1C - Zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Kurongeka kwemapoinzi mumaholivasi akatenderedza 1C

Shamwari nevatinoshanda navo, nguva pfupi yadarika paHabr kwave nekuwedzera zvinyorwa zvine ruvengo ku1C sepuratifomu yekusimudzira uye kutaura kwevadziviriri vayo. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakaratidza dambudziko rimwe rakakomba: kazhinji, vatsoropodzi ve1C vanoitsoropodza kubva pachinzvimbo che "kusava nekugona", vachitsiura matambudziko ari de facto kugadziriswa nyore, uye, pane zvinopesana, kwete kubata matambudziko akanyanya kukosha, akakodzera kukurukurwa uye asingagadziriswe nemutengesi. Ini ndinotenda kuti zvine musoro kuita ongororo yakadzikama ye1C papuratifomu. Zvazvinogona kuita, izvo zvisingakwanisi kuita, izvo zvazvinofanira kuita, asi hazviiti, uye, nokuda kwe dessert - izvo zvazvinoita ne bang, uye vashanduri vako pa% technology_name% vachazviita kwemakore zana, vachirasa zvinopfuura rimwe bhajeti regore.

Somugumisiro, iwe, semutungamiri kana muumbi wezvivakwa, uchakwanisa kuwana kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwebasa ripi richakubatsira kubva pakushandisa 1C, uye painoda kupiswa nesimbi inopisa. Semugadziri we "asiri-1C" nyika, iwe unozokwanisa kuona izvo zvakakosha nezve 1C zvekuti kupokana kwese kuri pamusoro. Uye semugadziri we1C, iwe unozokwanisa kufananidza system yako ne ecosystem yemimwe mitauro uye kunzwisisa chinzvimbo chako musoftware yekuvandudza coordination system.

Pasi pekucheka - kurwiswa kwakawanda kwakakora pa1C, pavatsoropodzi ve1C, paJava, .NET uye kazhinji... Iyo fan yakazadzwa, inogamuchirwa!

Nezvangu

Ndave ndichiziva nyaya yehurukuro kubva munenge muna 2004. Ndanga ndichironga zvichida kubva pandakanga ndiri anenge 6, kubva panguva yandakawana bhuku pamusoro pePurofesa Fortran nemakomiki pamusoro pekatsi, shiri negonye. Ndakaongorora maprogrammes akanyorwa nekatsi kubva pamifananidzo yemubhuku ndikaziva zvavakaita. Uye hongu, ndakanga ndisina komputa chaiyo panguva iyoyo, asi pakanga paine mufananidzo weimwe pakupararira kwebhuku uye ndakanyatsodzvanya mabhatani emapepa, ndichipinda mirairo yandakanga ndasora pakatsi X.

Kozoita BK0011 neBASIC kuchikoro, C++ and assemblers at university, then 1C, uyezve zvakawanda zvekuti ndine nungo yekurangarira. Kwemakore gumi nemashanu apfuura, ndanga ndichinyanya kubatanidzwa mu15C, kwete chete maererano nekodha, asi 1C zvachose. Kuisa mabasa, manejimendi, uye DevOps inosanganisirwawo. Kwemakore mashanu apfuura, ndanga ndichiita basa rinobatsira munharaunda maererano nekuvandudza uye otomatiki maturusi evamwe vashandisi ve1C, kunyora zvinyorwa nemabhuku.

Ngatisarudzei pamusoro penyaya yehurukuro

Kutanga, ngatitsanangure zvatichave tichitaura nezvazvo, sezvo mabhii "1C" anogona kureva zvinhu zvakawanda. Muchiitiko ichi, nemabhii "1C" tichareva chete chirongwa chekusimudzira "1C: Enterprise" yemazuva ano, yechisere shanduro. Hatisi kuzotaura zvakawanda nezve mugadziri uye mutemo wayo (asi zvishoma zvichazotaurwa), Hatizokurukura zvakananga manyorerwo akanyorwa tichishandisa iyi chimiro. Iyo tekinoroji yakaparadzana, maapplication aka configurations - zvakasiyana.

High-level architecture ye1C: Enterprise

Hazvisi pasina kuti nditaure izwi rekuti "framework". Kubva pakuona kwemugadziri, iyo 1C chikuva chakanyatso hurongwa. Uye inofanira kubatwa chaizvo segadziriro. Funga nezvayo Chitubu kana ASP.NET, chinoitwa neimwe nguva yekumhanya nharaunda (JVM kana CLR, zvichiteerana). Zvakaitika kuti munyika yenguva dzose hurongwa ("kwete 1C"), kupatsanurwa kuita masisitimu, mashini chaiwo uye mashandisirwo chaiwo ndeakasikwa, nekuda kwekuti zvikamu izvi zvinowanzogadzirwa nevagadziri vakasiyana. Munyika ye1C, haisi tsika kusiyanisa zvakajeka pakati pegadziriro yekusimudzira uye nguva yekumhanya pachayo, mukuwedzera, zvinyorwa zvakananga zvakanyorwa uchishandisa chimiro zvinonyanya kugadzirwa ne1C pachayo. Somugumisiro, kumwe kuvhiringidzika kunomuka. Naizvozvo, mukati mechimiro chechinyorwa, isu tichafanirwa kufunga nezve 1C kubva kune akati wandei mativi kamwechete uye toiisa pamwe neakawanda mademo ekuronga. Uye mune yega yega coordis axis, isu tinoisa foshoro yebrown nyaya uye tifunge nezve maficha, zvakanakira uye zvakaipira mhinduro iripo.

Maonero ekuona pa1C

1C yemutengi

Mutengi anotenga otomatiki system, yaanogona kukurumidza kugadzirisa matambudziko ekugadzira bhizinesi rake. Bhizinesi rinogona kunge riri diki diki, kana rinogona kuve rakakura kubata. Zviri pachena kuti zvinodiwa zvemabhizimisi aya zvakasiyana, asi zvose zvinotsigirwa nekodhi imwe nheyo yepuratifomu.

Kune mutengi, 1C inguva yekukurumidza-ku-musika. Fast. Inokurumidza kupfuura Java, C# kana JS. Paavhareji. Muchipatara. Zviripachena kuti bhizinesi kadhi saiti paReact ichave nani, asi iyo yekumashure yeWMS system ichavhura nekukurumidza pa1C.

1C sechishandiso

Imwe neimwe mhinduro yetekinoroji ine miganhu yayo yekushandisa. 1C haisi mutauro wechinangwa chakazara, haigare yakaparadzana kubva kune yayo. Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa 1C kana uchida:

• server application
• chikumbiro apo mari inobatanidzwa
• neUI yakagadzirwa, ORM, Kushuma, XML/JSON/COM/PDF/YourDataTransferingFormat
• nerutsigiro rwekumashure maitiro uye mabasa
• ine basa-based kuchengetedzwa
• ine scriptable business logic
• nekugona kukurumidza kugadzira prototype uye yakaderera nguva-kumusika

Iwe haudi 1C kana uchida:

• kudzidza muchina
• GPU kuverenga
• mifananidzo yepakombiyuta
• masvomhu masvomhu
• CAD system
• kushandiswa kwechiratidzo (ruzha, vhidhiyo)
• highload http mafoni nemazana ezviuru zve rps

1C sekambani yekugadzira

Izvo zvakakodzera kunzwisisa kuti bhizinesi re1C rakaita sei semugadziri wesoftware. 1C inotengesa mhinduro kumatambudziko ebhizinesi kuburikidza neautomation. Mabhizinesi akasiyana, makuru kana madiki, asi izvi ndizvo zvarinotengesa. Nzira dzekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi mashandisirwo ebhizinesi. Ku accounting, ye payroll, etc. Kunyora zvikumbiro izvi, kambani inoshandisa yayo yega bhizinesi application yekuvandudza chikuva. Kunyanya kurongedzerwa kune akajairwa mabasa eaya mabhizinesi maapplication:

• accounting yemari
• nyore kugadzirisa kwebhizinesi logic
• mikana yakafara yekubatanidza mune heterogeneous IT landscapes

Semugadziri, 1C inotenda kuti zano iri rinobvumira kushanda nevadyidzani uye vatengi mune yekukunda-kuhwina modhi. Iwe unogona kukakavara neizvi, asi izvi ndezvekuti kambani inozvisimudzira sei: yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa mhinduro kumatambudziko ebhizinesi anogona kukurumidza kugadziridzwa nevanodyidzana uye akabatanidzwa mune chero IT landscape.

Zvese zvikumbiro kana zvishuwo ku1C sehurongwa zvinofanirwa kutariswa chete kuburikidza neprism iyi. "Tinoda OOP mu1C," vanodaro vanogadzira. "Imarii inotsigira OOP papuratifomu inotidhura, ingatibatsira here kuwedzera kutengesa kwebhokisi?" inodaro kambani ye1C. Inovhura "prism" yayo yekutengesa mhinduro kumatambudziko ebhizinesi:

- Hei, bhizinesi, unoda here kuti 1C yako ive neOOP?
- Izvi zvichandibatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko angu here?
- Ndiani anoziva ...
- Ipapo hapana chikonzero.

Iyi nzira inogona kuva yakanaka kana yakaipa, zvichienderana nokuti ndiani anotarisa, asi zvakangodaro. Kana tichitaura pamusoro pekuti 1C haina chimiro X, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti haisipo pasina chikonzero, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusarudza kwe "mari yekushandisa vs. profit size".

Technology classification

“Kutaura zvazviri, vashandisi ve1C vanoshandisa zvizere mapatani akanakisa, akanyatsosarudzwa nevanoitira hanya methodologist uye vanogadzira XNUMXC papuratifomu.
Paunonyora kodhi yako yakapusa kune yakapusa yakagadziriswa fomu, chauri kushandisa chaizvo model view controller с mbiri-nzira data kusunga в matatu-layered-data-app-injini, yakapfava yepamusoro-soro chinhu-hukama-mepu pachigadziko declarative metadata tsananguro, ine zvayo mutauro wekubvunza wakazvimirira papuratifomu, c declarative data-driven user interface, yakazara pachena serialization uye mutauro wechirongwa wakanangana nedura.

Iko vanogadzira 1C vanosiyana kubva kune vavanoshanda navo vekuMadokero vari muPR. Vanoda kupa chero chitsotsi zita rakakura uye kuita nharo pamusoro paro kunge imboni yeziso ravo. "
A. Orefkov

Iyo 1C papuratifomu ine yakasarudzika 3-tier architecture, pakati payo pane application server (kana kuteedzera kwayo nemari shoma kune vadiki vezvitoro). Pamwe MS SQL kana Postgres inoshandiswa seDBMS. Kune zvakare tsigiro yeOracle uye IBM DB2, asi izvi zviri kutoti esotericism, hapana anoziva zvichaitika kana 1C ikaiswa pamabhesi aya pasi pepakati nepamusoro mutoro. Ndinotenda kuti kambani ye1C pachayo haizive izvi.

Chikamu chemutengi chingave chitete mutengi chakaiswa pamushini wemushandisi, kana webhu client. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti vagadziri vepurogiramu havanyore 2 macode akasiyana, vanonyora imwe application, mumutauro mumwe, uye unogona kuiratidza mubrowser kana paine chishuwo kana chinodiwa. Ndiani aida chaiyo yakazara stack uye mutauro mumwechete kune kumberi uye kumashure, node.js? Havana kumbokwanisa kuzviita nenzira imwechete. Iyo chaiyo yakazara stack iripo, asi iwe uchafanirwa kuinyora mu1C. Izvo zvinonyadzisa zvekupedzisira, ndozvazvinoita 🙂

Iyo gore SaaS mhinduro 1C: Itsva inoshandawo mubrowser mode, kwausingafanirwe kutenga 1C, asi kurenda dhatabhesi diki uye chengetedza shawarma kutengesa ipapo. Ingori mubrowser, pasina kuisa kana kuseta chero chinhu.

Mukuwedzera, kune mutengi wenhaka, iyo mu1C inonzi "regular application". Nhaka inhaka, tinogamuchirwa kunyika yezvikumbiro kubva muna 2002, asi isu tichiri kutaura pamusoro pemamiriro azvino ecosystem.

Iyo sevha chikamu che1C inotsigira kubatanidza uye inokonzeresa nekuwedzera michina mitsva kune sumbu. Kune akati wandei mapfumo akatyoka pano uye pachave nechikamu chakasiyana muchinyorwa nezve izvi. Muchidimbu, izvi hazvina kunyanyofanana nekuwedzera akati wandei chaiwo akafanana zviitiko kuseri kweHAProxy.

Iyo dhizaini yekuvandudza yekushandisa inoshandisa yayo yega hurongwa mutauro, iyo inoda kufanana neyakavandudzwa VB6 yakashandurirwa muchiRussia. Kune vanhu vanovenga zvese zvechiRussia, vasingatendi kuti "kana" inoshandurwa se "kana", yechipiri syntax sarudzo inopiwa. Kureva kuti, kana uchida, unogona kunyora mu1C kuitira kuti isasiyaniswe neVB.

Mutauro wekugadzira uyu ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuvengwa kwevagadziri ve1C papuratifomu yavo. Ngative vakatendeseka, hazvisi pasina chikonzero. Mutauro wacho wakaitwa sewakanyanya kupfava, wakagadzirirwa kuzadzisa mantra "VADZIDZISI, VANODZIDZA" zvishoma pachiyero cheCIS. Izvo zvekutengeserana kwechisarudzo chakadaro, mumaonero angu, zvinonyatsooneka: vagadziri vakawanda, kuwedzera kwemusika. Izvi zvazadzika, maererano nefungidziro dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pa45% kusvika 95%. Ndichabva ndataura kuti kunyora nemutauro waunofunga uri nyore chaizvo. Uye ndinoziva mitauro yakati wandei yekuronga.

Ngatitange nemutauro, zvichida.

1C programming mutauro

Panguva imwecheteyo, ndiyo nzvimbo yakasimba uye isina simba yehurongwa. Inopa kupinda nyore uye kuverenga. Nekune rumwe rutivi, haisati yavandudzwa kubvira pakaburitswa vhezheni 8 muna 2002 uye haichashandi. Mumwe munhu achati "chinonyanya kukanganisa kushaikwa kweOOP" uye ivo vanenge vasina kururama. Chekutanga, OOP haingofarirwe naNuraliyev chete, asiwo naTorvalds. Uye chechipiri, OOP iripo.

Kubva pakuona kwemugadziri, ane hurongwa nemakirasi ekutanga akamepurwa kuDBMS. Mugadziri anogona kutora base kirasi "Directory" uye kugara nhaka "Clients" dhairekitori kubva mairi. Anogona kuwedzera minda mitsva yekirasi kwairi, semuenzaniso, INN uye Kero, uye, kana zvichidikanwa, anogona kukurira nzira dzekirasi yekutanga, semuenzaniso, iyo OnWrite / PriZapisi nzira.

Iyo dhizaini yakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti nhaka yakadzama haiwanzo kudikanwa, uye iyo OOP kurambidzwa, mukuona kwangu, ine musoro. 1C yakatarisana neDomain Driven Development uye inoita kuti iwe ufunge, chekutanga pane zvese, nezvenyaya yenyaya yemhinduro iri kugadzirwa, uye izvi zvakanaka. Kwete chete hapana muedzo, asi hapana zvakare chikonzero chekunyora gumi maDTO akasiyana uye ViewModels kungoratidza imwe data kubva kudura kune imwe nzvimbo. Mugadziri we10C anogara achishanda nechinhu chimwe chete, pasina kuunganidza mamiriro ekuona nemakirasi gumi nemaviri ane mazita akafanana anomiririra chimwe chinhu, asi kubva kune imwe kona. Chero NET application, semuenzaniso, inenge iine mashanu kana maviri ViewModels uye maDTO ekuita serialization muJSON uye kutamisa data kubva kumutengi kuenda kuserver. Uye inenge gumi-1% yekodhi yako yekushandisa ichashandiswa kuendesa data kubva kune imwe kirasi kuenda kune imwe nemawoko kana nemadondoro seAutoMapper. Iyi kodhi inofanirwa kunyorwa uye vanogadzira mapurogiramu vanofanirwa kubhadharwa nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo nekugadzirisa.

Zvinoitika kuti mutauro we1C wakaoma kukudziridza pasina kuuomesa kusvika padanho remitauro yakawanda, nekudaro kurasikirwa nemukana wekureruka. Ndeipi basa remutengesi, muchidimbu: kuburitsa mhinduro yakajairwa iyo inogona kugadziridzwa chero mudzidzi akabatwa mumugwagwa neinodiwa mwero wemhando (kureva nyaya yekuvhara kubva pakiosk kuenda kune yakakura chirimwa inozadziswa). Kana iwe uri kiosk, tora mudzidzi, kana uri chirimwa, tora guru kubva kune mumwe-mutevedzeri. Icho chokwadi chekuti vanobatana-vaite vanotengesa vadzidzi nemutengo weguru harisi dambudziko rehurongwa. Zvivakwa, iyo dhizaini inofanirwa kugadzirisa matambudziko ese ari maviri, iyo kodhi yeyakajairwa zvigadziriso (iyo yatakatengesa kune mabhizinesi nevimbiso yekugadzirisa) inofanirwa kunzwisiswa nemudzidzi, uye guru rinonzwisisa chero chaunoda.

Chii, mumaonero angu, chiri kushayikwa chaizvo mumutauro, chii chinomanikidza munhu kunyora kupfuura aikwanisa, chii chinopisa nguva yakabhadharwa nemutengi.

• Kugona kwekunyora pamwero we, semuenzaniso, TypeScript (nekuda kweizvozvo, yakawedzera kodhi kodhi maturusi ekuongorora muIDE, refactoring, mashoma anotsamwisa tsikidzi)
  Kuva nemabasa sezvinhu zvekutanga. Pfungwa yakati wandei yakaoma, asi huwandu hwe boilerplate kodhi kubva kune yakajairwa inogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya. Kunzwisisa kwemudzidzi kwekodhi, IMHO, kunotowedzera nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwevhoriyamu.
• Universal muunganidzwa chaiwo, ekutanga. Chinhu chimwe chete - kuderedza nhamba yekodhi inoda kunyorwa uye / kana kuonekwa nemeso. Kuzadza kuunganidzwa kunotora pamusoro pe9000% yenguva yekuronga pa1C. Kuinyora pasina syntactic shuga yakareba, inodhura uye inokanganisa. Kazhinji, huwandu hweLOC mu1C mhinduro hunodarika ese anofungirwa miganhu kana ichienzaniswa neapo akavhurika masisitimu uye, kazhinji, yako yese bhizinesi Javas inotorwa pamwechete. Mutauro une verbose, uye izvi zvinodzikira kuita data data, ndangariro, IDE mabhureki, nguva, mari….
• pakupedzisira zvivakwa Ndine fungidziro yekuti chivakwa ichi chisipo nekuti havana kuwana dudziro yakanaka yayo muchiRussia :)
• Own data mhando (isina OOP), analogis eType kubva kuVB6. Ichabvumira kusanyora zvimiro nerubatsiro rwemashoko muBSP uye nemashiripiti nzira dzekuvaka izvi zvimiro. Isu tinowana: kodhi shoma, zano kuburikidza nedoti, nekukurumidza mhinduro yedambudziko, zvikanganiso zvishoma pane typos uye zvisipo zvezvivakwa. Ikozvino kutaipa kwezvimiro zvevashandisi kwakarara zvachose nechikwata chekuvandudza Raibhurari yeStandard Subsystems, iyo, kune chikwereti chayo, inonyatso nyora zvirevo pane zvinotarisirwa zvivakwa zveakatamisirwa parameter zvimiro.
• Hapana shuga kana uchishanda neasynchronous mafoni pawebhu mutengi. callback-hell muchimiro cheNotificationProcessing inzira yenguva pfupi inokonzerwa nekushanduka kamwe kamwe muAPI yemabhurawuza makuru, asi haugone kurarama seizvi nguva dzese, mukana we "kunzwisisa kwemudzidzi" yeasynchronous kodhi iri kuramba ichirasika. Wedzera kune izvi hapana tsigiro yeiyi paradigm muIDE huru uye zvese zvichatonyanya kuipa.

Idzi ndidzo dzimwe dzenyaya dzinomanikidza, zviri pachena kuti rondedzero inogona kureba, asi isu hatifanirwe kukanganwa kuti uyu hausi mutauro wechinangwa, haudi kuverengera, mabasa e lambda, kuwana kuGPU uye nekukurumidza kutenderera-nzvimbo kuverenga. Uyu ndiwo mutauro wemanyorero ebhizinesi.

Mugadziri wepurogiramu akashanda nemutauro uyu kwenguva yakareba, akatarisa mujs kana c# uye anofinhwa mukati megadziriro yemutauro uyu. Ichi ichokwadi. Inoda budiriro. Kune rumwe rutivi rwechiyero, mutengesi ane mutengo wekushandisa zvakatarwa maficha vs. kuwedzera mari mushure mekuita kwavo. Pano ini handina ruzivo nezve izvo zvirikupfuura mumaziso ekambani.

Development environment

Pano, zvakare, zvinhu zvose hazvisi nyore. Kune nzvimbo mbiri dzebudiriro. Yekutanga ndeye Configurator inosanganisirwa mukutumira. Yechipiri inzvimbo yeEnterprise Development Tools, yakapfupikiswa EDT, yakagadzirwa pahwaro hweEclipse.

Iyo configurator inopa huwandu hwakazara hwekusimudzira mabasa, inotsigira ese maficha uye ndiyo huru nharaunda pamusika. Iyo zvakare ine tsika yechinyakare, haina kukura, maererano nerunyerekupe - nekuda kwehuwandu hwechikwereti chehunyanzvi mukati mayo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuvandudzwa nekuvhura iyo yemukati API (muchimiro chehushamwari na Snowfall A. Orefkova kana pane yakazvimirira), asi izvi hazvisizvo. Kudzidzira kwakaratidza kuti nharaunda pachayo ichaona kunze kwezvinhu muIDE, kana chete mutengesi asingapindire. Asi tine zvatinazvo. Iyo configurator yakanga yakanaka muna 2004-2005, inoyeuchidza zvikuru Visual Studio yenguva idzodzo, mune dzimwe nzvimbo yaitotonhorera, asi ichiri kunamatira munguva idzodzo.

Uye zvakare, vhoriyamu yeavhareji yakajairwa mhinduro yakakura kakawanda kubva ipapo, uye nhasi IDE haigone kubata nehuwandu hwekodhi iyo inodyiswa. Usability uye refactoring masimba haana kana zero, ari muminus. Zvese izvi hazviwedzere kufarira kune vanogadzira, uye vanorota vachirasa mune dzimwe ecosystems uye kuenderera mberi nekodhi shit ipapo, asi yatova munzvimbo inonakidza isingasvipi kumeso kwako nemafambiro ayo.

Seimwe nzira, tinopa IDE yakanyorwa kubva kutanga, yakavakirwa pachigadziko cheEclipse. Ikoko, iyo kodhi kodhi, senge chero imwe software, inogara muchimiro chemavara mafaera, akachengetwa muGIT, matavi-kudhonza zvikumbiro, zvese izvo zvinhu. Pakati peminus - kwemakore mazhinji ikozvino haina kusiya beta mamiriro, kunyange nekusunungurwa kwega kwega inova nani. Ini handisi kuzonyora nezve minus yeEDT, chii chinonzi minus nhasi, mangwana chinhu chakagadziriswa. Kukosha kwetsanangudzo yakadaro kuchakurumidza kupera. Nhasi, zvinogoneka kukudziridza muEDT, asi hazvina kujairika, unofanirwa kuve wakagadzirira imwe nhamba yeIDE bugs.

Kana iwe ukatarisa mamiriro acho kuburikidza ne "1C prism" yambotaurwa, unowana chimwe chinhu chakadai: kusunungurwa kweIDE itsva hakuwedzere kutengesa kwebhokisi, asi kunogona kuderedza kubuda kweDEVELOPERS. Zvakaoma kutaura izvo zvakamirira ecosystem maererano nekunyaradza kwemugadziri, asi Microsoft yakatokoromora vagadziri venhare kamwe nekuvapa masevhisi ayo kunonoka.

Development Management

Pano, zvese zviri nani pane kunyora kodhi, kunyanya nguva pfupi yadarika, apo kuedza kwenharaunda kwakaburitsa pachena matambudziko ekutonga otomatiki, yakatanga prototypes inodaidzira kukanda kunze kweiyo 1C chengetedzo uye kushandisa git, kukurumidza mhosva, kuongorora kwekodhi, static analysis, autodeployment, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakawedzerwa papuratifomu zvinowedzera mwero weotomatiki wemabasa ebudiriro. Nekudaro, ese aya maficha akawedzerwa chete uye chete ekuvandudza zvigadzirwa zvedu zvakakura, pazvakava pachena kuti pakanga pasina nzira pasina otomatiki. Auto-inobatanidza, matatu-nzira kuenzanisa neKDiff, uye zvese izvo zvinhu zvaonekwa. Yakatangwa paGitHub gitconverter, uyo, kutaura chokwadi, akaburitswa kunze kweprojekti gitsync, asi yakagadziridzwa maitiro ekambani yevatengesi. Kutenda kune vakomana vakasindimara kubva kune yakavhurika-sosi, iyo otomatiki yekuvandudza mu1C yatama kubva pakafa. Iyo yakavhurika API yemugadziri, IMHO, yaizofambisawo tsika yekudzokera kumashure kweiyo IDE huru.

Nhasi, kuchengetedza 1C sosi macode mu git nekuita kwakabatana nemabasa muJira, wongororo muCrucible, kuburitsa nebhatani kubva kuJenkins uye Allure mishumo pakuyedzwa kwekodhi mu1C uye kunyange. static ongororo muSonarQube - idzi hadzisisiri nhau, asi zviri kuitika mumakambani uko kune budiriro yakawanda pa1C.

Utongi

Pane zvakawanda zvekutaura pano. Chekutanga pane zvese, ichokwadi, sevha (1C server cluster). Chinhu chinoshamisa, asi nekuda kwekuti ibhokisi dema rakazara, rakanyorwa zvakadzama, asi neimwe nzira - kugona kuvhurwa kwekushanda kusingapindike muhighload mode pamaseva akati wandei - iyi ndiyo yakawanda yevakasarudzwa vanopfeka menduru ine chinyorwa "Nyanzvi munyaya dzehunyanzvi". Izvo zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti, mumusimboti, kutonga 1C sevha hakuna kusiyana nekutonga chero imwe sevha. Iyi inetiweki yakawanda-yakarukwa application inoshandisa ndangariro, processor uye disk zviwanikwa. Inopa mikana yakakwana yekuunganidza telemetry uye diagnostics.

Dambudziko riri pano nderekuti mutengesi haape chero chinhu chakakosha maererano neakagadzirira-akagadzirwa mhinduro yeiyi diagnostics. Hongu, pane 1C: KIP neTsUP, hazvina kana zvakaipa, asi zvakabhadharwa zvakanyanya uye havasi vose vanazvo. Nharaunda ine huwandu hwebudiriro pakubatanidza Grafana, Zabbix, ELK uye zvimwe zvinhu kubva kune yakajairwa admin set, asi hapana mhinduro imwe chete inokodzera ruzhinji. Basa racho rakamirira gamba raro. Uye kana iwe uri bhizinesi rinoronga kuvhura pane 1C cluster, unoda Nyanzvi. Wako wega wemukati kana kubva kunze, asi iwe unoda imwe. Zvakajairika kuti pane basa rakasiyana nehunyanzvi mukushanda kweseva, kwete yega nyanzvi ye1C inofanirwa kuziva izvi, iwe unongoda kunzwisisa kuti basa rakadaro rinodiwa. Ngatitorei SAP semuenzaniso. Ikoko, mugadziri wepurogiramu kazhinji haatombosimuka kubva pachigaro chake kana akakumbirwa kugadzirisa chimwe chinhu pane server application. Anogona kunge asingazivi kuti sei uye haazonyari. Iyo nzira yeSAP ine basa rakasiyana revashandi reizvi. Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, muindasitiri ye1C zvinotendwa kuti izvi zvinofanira kusanganiswa mumushandi mumwe chete kumuhoro wakafanana. Iyi ipfungwa isiriyo.

Kuipa kwe1C server

Pane chaiyo minus imwe - kuvimbika. Kana, kana uchida, kusafungira. Kamwe kamwe hunhu husinganzwisisike hweserver hwatove nhaurwa yedhorobha. Mushonga wepasirese - kumisa sevha nekubvisa cache zvese zvakatotsanangurwa mubhuku renyanzvi uye kunyange batch faira inokurudzirwa inoita izvi. Kana 1C yako yatanga kuita chimwe chinhu chausingafanire kuita kunyangwe nedzidziso - inguva yekubvisa chesesheni data cache. Mune maonero angu, kune vanhu vatatu munyika yose vanoziva kushandisa 1C sevha pasina nzira iyi, uye havagoverani zvakavanzika zvavo, nokuti iyi ndiyo mararamiro avanoita. Pamwe chakavanzika chavo ndechekuti vanojekesa data remusangano, asi hapana wavanoudza nezvazvo, hee hee.

Zvikasadaro, iyo 1C sevha ndiyo yakafanana application sechero imwe uye inopihwa ingangoita nzira imwe chete, nekuverenga zvinyorwa uye nekurovera padhiramu.

Docker

Kubatsira kwekushandisa mudziyo 1C server mukugadzira hakusati kwaratidzwa. Iyo sevha haina kuunganidzwa nekungowedzera node kuseri kweiyo balancer, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanakira kugadzirwa kwemidziyo kusvika kushoma, uye tsika yekubudirira kushanda mumidziyo mune yakakwira modhi haisati yagadzirwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Docker + 1C inoshandiswa chete nevagadziri kusimudza nharaunda dzebvunzo. Ikoko inobatsira zvikuru, inoshandiswa, inokubvumira kutamba nematekinoroji emazuva ano uye kutora zororo kubva mukuora mwoyo kwemugadziri.

Commercial chikamu

Kubva pakuona kwekudyara, 1C inokutendera kuti uvhare basa rekukurumidza kuvhura bhizinesi mazano nekuda kwehupamhi hwekugona kwemakirasi ekushandisa. 1C kunze kwebhokisi inopa Yakanyanya kunaka Kurevera, kubatanidzwa nechero chinhu, mutengi wewebhu, mutengi wenhare, nharembozha, rutsigiro rweDBMS dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira dzemahara, muchinjiko-chikuva chesevha uye zvikamu zvakaiswa zvevatengi. Ehe, iyo UI yemashandisirwo ichave yero, dzimwe nguva iyi minus, asi kwete nguva dzose.
Nekusarudza 1C, bhizinesi rinowana seti yezvigadziriso zvesoftware zvinobvumira kuvaka huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, pamwe nevazhinji vanogadzira pamusika vanoda mari shoma pane vanogadzira Java uye panguva imwechete vanounza mhedzisiro nekukurumidza.

Semuenzaniso, basa rekutumira invoice yePDF kumutengi rinogadziriswa muawa yebasa nemudzidzi. Basa rimwechete mu.NET rinogadziriswa nekutenga raibhurari yevaridzi, kana mazuva akati wandei kana mavhiki ekukodha nemugadziri wendebvu. Dzimwe nguva, zvose zviri zviviri kamwechete. Uye hongu, ini ndaingotaura nezve kugadzira PDF. Hatina kutaura kuti invoice iyi ichabvepi. Webhu yepamberi-yekupedzisira mugadziri anofanirwa kugadzira iyo fomu iyo mushandisi achaisa iyo data, iyo yekumashure-yekupedzisira mugadzirisi achafanirwa kugadzira dto modhi yekufambisa JSON, modhi yekuchengetera mudhatabhesi, chimiro chedhatabhesi pachayo, kutamira kwairi, kuumbwa kwegraphical kuratidzwa kweiyi invoice, uye ipapo chete - PDF. Mu1C, basa rose, kubva pakutanga, rinoitwa muawa imwe chete.

Iyo yakazara-yakazara accounting system yekiosk diki ine bhizinesi rimwechete rakatengwa / kutengeswa rinoitwa mukati maawa matatu. Nekubika kwekutengesa, accounting yechigadzirwa pamitengo yekutenga nekutengesa, yakaputswa nedzimba dzekuchengetera zvinhu, kutonga kwekodzero, mutengi wewebhu uye nharembozha. Zvakanaka, ndakaenda pamusoro pechikumbiro, nechikumbiro hachina kuitwa mumaawa matatu, chinoitwa mumatanhatu.

Inguva yakadii ichatora basa iri kune .NET developer kubva panguva yekuisa Visual Studio pakombiyuta yakachena kusvika kuratidzwa kune mutengi? Uye maererano nemari yekusimudzira? Ndizvozvo.

Simba re1C sepuratifomu

1C yakasimba kwete nekuti ine chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kunaka munyika. Pane zvinopesana, mune yega yega subsystem iwe unogona kuwana inonakidza analogue mune software yenyika. Nekudaro, zvichibva pahuwandu hwezvinhu, ini handisi kuona chikuva chakafanana ne1C. Apa ndipo pane kubudirira kwekutengeserana. Mabhenefiti epuratifomu akapararira mukati mayo uye anonyatso kuoneka kana iwe ukaona maitirwo azvinoitwa mune mamwe mapuratifomu. Chaizvoizvo, izvi HAZVISI kana maficha, asi zvinopesana - kurambwa kwezvinhu zvichifarira imwe chaiyo paradigm. Mienzaniso mishoma:

1. Unicode. Chii chingave chiri nyore? Usashandise ma-single-byte ASCII encodings muna 2019 (kunze kwekubatanidzwa nenhaka yakadzika). Hapana nzira. Asi kwete. Mumwe munhu acharamba achishandisa single-byte varchar mune imwe tafura uye chishandiso chichava nematambudziko ne encodings. Muna 2015, mvumo yegitlab's LDAP yakakundikana nekuda kwekubata zvisirizvo kwe encodings, uye JetBrains IDE haisati yashanda neCyrillic mumazita emafaira kwese. 1C ine yakakwirira-yemhando yekuzviparadzanisa yekodhi yekushandisa kubva kuDB layer. Ikoko, haugone kunyora matafura padanho rakaderera uye zvikanganiso zvevasina kugona vechidiki padanho reDB hazvigoneke ipapo. Hongu, zvimwe zvikanganiso zvevasina kukwana juniors zvinogoneka ipapo, asi zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinetso zvishoma zvishoma. Iwe uchandiudza izvozvi kuti application yako yakagadzirwa nemazvo uye iyo DB yekuwana layer yakaparadzaniswa sezvainofanira kunge iri. Tora imwe tarisa kune yako yemubatanidzwa Java app. Tarisa zvakanyanya uye nekutendeseka. Hana yako haisi kurova here? Ndobva ndafara newe.
2. Document/reference manhamba. Mu1C haisi iyo yakanyanya kuchinjika uye kwete yakanyanya kunaka. Asi izvo zvavanoita mumabhanga software uye mune-yega-yakanyorwa accounting system ingori inotyisa. Pamwe vanonamatira chiziviso (uyezve "o, nei tine maburi"), kana, pane zvinopesana, vanoita jenareta inoshanda nekuvharira padanho reDBMS (uye inova bhodhoro). Muchokwadi, zvakanyanya kuoma kuita basa iri rinoita serakapusa - yekupedzisira-kusvika-kumagumo entity numberer, ine yakasarudzika yakatemwa neimwe seti yemakiyi, prefixing, kuitira kuti isavhare dhatabhesi panguva yakafanana yekupinda data.
3. DB rekodhi zviziviso. 1C yakaita sarudzo yakasimba - zvese zvinongedzo zvinongedzo zvinogadzirwa uye ndizvozvo. Uye hapana matambudziko ane akagoverwa dhatabhesi uye kuchinjanisa. Vagadziri vemamwe masisitimu vanonamatira pamwechete chimwe chinhu senge identity (ipfupi!), vazvuzvurudze muGUI kudzamara yasvika nguva yekuita akati wandei akabatana (uye vozove mune chizaruro). Iwe hauna chinhu chakadaro? Kutaura chokwadi?
4. Lists. 1C ine nzira dzakabudirira dzekupuruzira (makuru) zvinyorwa uye kufamba mazviri. Ini ndichabva ndataura - nekushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemashini! Kazhinji, musoro wacho haufadzi, haugadziriswe nemazvo: pano ingave intuitively uye zviri nyore (asi njodzi yerekodhi huru inogadzika pamutengi), kana imwe kana imwe curvature yepeji. Avo vanogadzira paging vanowanzozviita zvisina kururama. Avo vanoita yakatendeseka scrollbar - isa dhatabhesi, chiteshi uye mutengi.
5. Mafomu anotungamirirwa. Iko hakuna kupokana kuti iyo interface muwebhu mutengi haishande zvakakwana. Asi zvinoshanda. Asi kune mamwe akawanda accounting nemabhangi masisitimu, kugadzira nzvimbo yebasa iri kure ipurojekiti yebhizinesi. Disclaimer: nerombo rakanaka kune avo vakambozviita pawebhu, izvi hazvizokanganisa.
6. Mobile application. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, unogona kunyora nharembozha, uri mune imwechete ecosystem. Izvo zvakatonyanya kuomarara kupfuura newebhu mutengi, iyo chaiyo yemidziyo inokumanikidza kuti uvanyorere zvakananga, asi zvakadaro - hauhaye timu yakaparadzana yevagadziri venhare. Kana iwe uchida application yezvinodiwa zvemukati zvekambani (apo nharembozha yebasa rekambani yakakosha kupfuura yero UI dhizaini) - iwe unongoshandisa iyo imwechete chikuva kunze kwebhokisi.
7. Reporting. Neshoko iri handisi kureva BI system ine hombe data uye lag muETL maitiro. Ndinoreva mashandiro evashandi, achibvumira kuongorora mamiriro eakaunzi pano uye izvozvi. Zviyero, kugarisana, kurongazve, nezvimwewo 1C inouya nereport system ine inochinjika marongero emapoka, mafirita, kuona kudivi remushandisi. Hongu, pane zviri nani analogues pamusika. Asi kwete mukati megadziriro yezvose-mu-imwe mhinduro uye pamutengo dzimwe nguva yakakwirira kudarika yose-mu-imwe mhinduro. Uye kazhinji pane zvisiri izvo, zvinotopesana: kungozivisa chete, asi kudhura kupfuura puratifomu yese, uye yakaipisisa mumhando.
8. Mafomu akadhindwa. Zvino gadzirisa dambudziko rekutumira chirevo chekubhadhara kuvashandi ne email muPDF mu.NET. Uye zvino dambudziko rekudhinda zvinyorwa zvinotakura. Uye zvakadini nekuchengetedza makopi avo muPDF rimwechete? Kune mushandisi we1C, kuburitsa chero dhizaini kuPDF ndeye +1 mutsara wekodhi. Zvinoreva kuti +40 masekonzi enguva yekushanda, panzvimbo pemazuva kana mavhiki mune mumwe mutauro. Akadhindwa mafomu masisitimu mu1C ari nyore kusimudzira uye ane simba rakakwana kukwikwidza nemaanalogue akabhadharwa. Hongu, zvichida hapana akawanda anopindirana maficha mu1C magwaro espredishiti; haugone kukurumidza kutora dhayagiramu ye3D ine kuyera uchishandisa OpenGL. Asi zvakakodzera here?

Iyi ingori mishoma mienzaniso apo kudzikisira mashandiro kana kuita nekukanganisika kunoshanduka kuve yakakosha yekuvaka mukana mune ramangwana. Kunyange kubvumirana kana kwete iyo inonyanya kushanda sarudzo yatove mubhokisi uye inotorwa zvishoma. Kuitwa kwayo kwakazvimirira kungave kusingagoneke (nekuti sarudzo dzakadaro dzinoda kuitwa pakutanga kweprojekiti, uye hapana nguva yeizvozvo, uye hapana mugadziri zvachose), kana zvinoda akati wandei anodhura iterations. Mune yega yega mapoinzi akanyorwa (uye izvi zviri kure nerunyorwa ruzere rwezvigadziriso zvekuvaka), unogona kupeta nekuunza zvirambidzo zvinovharira kuyera. Chero zvazvingaitika, iwe, semuzvinabhizinesi, unofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti vagadziri vako, vachigadzira "system kubva pakatanga", vane maoko akatwasuka uye vachaita zvinyoro-nyoro system nguva ipapo ipapo.

Ehe, senge chero imwe yakaoma sisitimu, 1C pachayo ine zvigadziriso zvinovharira kuyera neimwe nzira kana imwe. Zvisinei, ndinodzokorora, maererano nehuwandu hwezvinhu, mari yevaridzi, nhamba yezvinetso zvakatogadziriswa kare - ini handioni mukwikwidzi akakodzera pamusika. Nemutengo mumwe chete, iwe unowana dhizaini yekushandisa kwemari, yakabatana yakaenzana sevha, ine UI uye webhu-chiso, ine nharembozha, nekubika, kusanganisa uye boka rezvimwe zvinhu. Munyika yeJava, unohaya timu yekumberi, timu yekumashure, gadzirisa yakaderera-nhanho tsikidzi yekodhi server kodhi uye unobhadhara zvakasiyana kune maviri nhare mbozha dze2 mobile OS.

Handisi kutaura kuti 1C ichagadzirisa nyaya dzese, asi kune yemukati mekambani application, kana pasina chikonzero chekuisa iyo UI, chii chimwe chinodiwa?

Chipunu chetara

Zvichida une fungidziro yekuti 1C ichaponesa nyika uye dzimwe nzira dzese dzekunyora masisitimu emakambani dzakaipa. Ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. Kubva pamaonero emuzvinabhizinesi, kana ukasarudza 1C, uye kuwedzera kune yekukurumidza-kusvika-kumusika, iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezve zvinotevera zvipingamupinyi:

• Server kuvimbika. Chokwadi nyanzvi dzemhando yepamusoro dzinodiwa dzinogona kuona kushanda kwayo kusingapindiki. Ini handizive nezve yakagadzirira-yakagadzirirwa chirongwa chekudzidzira nyanzvi dzakadai kubva kumutengesi. Pane zvidzidzo zvekugadzirira "Nyanzvi" bvunzo, asi mumaonero angu, izvi hazvina kukwana.
• Support. Ona pfungwa yapfuura. Kuti uve nerutsigiro rwevatengesi, unofanirwa kuitenga. Neimwe chikonzero, izvi hazvigamuchirwe mu1C indasitiri. Asi neSAP, inenge inosungirwa kutenga uye hapana anonetswa nazvo. Pasina kutsigirwa kwekambani uye pasina nyanzvi yevashandi, unogona kusara wega ne 1C glitches.
• Mushure mezvose, haugone kuita zvese pa1C. Icho chishandiso uye sechishandiso chero chipi zvacho, chine miganhu yayo yekushandisa. Mune 1C landscape, inodiwa zvakanyanya kuve ne "isina-1C-nut" system architect.
• Vakanaka 1C programmers havana kudhura pane vakanaka programmer mune mimwe mitauro. Kunyangwe, vakaipa vanogadzira mapurogiramu vanodhura kuhaya zvisinei nemutauro wavanonyora.

Ngatitarisei i's

• 1C inokurumidza kusimudzira application (RAD) chimiro chebhizinesi uye yakagadzirirwa chinangwa ichi.
• Matatu-tier ane rutsigiro rweDBMS huru, mutengi UI, yakanaka yakanaka ORM uye kushuma
• Mikana yakawanda yekubatanidzwa nemasisitimu anogona kuita izvo 1C isingakwanise. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza muchina, tora Python uye batanidza mhedzisiro mu1C kuburikidza ne http kana RabbitMQ.
• Iwe haufanire kuedza kuita zvese pa1C, iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa masimba ayo uye nekuashandisa kune zvinangwa zvako.
• Vagadziri vanokwezvwa kuchera mune tekinoroji masisitimu-magajeti, uye nekugadzirisa makore ese eN kune injini nyowani - vanofinhwa mu1C. Zvose zvinochengetedza zvakanyanya ipapo.
• Vagadziri vacho vanofinhwa uye nekuti mugadziri anoratidza kushoma kuvaitira hanya. Mutauro unobhowa, IDE haina simba. Vanoda kuvandudzwa.
• Kune rimwe divi, vanogadzira vasingakwanise kuwana varaidzo nekushandisa nekudzidza imwe tekinoroji yavanoda vagadziri vakaipa. Vanozochema voenda kune imwe ecosystem.
• Vashandirwi vasingatenderi avo 1C-nyanzvi kunyora chimwe chinhu muPython vashandirwi vakaipa. Vacharasikirwa nevashandi vane pfungwa dzekuda kuziva, uye panzvimbo yavo pachauya monkey-coders avo, vachibvumirana nezvose, vanokwevera software yekambani mumvura. Ichafanirwa kunyorwazve zvakadaro, saka pamwe zvingave zviri nani kuisa mari muPython zvishoma kare?
• 1C ikambani yekutengeserana uye inoshandisa zvinhu zvinoenderana chete nezvido zvayo uye kugona. Haikwanise kupomerwa mhosva yeizvi, bhizinesi rinosungirwa kufunga nezve purofiti, ndizvo zvakaita hupenyu
• 1C inowana mari nekutengesa mhinduro kumatambudziko ebhizinesi, kwete kumatambudziko emugadziri Vasya. Aya mazano maviri anowirirana, asi chekutanga ndicho chandakataura. Kana mugadziri Vasya akagadzirira kubhadhara rezinesi remunhu re1C: Resharper, inozoonekwa nekukurumidza, A. Orefkov's "Resharper" chiratidzo cheizvi. Kana mutengesi akaitsigira, uye asina kurwisa, munoona, musika wesoftware wevagadziri waizoonekwa. Ikozvino kune mutambi mumwe nehafu pamusika uyu nemhedzisiro isina mubvunzo, uye zvese nekuti kubatanidzwa neIDE kwakashata uye zvese zvinoitwa pamadondoro.
• Tsika yevakawanda-basa ichaenda mukukanganwa. Zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvakanyanyisa kuyeuka zvese kubva kudivi rekodhi uye kubva kudivi rekushandisa bhizinesi. Iyo 1C sevha iri kuwedzerawo kuoma, hazvizogoneke kuchengetedza marudzi ese ehunyanzvi mune mumwe mushandi. Izvi zvinofanirwa kusanganisira kudiwa kwenyanzvi, uye nekudaro kukwezva kweiyo 1C hunyanzvi uye kukura kwemihoro. Kana kare Vasya vatatu-mu-mumwe vakashanda kune mumwe muhoro, zvino zvakakosha kuhaya maVasya maviri uye kukwikwidza pakati peVasyas kunogona kukurudzira kukura kwese kweyero yavo.

mhedziso

1C chigadzirwa chakanaka kwazvo. Ini handizive chero analogues mumutengo wayo, nyora mumashoko kana paine. Nekudaro, kubuda kwevagadziri kubva kune ecosystem kuri kuramba kuchionekwa, uye iyi i "brain drain", zvisinei kuti unozviona sei. Indasitiri ine nyota yekuvandudza.
Kana iwe uri mugadziri, usasungirirwa pa1C uye usafunge kuti zvese ndezvemashiripiti mune mimwe mitauro. Paunenge uri mudiki, zvinogona kudaro. Paunenge uchingoda kugadzirisa chimwe chinhu chikuru, iwe uchafanirwa kutsvaga mhinduro dzakagadzirira-dzakagadzirirwa kwenguva refu uye uvapukunde zvakanyanya. Panyaya yemhando ye "cubes" kubva kwaunogona kuvaka mhinduro, 1C yakanyanya, yakanaka kwazvo.

Uye chimwezve chinhu - kana 1C-nyanzvi akauya kwauri kuzotsvaga basa, saka iwe unogona kuisa zvakachengeteka 1C-nyanzvi munzvimbo yemutungamiri muongorori. Manzwisisiro avo ebasa, nzvimbo yezvidzidzo, uye unyanzvi hwekuparara hunovandudzwa zvakakwana. Ndine chokwadi chekuti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kushandiswa kweDDD mukuvandudza kwe1C. Munhu wacho anodzidziswa kufunga nezvezvinoreva basa kutanga pane zvese, nezve kubatana pakati pezvinhu zvechidzidzo nharaunda, nepo aine tekinoroji kumashure mukubatanidza tekinoroji uye mafomu ekuchinjana data.

Ziva kuti hapana chimiro chakakwana uye zvichengete iwe pachako.
Shuwiro yakanakisa!

P.S.: Ndinokutendai zvikuru speshuric nokuda kwebetsero mukugadzirira chinyorwa.

Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. Nyorera mu, Munogamuchirwa.

Iwe une 1C kubhizinesi rako here?

• 13,3%Kwete.71

• 30,3%Hongu, asi chete muaccounting kumwe kunhu. Masisitimu makuru pane mamwe mapuratifomu162

• 41,4%Hongu, maitiro makuru ebhizinesi anomhanya pairi221

• 15,0%1C inofanira kufa, ramangwana ndere %technology_name%80

534 vashandisi vakavhota. 99 vashandisi vakaramba.

Source: www.habr.com