ona taua mo le toilalo; mo vaega mamafa, faʻavavevave faʻapitonuʻu e masani ona faʻaaogaina e fai ma faʻatonuga o le toilalo. O le mea e leaga ai, e leai se su'esu'ega na faia e fa'aalia ai po'o fea ituaiga ta'iala e sili ona talafeagai i se seti o fa'amaumauga tu'ufa'atasi.
E taua le mafaufau i le talafeagai o soʻo se auala PoF e faʻaaogaina, aua e le mafai ona faʻaogaina soʻo se auala PoF, auʻiliʻili poʻo FE, e le lagolagoina e faʻamatalaga suʻega suʻesuʻe. E le gata i lea, e taua le faʻaaogaina o soʻo se faʻataʻitaʻiga i totonu o le lautele o lona faʻaogaina, lea e faʻaleagaina ai le faʻaogaina o le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga PoF o loʻo i ai nei e faʻaoga i tulaga faʻapitoa ma faʻatapulaʻaina. O faʻataʻitaʻiga lelei o talanoaga o metotia PoF o loʻo faʻamatalaina e tusitala eseese [17,19,26,49].
8.1. Valoaga Tali
O valo'aga tali e aofia ai le fa'aogaina o le geometry ma meafaitino o se fausaga e fa'atatau ai le suiga mana'omia. O lenei laasaga e faʻamoemoe e puʻeina naʻo le tali atoa o le PCB faʻavae ae le o le tali a vaega taʻitasi. E tolu ituaiga autu o auala vavalo tali: au'ili'ili, fa'ata'ita'iga FE auiliili ma fa'ata'ita'iga FE fa'afaigofie, fa'amatala i lalo. O nei metotia e taulaʻi i le tuʻufaʻatasia o le malosi ma le tele o aʻafiaga o vaega faʻaopoopo, peitaʻi e taua le aua neʻi galo le taua o le faʻataʻitaʻiina saʻo o le maʻaʻa o le rotational i le pito o le PCB aua e vavalalata le faʻataʻitaʻiga saʻo (lea o loʻo talanoaina i le Vaega 8.1.4). Ata. 1. Fa'ata'ita'iga o se fa'ata'ita'iga au'ili'ili o se laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi [53].
8.1.1. Va'aiga tali su'esu'e
Steinberg [62] o lo'o tu'uina mai na'o le auala au'ili'ili mo le fa'atatauina o le tali vibration o se laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi. Fai mai Steinberg o le amplitude o le oscillation i le resonance o se iunite faaeletonika e tutusa ma le faaluaina o le aʻa sikuea o le resonant frequency; o lenei tagi e faʻavae i luga o faʻamatalaga e le maua ma e le mafai ona faʻamaonia. Ole mea lea e mafai ai ona fa'atatauina le fa'aletonu malosi ile resonance, lea e mafai ona fa'aaoga e fa'atatau ai le mamafa o le uta mai se vaega mamafa po'o le curvature o le laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi. O lenei metotia e le maua sa'o ai le tali PCB i le lotoifale ma e na'o le fetaui ma le fa'avae fa'aletonu fa'avae fa'ata'atia e Steinberg.
O le aoga o le manatu o le tufatufaina atu o galuega faatino e faavae i luga o le amplitude fua e fesiligia talu mai Pitarresi et al.. [53] fuaina se attenuation taua o le 2% mo se motherboard komepiuta, ao faaaogaina le manatu o Steinberg o le a tuuina atu 3,5% (faavae i luga o le masani masani 54. Hz), lea o le a taʻitaʻia ai se manatu maualalo tele o le tali a le laupapa i le vibration.
8.1.2. Auiliili fa'ata'ita'iga FE
O nisi tusitala o loʻo faʻaalia le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga FE auiliili e faʻatatau le tali vibration o se laupapa matagaluega lolomi [30,37,53, 57,58] (Ata 1-3 o loʻo faʻaalia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga ma se faʻaopoopoga maualuga o auiliiliga), ae o le faʻaogaina o nei mea. e le fautuaina auala mo se oloa faapisinisi (sei vagana ua na'o le sa'o sa'o o le tali atu i le lotoifale e le matua mana'omia) talu ai o le taimi e mana'omia e fausia ai ma foia sea fa'ata'ita'iga e tele naua. O fa'ata'ita'iga fa'afaigofie e maua ai fa'amaumauga o sa'o sa'o e sili atu le vave ma i tau maualalo. O le taimi e manaʻomia e fausia ai ma foia se faʻataʻitaʻiga FE auiliili e mafai ona faʻaititia e ala i le faʻaaogaina o le JEDEC 4 spring constants lomia i le [33-35], o nei tautotogo e mafai ona faʻaogaina i le tulaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga FE auiliili o uaea taʻitasi. E le gata i lea, o le faiga faʻavae (o nisi taimi e taʻua o le superelement method) e mafai ona faʻatinoina e faʻaitiitia ai le taimi faʻatusatusa e manaʻomia e foia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga auiliili. E tatau ona maitauina o fa'ata'ita'iga FE au'ili'ili e masani ona faanenefu laina i le va o fa'ai'uga tali ma ta'iala fa'aletonu, o lea e mafai ai fo'i ona pa'u le galuega o lo'o ta'ua i lalo o le lisi o galuega o lo'o i ai tulaga fa'aletonu.
8.1.3. Fa'ata'ita'iga FE Fa'asoa
Fa'ata'ita'iga FE fa'afaigofie e fa'aitiitia ai le fa'ata'ita'iga ma le taimi o fofo. O le vaega faaopoopo tele ma lona stiffness e mafai ona faatusaina i le na o le simulating se PCB gaogao ma faateleina le mamafa ma stiffness, lea o aafiaga o le mamafa ma stiffness ua tuufaatasia e ala i le lotoifale faateleina le modulus Young a le PCB.
Ata. 2. Fa'ata'ita'iga o se fa'ata'ita'iga au'ili'ili o se vaega QFP e fa'aogaina ai le fa'atusa e fa'afaigofie ai le faiga fa'ata'ita'iga ma fa'aitiitia le taimi fofo [36]. Ata. 3. Fa'ata'ita'iga o se fa'ata'ita'iga FE au'ili'ili ole J-lead [6].
E mafai ona fa'atatauina le fa'aleleia o le malosi e ala i le tipi'esea o le sui fa'apipi'i ma le fa'aogaina o metotia su'ega [52]. Pitarresi et al. [52,54] suʻesuʻeina le faʻafaigofieina o le faʻaopoopoina o le mamafa ma le faʻamalosi e tuʻuina atu e vaega o loʻo faʻapipiʻi i se laupapa matagaluega lolomi.
O le pepa muamua o lo'o su'esu'eina se mataupu e tasi o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'afaigofie FE o se laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi, fa'amaonia e fa'atatau i fa'amatalaga fa'ata'ita'iga. O le vaega autu o le fiafia o lenei pepa o le fuafuaina lea o meatotino tufatufaina, faatasi ai ma le faʻatagaga e manaʻomia le maualuga saʻo o le faʻamalosi faʻamalosi mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga saʻo.
O le mataupu lona lua o loʻo vaʻavaʻai i PCB eseese e lima ua faʻatumu, taʻitasi faʻataʻitaʻiina ma le tele o tulaga eseese o le faʻafaigofieina o lona tuufaatasiga. O nei faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻatusatusa i faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga. O lenei tusiga e fa'ai'u i ni fa'amatalaga fa'aa'oa'oga o le feso'ota'iga i le va o fuafa'atatau o le mamafa-malosi ma le fa'ata'ita'iga sa'o. O nei pepa uma e lua e faʻaaogaina naʻo ala masani ma MECs (tulaga faʻamautinoaga tau) e fuafua ai le faʻamaopoopoina i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga e lua. O le mea e leaga ai, o le mea sese i le masani masani e le mafai ona tuʻuina atu soʻo se faʻamatalaga e uiga i le mea sese i faʻavavevave faʻapitonuʻu poʻo taimi punou, ma e mafai e MKO ona tuʻuina atu naʻo le faʻamaopoopoina atoa i le va o auala masani e lua, ae le mafai ona faʻaaogaina e faʻatatau le pasene sese o le saoasaoa poʻo le curvature. I le fa'aaogaina o se fa'aputuga o su'esu'ega numera ma fa'ata'ita'iga fa'akomepiuta, na faia ai e Cifuentes [10] fa'amatalaga nei.
- O faiga fa'ata'ita'i e tatau ona iai a itiiti ifo i le 90% vibrating mass mo su'esu'ega sa'o.
- I tulaga e fa'atusatusa ai le va'aiga o le laupapa i lona mafiafia, e ono sili atu ona talafeagai le su'esu'ega e le laina nai lo le su'esu'ega laina.
- O nai mea sese i le tuʻuina o vaega e mafai ona mafua ai le tele o mea sese i fua tali.
- Ole sa'o ole fua ole tali e sili atu ona maaleale ile mea sese ile mamafa nai lo le malo.
8.1.4. Tulaga tuaoi
O le PCB edge rotation stiffness coefficient ei ai se aafiaga taua i luga o le saʻo o le tali fuafuaina [59], ma e faalagolago i le faatulagaga patino e sili atu le taua nai lo le faaopoopo vaega tele ma malo. O le fa'ata'ita'iina o le ma'a'a o le pito fa'ata'amilo e pei ole zero (e na'o se tulaga e lagolagoina) e masani lava ona maua ai fa'ai'uga fa'asao, a'o fa'ata'ita'iina e pei o le pipii mau e masani lava ona manatu faatauvaa i taunu'uga, talu ai e o'o lava i masini fa'apipi'i PCB e le mafai ona fa'amautinoa le tu'u atoatoa o le pito. Barker ma Chen [5] faʻamaonia le aʻoaʻoga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaalia ai pe faʻafefea ona afaina ai le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le PCB. O le su'esu'ega autu o lenei galuega o le feso'ota'iga malosi i le va o le ma'a'a o le suiga o le pito ma laina fa'anatura, e tutusa ma le talitonuga. O lona uiga o le tele o mea sese i le faʻataʻitaʻiina o le maaʻa faʻasolosolo pito o le a taʻitaʻia ai le tele o mea sese i le tali atu. E ui lava o lenei galuega sa iloiloina i se mataupu faapitoa, e faʻatatau i le faʻataʻitaʻiina o ituaiga uma o faiga o tulaga tuaoi. Faʻaaogaina faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga mai Lim et al. [41] maua ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le auala e mafai ai ona faʻatusatusa le faʻaogaina o le FE ile faʻataʻitaʻiga PCB; e ausia lenei mea e ala i le faʻaaogaina o se metotia faʻafeiloaʻi mai Barker ma Chen [5]. O lenei galuega o loʻo faʻaalia ai foi pe faʻapefea ona fuafua le nofoaga sili ona lelei o soʻo se itu i totonu o se fausaga e faʻateleina ai ala masani. O galuega e mafaufau faapitoa i le aafiaga o le suia o tulaga tuaoi e faaitiitia ai le vibration tali o loo i ai foi e Guo ma Zhao [21]; Aglietti [2]; Aglietti ma Schwingshackl [3], Lim et al. [41].
8.1.5. Te'i ma tete'e a'afiaga valo'aga
Pitarresi et al. [53-55] fa'aaoga se fa'ata'ita'iga FE au'ili'ili o se PCB e va'ai ai le fa'ate'ia ma le vibration tali a se laupapa fa'atasi ai ma vaega o lo'o fa'atusalia o poloka 3D. O nei faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamautu faʻatusatusaga faifai pea e faʻaleleia ai le vaʻaiga o le tali i le resonance. O alaleo tali a'afiaga (SRS) ma auala salu taimi na fa'atusatusaina mo le va'aiga tali o a'afiaga, ma o auala uma e lua o se fefa'ataua'iga i le va o le sa'o ma le taimi fofo.
8.2. Tulaga e teena
Fa'atonuga o le le manuia e ave se fua o le tali a le PCB ma fa'aaogaina e maua mai ai se fua fa'aletonu, pe a fai o le fa'aletonu metric atonu o lona uiga o le taimi i le va o fa'aletonu (MTBF), ta'amilosaga i le fa'aletonu, fa'alavelave e leai se fa'agaioiga, po'o so'o se isi fua fa'atuatuaina (silasila i IEEE [26]; Jensen [28] 47]; O'Connor [XNUMX] mo se talanoaga o fua fa'aletonu). O le tele o auala eseese i le fa'atupuina o nei fa'amaumauga e mafai ona fa'avasega lelei ile au'ili'ili ma auala fa'apitoa. O auala fa'apitoa e fa'atupuina fa'amaumauga o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'aletonu e ala i le utaina o fa'ata'ita'iga o su'ega o vaega i le uta malosi mana'omia. O le mea e leaga ai, ona o le tele o faʻamatalaga faʻapipiʻi (ituaiga vaega, mafiafia PCB ma uta) e mafai i le faʻatinoga, o faʻamaumauga faʻasalalau e le mafai ona faʻaogaina saʻo talu ai o faʻamatalaga e naʻo tulaga faʻapitoa. O metotia su'esu'e e le afaina i ia fa'aletonu ma e sili atu ona fa'aoga lautele.
8.2.1. Fa'atonuga fa'aletonu
E pei ona taʻua muamua, o le tapulaʻa o le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e naʻo le faʻaogaina o faʻasalalauga e aofia ai le mafiafia o le PCB tutusa, ituaiga vaega tutusa, ma le uta faʻaoga, lea e le mafai. Ae ui i lea, o tusitusiga o loʻo avanoa e aoga mo mafuaʻaga nei: e maua ai faʻataʻitaʻiga lelei o le faʻatinoina o suʻega toilalo, faʻamaonia filifiliga eseese mo fua faʻaletonu, ma tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga taua e uiga i le masini o le toilalo. Na faia e Li [37] se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e vaʻai ai le faʻamaoni o 272-pin BGA ma 160-pin QFP afifi. O le faʻaleagaina o le vaivai i taʻavale ma totonu o le pusa o loʻo suʻesuʻeina, ma o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai i se maliega lelei ma le faʻalavelave faʻaleagaina faʻataʻitaʻiga fuafuaina e faʻaaoga ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga FE auiliili (vaai foi Li ma Poglitsch [38,39]). O le fa'agasologa e maua mai ai fa'aleaga fa'aputuga mo se tulaga tu'ufa'atasia o le fa'avavevave o le vibration o le fa'ailoga fa'aulu.
Lau et al.. [36] suʻesuʻeina le faʻamaoni o vaega faʻapitoa i lalo o le teʻi ma le vibration uta e faʻaaoga ai fuainumera Weibull. Liguore ma Followell [40] suʻesuʻeina le toilalo o le LLCC ma le J-lead vaega e ala i le fesuiaʻiina o le saoasaoa faʻapitonuʻu i taʻamilosaga o auaunaga. Fa'alotoifale fa'avavevave fa'aoga e fa'afeagai ma le fa'avaveina o le fa'aulu, ma sa su'esu'eina le a'afiaga o le vevela i fa'ai'uga o su'ega. O le tusiga foi e faʻasino i suʻesuʻega i le aafiaga o le mafiafia o le PCB i luga o le faʻatuatuaina o vaega.
Guo ma Zhao [21] faʻatusatusa le faʻamaoni o vaega pe a faʻaaogaina le curvature torsional i le lotoifale e avea o se uta, e faʻatusatusa i suʻesuʻega muamua na faʻaaogaina le saoasaoa. Fa'aleagaina le vaivai e fa'atusa, ona fa'atusaina lea o le fa'ata'ita'iga FE ma fa'ai'uga fa'ata'ita'iga. O lo'o fa'atalanoaina fo'i e le tala le fa'atulagaina o vaega e fa'aleleia atili ai le fa'amaoni.
Ham ma Lee [22] o loʻo tuʻuina atu se metotia faʻamaumauga o suʻega mo le faʻafitauli o le fuafuaina o faʻamaʻi faʻapipiʻi taʻitaʻi i lalo o le utaina o le uila. Estes et al.. [15] manatu o le faaletonu o vaega o le gullwing (GOST IEC 61188-5-5-2013) faʻatasi ai ma faʻaoga faʻavavevave faʻaoga ma uta vevela. O vaega na suʻesuʻeina o ituaiga pusa pusa CQFP 352, 208, 196, 84 ma le 28, faʻapea foʻi ma le FP 42 ma le 10. O le tusiga e tuuto atu i le toilalo o mea faʻaeletoroni ona o fesuiaiga i le taamilosaga o se satelite Earth geostationary, o le taimi. i le va o faaletonu o lo'o tu'uina atu i tulaga o tausaga o va'alele i luga o geostationary po'o le maualalo o le Earth orbits. O lo'o fa'amauina e fa'apea o le fa'aletonu o uaea fa'atosina e sili atu i nofoaga e feso'ota'i ma le tino afifi nai lo le solder solder.
O Jih ma Jung [30] e mafaufau i le faaletonu o meafaigaluega e mafua mai i faaletonu o le gaosiga i totonu o le solder joint. E faia lenei mea e ala i le fatuina o se faʻataʻitaʻiga FE sili ona auʻiliʻili o le PCB ma le sailia o le malosi o le spectral density (PSD) mo le tele o taʻei gaosiga eseese. Ligyore, Followell [40] ma Shetty, Reinikainen [58] o loʻo fautua mai o metotia faʻapitoa e maua mai ai faʻamaumauga sili ona saʻo ma aoga mo faʻamaumauga faʻapitoa fesoʻotaʻi. O nei ituaiga o metotia e fa'aoga pe afai e mafai ona fa'amautu fa'amaumauga fa'apipi'i (mafiafia o le laupapa, ituaiga vaega, fa'asologa o le curvature) i le taimi atoa o le mamanu, pe afai e gafatia e le tagata fa'aoga le faia o su'ega moni o lenei ituaiga.
8.2.2. Fa'ata'ita'iga le manuia
SMT faʻataʻitaʻiga o sooga tulimanu
O le tele o tagata suʻesuʻe o loʻo vaʻavaʻai i le faaletonu o pine tulimanu SMT o loʻo fautua mai o le mafuaʻaga masani lea o le toilalo. O pepa a Sidharth ma Barker [59] faʻamaeʻaina se faʻasologa muamua o pepa e ala i le tuʻuina atu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le fuafuaina o le faʻalavelave o taʻitaʻi tulimanu SMT ma vaega taʻavale mataʻutia. O le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga e iai se mea sese e itiiti ifo i le 7% pe a fa'atusatusa ile fa'ata'ita'iga FE au'ili'ili mo fa'ata'ita'iga sili ona leaga e ono. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻavae i luga o se fua faʻatatau na lomia muamua e Barker ma Sidharth [4], lea na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai le faʻafefe o se vaega faʻapipiʻi i se taimi punou. O le pepa a Sukhir [63] o lo'o su'esu'eina ma'oti le mamafa o lo'o fa'amoemoeina i pusa fa'amau ona o taimi o lo'o fa'aogaina i le lotoifale. Barker ma Sidharth [4] fausia i luga o le galuega a Sukhir [63], Barker et al. [4], lea e manatu i le aafiaga o le taʻitaʻia malo malo. Mulimuli ane, na fa'aogaina e Barker et al. [7] fa'ata'ita'iga au'ili'ili a le FE e su'esu'e ai le a'afiaga o suiga tetele o le ta'ita'i ile ola vaivai.
E talafeagai le taʻua iinei o le galuega i luga o le JEDEC taʻitaʻi puna puna, lea na matua faafaigofieina ai le faia o faʻataʻitaʻiga o vaega taʻitaʻia [33-35]. E mafai ona fa'aoga fa'amautu tautotogo nai lo se fa'ata'ita'iga au'ili'ili o feso'ota'iga ta'ita'i; ole taimi mana'omia e fau ma fofo ai le fa'ata'ita'iga FE o le a fa'aitiitia ile fa'ata'ita'iga. O le fa'aogaina o ia mea tumau i le vaega FE fa'ata'ita'iga o le a taofia ai le fa'atatau sa'o o fa'amamafa ta'ita'i fa'apitonu'u. Nai lo lena, o le a tu'uina atu le aofa'iga o le ta'ita'i, lea e tatau ona fa'afeso'ota'i i fa'amamafa ta'ita'i fa'apitonu'u po'o ta'iala o le ta'ita'i e fa'atatau i le ta'amilosaga ola o le oloa.
Fa'amatalaga vaivai o meafaitino
O le tele o fa'amatalaga e uiga i le toilalo o mea e fa'aaogaina mo solders ma vaega e fa'atatau i le fa'aletonu o le vevela, ma e la'ititi lava fa'amaumauga e iai e feso'ota'i ma le vaivai vaivai. O se faʻamatalaga tele i lenei vaega o loʻo tuʻuina mai e Sandor [56], o loʻo tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga i luga o le masini o le vaivai ma le toilalo o solder alloys. Steinberg [62] manatu i le toilalo o faʻataʻitaʻiga solder. O faʻamatalaga vaivai mo solder masani ma uaea o loʻo maua i le pepa a Yamada [69].
Ata. 4. Ole tulaga fa'aletonu masani mai le tusi lesona mo vaega QFP e latalata ile tino afifi.
Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'aletonu e feso'ota'i ma le solder debonding e lu'itau ona o mea uiga ese o lenei mea. O le tali i lenei fesili e faʻalagolago i le vaega e manaʻomia ona suʻeina. E iloa e mo pusa QFP e masani lava ona le amanaia, ma e suʻesuʻeina le faʻamaoni e faʻaaoga ai tusi faʻasino. Ae afai e fuafua le faʻapipiʻiina o vaega tetele BGA ma PGA, ona taʻitaʻia lea o fesoʻotaʻiga, ona o latou mea e le masani ai, e mafai ona aʻafia ai le toilalo o le oloa. O le mea lea, mo pusa QFP, o mea tau vaivai o faʻamatalaga sili ona aoga. Mo le BGA, o faʻamatalaga e uiga i le tumau o solder solder e faʻatatau i faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi palasitika e sili atu ona aoga [14]. Mo vaega tetele, Steinberg [62] o lo'o tu'uina atu fa'amaumauga fa'amau fa'atasi fa'atasi.
Fa'ata'ita'iga Fa'aletonu o Vaega Mamafa
Na o le pau lava le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai mo vaega mamafa o loʻo tuʻuina atu i totonu o se pepa e Steinberg [62], lea e suʻesuʻeina ai le malosi faʻamalosi o vaega ma tuʻuina atu se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻatatauina o le maualuga o le mamafa faʻatagaina e mafai ona faʻaogaina i se fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitaʻia.
8.3. Fa'ai'uga i le fa'aogaina o fa'ata'ita'iga PoF
O fa'ai'uga o lo'o mulimuli mai na faia i tusitusiga e uiga i metotia PoF.
O le tali fa'apitonu'u e taua tele i le va'aiga o le faaletonu o vaega. E pei ona taʻua i le Li, Poglitsch [38], o vaega i pito o se PCB e itiiti le faʻalavelave i le toilalo nai lo mea o loʻo i le ogatotonu o le PCB ona o eseesega i le lotoifale i le punou. O le mea lea, o vaega i nofoaga eseese i luga o le PCB o le a eseese avanoa o le toilalo.
O le fa'apitonu'u o le laupapa fa'apitonu'u ua manatu o se fa'ai'uga fa'aletonu e sili atu ona taua nai lo le fa'avavevave mo vaega SMT. O galuega lata mai [38,57,62,67] o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le curvature o le laupapa o le faʻailoga autu o le toilalo.
O ituaiga eseese o afifi, i le numera o pine ma le ituaiga o loʻo faʻaaogaina, e sili atu ona faʻatuatuaina nai lo isi, e tusa lava po o le a le siosiomaga faʻapitonuʻu [15,36,38].
O le vevela e mafai ona aʻafia ai le faʻamaoni o vaega. Fai mai Liguore ma Followell [40] o le ola vaivai e sili ona maualuga i le maualuga o le vevela mai le 0 ◦C i le 65 ◦C, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaitiitia o le vevela i lalo -30 ◦C ma luga aʻe o le 95 ◦C. Mo vaega QFP, o le nofoaga o loʻo faʻapipiʻi ai le uaea i le afifi (silasila i le Ata 4) ua manatu o le nofoaga muamua masei nai lo le solder solder [15,22,38].
O le mafiafia o le laupapa o loʻo i ai se aafiaga mautinoa i le ola vaivai o vaega SMT, e pei ona faʻaalia le faʻaitiitia o le ola vaivai o le BGA e tusa ma le 30-50 taimi pe a faʻatupulaʻia le mafiafia o le laupapa mai le 0,85mm i le 1,6mm (aʻo faʻaauau pea le faʻaogaina o le curvature) [13] . O le fetuutuunai (tausi) o le vaega e taʻitaʻia e matua aʻafia ai le faʻamaoni o vaega taʻitaʻi pito i luga [63], ae ui i lea, o se fesoʻotaʻiga e le o laina laina, ma o fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata taʻitaʻia e sili ona faʻatuatuaina.
8.4. Metotia polokalame
O le Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) i le Iunivesite o Maryland o lo'o tu'uina atu polokalame mo le fuafuaina o le vibration ma le te'i tali atu o laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi. O le polokalama (fa'aigoaina CALCE PWA) o lo'o i ai se fa'aoga fa'aoga e fa'afaigofie ai le fa'agaioia o le fa'ata'ita'iga FE ma fa'apipi'i otometi le fa'atusatusaga o tali i le fa'ata'ita'iga vibration. E leai ni manatu e faʻaaogaina e fatuina ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga tali a le FE, ma o le faʻaogaina o le faʻaaogaina e ave mai Steinberg [61] (e ui lava o le auala a Barkers [48] e faʻamoemoeina foi e faʻatinoina). Mo le tuʻuina atu o fautuaga lautele mo le faʻaleleia atili o le faʻaogaina o meafaigaluega, o loʻo faʻaalia lelei le polokalama faʻamatalaina, aemaise lava talu ai ona o le taimi e tasi e amanaʻia ai le mamafa o le vevela ma e manaʻomia ai sina poto faʻapitoa, ae o le saʻo o tulaga faʻaletonu i faʻataʻitaʻiga e leʻi faʻamaonia faʻataʻitaʻiga.
9. Metotia mo le faʻalauteleina o le faʻatuatuaina o meafaigaluega
O lenei vaega o le a talanoaina suiga pe a maeʻa le poloketi e faʻaleleia ai le faʻamaoni o mea faʻaeletoroni. Latou te pauu i ni vaega se lua: oi latou e suia tulaga tuaoi o le PCB, ma i latou e faateleina damping.
O le fa'amoemoe autu o suiga o tulaga tuaoi o le fa'aitiitia lea o le fa'afefeteina o le laupapa fa'asalalau lolomi, e mafai ona ausia e ala i le fa'ama'a'a o ivi, lagolago fa'aopoopo po'o le fa'aitiitia o le vibration o le ala fa'aoga. E mafai ona aoga mea faʻamalosi pe a latou faʻateleina ala masani, ma faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaogaina o le malosi [62], e tutusa lava le faʻaogaina i le faʻaopoopoina o lagolago faaopoopo [3], e ui lava o le nofoaga o lagolago e mafai foi ona sili ona lelei, e pei ona faʻaalia i galuega a J. H. Ong ma Lim [ 40]. O le mea e leaga ai, o ivi ma lagolago e masani ona manaʻomia le toe faʻatulagaina o le faʻatulagaga, o lea e sili ona lelei le mafaufauina o nei metotia i le amataga o le taamilosaga mamanu. E le gata i lea, e tatau ona faʻaeteete e faʻamautinoa e le suia e le suiga ia alaleo faʻanatura e fetaui ma alaleo masani o le fausaga lagolago, ona o lenei mea o le a faʻafefe.
O le fa'aopoopoina o le insulation e fa'aleleia atili ai le fa'atuatuaina o oloa e ala i le fa'aitiitia o le a'afiaga o le si'osi'omaga malosi e fa'afeiloa'i i masini ma e mafai ona ausia pe fa'agasolo pe fa'amalosi.
E masani ona faigofie ma taugofie auala e faʻaaogaina, e pei o le faʻaogaina o insulators uaea [66] poʻo le faʻaogaina o mea faʻapitoa o foliga manatua alloys (SMA) [32]. Ae ui i lea, ua iloa e le lelei le fuafuaina o isolator e mafai ona faʻateleina le tali.
O auala fa'agaoioi e maua ai le fa'amama lelei i luga o le tele o laina fa'asolosolo, e masani lava ona fa'aalu i le faigofie ma le tele, o lea e masani ona fa'amoemoe e fa'aleleia le sa'o o meafaigāluega ma'ale'ale ma'ale'ale nai lo le puipuia o le fa'aleagaina. O le vavaeeseina o le vibration malosi e aofia ai le electromagnetic [60] ma auala piezoelectric [18,43]. E le pei o auala e suia ai tulaga tuaoi, o le suiga o le fa'amama e fa'atatau i le fa'aitiitia o le tali maualuga o mea fa'aeletoroni, ae o alaleo masani e tatau ona suia na'o sina suiga.
E pei o le fa'amavaeina o le vibration, e mafai ona ausia le fa'atosina po'o le malosi, fa'atasi ai ma le fa'afaigofieina o mamanu fa'apenei i le mea muamua ma sili atu le lavelave ma le fa'amama i le mulimuli.
O auala faʻapitoa e aofia ai, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, auala faigofie e pei o mea faʻapipiʻi, ma faʻateleina ai le faʻafefe o le laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi [62]. O auala sili atu ona faʻapitoa e aofia ai le faʻapipiʻiina o fasimea [68] ma le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga lautele [25].
O le faʻatonutonuina o le vibration malosi e masani lava ona ausia e ala i le faʻaogaina o elemene piezoceramic faʻapipiʻi i luga o le laupapa faʻasalalau lolomi [1,45]. O le fa'aogaina o metotia fa'ama'a'a e fa'apitoa ma e tatau ona va'ava'ai ma le toto'a e fa'atatau i isi metotia. O le fa'aogaina o nei metotia i masini e le o iloa e iai fa'afitauli fa'atuatuaina o le a le fa'ateleina ai le tau ma le mamafa o le mamanu. Ae peita'i, afai o se oloa e iai se mamanu fa'amaonia e le manuia i le taimi o su'ega, atonu e sili atu le vave ma faigofie le fa'aogaina o se metotia fa'ama'a'a nai lo le toe fa'atulagaina o meafaigaluega.
10. Avanoa mo le atiaeina o metotia
O lenei vaega o loʻo faʻamatalaina avanoa mo le faʻaleleia atili o le faʻatuatuaina o vaʻaiga o mea faʻaeletoroni, e ui lava o le alualu i luma lata mai i optoelectronics, nanotechnology, ma tekonolosi afifi e ono vave faʻatapulaʻaina le faʻaogaina o nei talosaga. O auala autu e fa fa'atuatuaina vavalo atonu e le fa'aaogaina i le taimi o le mamanu o masini. Pau lava le mea e mafai ai ona sili atu le matagofie o ia auala o le atinaʻeina lea o masini faʻapitoa, taugofie ma faʻataʻitaʻiga tekonolosi, aua o le a mafai ai ona fausia ma faʻataʻitaʻi le mamanu fuafuaina e sili atu le vave nai lo le taimi nei, ma le itiiti o taumafaiga a le tagata.
Ole auala PoF e tele avanoa mo le faʻaleleia. O le vaega autu e mafai ona faʻaleleia ai o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia ma le faagasologa atoa o mamanu. Fuafuaga meafaigaluega faaeletonika o se faiga faifaipea e aumaia ai le tagata atiaeina latalata i le taunuuga maeʻa naʻo le galulue faatasi ma inisinia faʻapitoa i le matata o mea tau eletise, gaosiga ma le faʻainisinia vevela, ma le fausaga fausaga. O se metotia e otometi lava ona fa'atalanoaina nisi o nei fa'afitauli i le taimi e tasi o le a fa'aitiitia ai le numera o fa'asologa o mamanu ma fa'asaoina le tele o le taimi, aemaise lava pe a mafaufau i le aofa'i o feso'ota'iga va'ava'ai. O isi vaega o le faʻaleleia atili o auala o le PoF o le a vaevaeina i ituaiga o tali valoʻaga ma tulaga le manuia.
E lua auala i luma ole va'aiga tali: pe sili atu le vave, fa'ata'ita'iga au'ili'ili, po'o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'alelei, fa'afaigofie. Faatasi ai ma le oʻo mai o le faʻatupulaia o masini komepiuta, o le taimi o fofo mo faʻataʻitaʻiga FE auiliiliga e mafai ona faʻapuupuu, ae i le taimi lava e tasi, faʻafetai i polokalama faʻaonaponei, faʻaitiitia taimi faʻapipiʻi oloa, lea e faʻaitiitia ai le tau o tagata faigaluega. E mafai fo'i ona fa'aleleia auala fa'afaigofie FE e ala i se fa'agasologa mo le fa'atupuina otometi fa'ata'ita'iga FE, e tutusa ma ia e fa'ata'ita'iina mo auala auiliili FE. O lo'o avanoa nei le polokalama fa'akomepiuta (CALCE PWA) mo lea fa'amoemoe, peita'i e le'o fa'amaonia lelei le tekonolosi i le fa'atinoga ma o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga na faia e le o iloa.
O le fa'atusatusaina o le le mautonu o lo'o iai i metotia fa'afaigofie eseese o le a aoga tele, e fa'ataga ai le fa'atinoina o ta'iala aoga ole fa'apalepale masei.
Ma le mea mulimuli, o se faʻamaumauga poʻo se auala mo le tuʻuina atu o le faʻateleina o le malo i vaega faʻapipiʻi o le a aoga, lea e mafai ai ona faʻaogaina nei faʻaopoopoga o le malo e faʻaleleia ai le saʻo o faʻataʻitaʻiga tali. O le faʻavaeina o vaega faʻaletonu e faʻalagolago i le laʻititi o suiga i le va o vaega tutusa mai tagata gaosi oloa eseese, faʻapea foʻi ma le atinaʻeina o ituaiga faʻapipiʻi fou, talu ai soʻo se auala poʻo se faʻamaumauga mo le fuafuaina o tulaga toilalo e tatau ona faʻatatau mo ia fesuiaiga ma suiga.
O le tasi fofo o le faia lea o se metotia/polokalame e otometi ona fausia fa'ata'ita'iga au'ili'ili o le FE e fa'atatau i mea fa'aoga e pei o le ta'ita'i ma le afifiina. O lenei metotia e mafai ona fa'aogaina mo vaega masani fa'atusa e pei o vaega SMT po'o le DIP, ae le mo vaega fa'aletonu lavelave e pei o transformers, chokes, po'o vaega masani.
O faʻataʻitaʻiga FE mulimuli ane e mafai ona foia mo faʻalavelave ma tuʻufaʻatasia ma faʻamaumauga faʻaletonu mea (S-N plasticity curve data, mechanics gau poʻo se mea faapena) e faʻatatau ai le ola vaega, e ui o faʻamaumauga o meafaitino e tatau ona maualuga. O le faagasologa o le FE e tatau ona fa'amaopoopo ma fa'amaumauga moni o su'ega, e sili atu i le lautele o fa'asologa e mafai ai.
O le taumafaiga e aofia ai i se faiga e fai si laʻititi pe a faʻatusatusa i le isi suʻega suʻesuʻe tuusaʻo, lea e tatau ona faia se numera faʻafuainumera taua o suʻega i luga ole mafiafia PCB eseese, eseese mamafa mamafa ma faatonuga o uta, e oo lava i le faitau selau o ituaiga vaega eseese avanoa mo le tele. ituaiga laupapa. I tulaga o suʻega faʻataʻitaʻi faigofie, atonu e iai se auala e faʻaleleia ai le taua o suʻega taʻitasi.
Afai sa i ai se metotia mo le fuafuaina o le faateleina o le atuatuvale ona o suiga i nisi o fesuiaiga, e pei o le mafiafia o le PCB poʻo le taʻitaʻi, ona mafai lea ona faʻatatauina le suiga o le ola vaega. O sea auala e mafai ona faia e ala i le faʻaaogaina o suʻesuʻega a le FE poʻo metotia auʻiliʻili, e iʻu ai i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faigofie mo le faʻatusatusaina o tulaga faʻaletonu mai faʻamaumauga o loʻo iai.
Mulimuli ane, o loʻo faʻamoemoeina o le a faia se metotia e tuʻufaʻatasia uma meafaigaluega eseese o loʻo avanoa: suʻesuʻega FE, faʻamaumauga o suʻega, auʻiliʻili suʻesuʻe ma metotia faʻafuainumera e fatuina ai faʻamatalaga faʻaletonu sili ona saʻo e mafai ma le faʻatapulaʻaina o punaoa o loʻo maua. O elemene taʻitasi uma o le auala PoF e mafai ona faʻaleleia e ala i le tuʻuina atu o metotia stochastic i totonu o le faʻagasologa e amanaʻia ai aʻafiaga o fesuiaiga i mea faʻaeletoroni ma laʻasaga gaosiga. Ole mea lea ole a fa'amalieina ai fa'ai'uga, masalo e ta'ita'i atu i se faiga mo le fa'atupuina o mea faigaluega e sili atu le malosi i le fesuisuia'i ae fa'aitiitia le fa'aleagaina o oloa (e aofia ai le mamafa ma le tau).
Mulimuli ane, o ia faʻaleleia e mafai foi ona faʻatagaina mo le taimi tonu suʻesuʻega o meafaigaluega faʻalagolago i le faagasologa o le mamanu, faʻafuaseʻi ona fautua mai filifiliga vaega saogalemu, faʻatulagaina, poʻo isi fautuaga e faʻaleleia ai le faʻatuatuaina aʻo faʻatalanoaina isi mataupu e pei o le electromagnetic interference (EMI), vevela ma fale gaosi oloa.
11. Faaiuga
O lenei iloiloga o loʻo faʻaalia ai le lavelave o le vaʻaia o le faʻamaoni o mea faʻaeletoroni, suʻesuʻeina o le faʻaleleia o ituaiga e fa o metotia auʻiliʻili (tusi faʻatonutonu, faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamaumauga o suʻega ma PoF), e taʻitaʻia ai se faʻasologa ma faʻatusatusaga o nei ituaiga o metotia. O metotia fa'asinoga ua maitauina e aoga mo na'o su'esu'ega amata, e na'o le aoga o fa'amatalaga fa'ata'ita'iga pe'ā maua fa'amatalaga lautele ma sa'o taimi, ma o metotia fa'amaumauga e taua tele mo su'ega fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga ae le lava mo le fa'ata'ita'iina.
O auala o le PoF o loʻo faʻatalanoaina atili faʻamatalaga nai lo suʻesuʻega muamua o tusitusiga, vaevae suʻesuʻega i vaega o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa ma le ono o le toilalo. Vaega "Tali Va'aiga" toe iloilo tusi i luga o meatotino tufatufaina, fa'ata'ita'iga tulaga tuaoi, ma tulaga o fa'amatalaga i fa'ata'ita'iga FE. O le filifiliga o le tali vavalo auala o loʻo faʻaalia o se fefaʻatauaʻiga i le va o le saʻo ma le taimi e gaosia ma foia ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga FE, toe faʻamamafaina le taua o le saʻo o tulaga tuaoi. O le vaega "Failure Criteria" o loʻo faʻatalanoaina tulaga faʻaletonu ma auʻiliʻiliga; mo tekinolosi SMT, iloiloga o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma vaega mamafa o loʻo tuʻuina atu.
O metotia faʻapitoa e naʻo le faʻaaogaina o mataupu faʻapitoa, e ui lava latou te tuʻuina atu faʻataʻitaʻiga lelei o metotia faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamaoni, ae o metotia suʻesuʻe e sili atu le lautele o le faʻaogaina ae e sili atu ona faigata le faʻatinoina. O lo'o tu'uina atu se fa'atalanoaga pu'upu'u o metotia su'esu'ega fa'aletonu o lo'o iai e fa'atatau i polokalame fa'apitoa. Ma le mea mulimuli, o aʻafiaga mo le lumanaʻi o faʻamoemoega faʻamaoni ua tuʻuina atu, mafaufau i faʻatonuga e mafai ai ona faʻaleleia auala faʻamaonia.
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