Makore makumi mashanu apfuura iyo Internet yakazvarwa mukamuri Nhamba 50

Iyi ndiyo nyaya yekusikwa kweARPANET, iyo yakatangira shanduko yeInternet, sezvakataurwa nevatori vechikamu muzviitiko.

Ndichisvika paBolter Hall Institute paUniversity yeCalifornia, Los Angeles (UCLA), ndakakwira masitepisi kuenda pauriri hwechitatu ndichitsvaga kamuri #3420. Ndokubva ndapinda mairi. Kubva mukoridho haana kuita sechinhu chakakosha.

Asi makore 50 apfuura, pana October 29, 1969, chimwe chinhu chikuru chakaitika. Mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza Charlie Cline, agere paITT Teletype terminal, akaita yekutanga dhijitari data kutamiswa kwaBill Duvall, musayendisiti akagara pane imwe komputa paStanford Research Institute (nhasi inozivikanwa seSRI International), mune imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana zvachose yeCalifornia. Aya ndiwo matangiro akaita nyaya ARPANET, network shoma yemakomputa ezvidzidzo akazova mutangiri weInternet.

Hazvigone kutaurwa kuti panguva iyoyo chiitiko chipfupi chekufambiswa kwemashoko chakatinhira pasi rose. Kunyange Cline naDuvall havana kunyatsonzwisisa zvavakaita: “Handina chandinoyeuka nezveusiku ihwohwo, uye handina kumboziva panguva iyoyo kuti takanga taita chero chinhu chinokosha,” anodaro Cline. Nekudaro, kubatana kwavo kwakava humbowo hwekugoneka kweiyo pfungwa, iyo yakazopa mukana kune dzinenge ruzivo rwepasi rose kune chero munhu ane komputa.

Nhasi, zvese kubva kumafoni kusvika kune otomatiki garaji magonhi inzvimbo mune network yakaburuka kubva kune imwe Cline naDuvall vaiyedza zuva iroro. Uye nyaya yekuti vakaronga sei mitemo yekutanga yekufambisa mabhaiti pasirese yakakosha kuteerera - kunyanya kana vazvitaura ivo pachavo.

"Kuti izvi zvisaitike zvakare"

Uye muna 1969, vanhu vazhinji vakabatsira Cline naDuvall kuti vabudirire manheru iwayo musi wa29 Gumiguru - kusanganisira purofesa weUCLA. Leonard Kleinrock, uyo, kunze kwaKline naDuvall, wandakataura naye pakusvitsa makore 50. Kleinrock, uyo achiri kushanda payunivhesiti, akadaro ARPANET neimwe nzira, akanga ari mwana weHondo Yemashoko. Apo muna October 1957 Soviet Sputnik-1 ichibwaira mudenga pamusoro peUnited States, masaisai anovhundutsa aibva kwairi akapfuura nepakati pesangano resainzi nevezvematongerwo enyika.

Kamuri Nhamba 3420, yakadzorerwa mukubwinya kwayo kwese kubva muna 1969

Kutangwa kweSputnik "kwakawana United States nebhurugwa rayo pasi, uye Eisenhower akati, 'Usarega izvi zvichiitika zvakare,'" Kleinrock akayeuka muhurukuro yedu mukamuri 3420, yava kuzivikanwa seInternet History Center. Kleinrock. "Saka muna Ndira 1958, akaumba Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA, mukati meDhipatimendi reDziviriro kutsigira STEM - sainzi yakaoma yakadzidzwa kumayunivhesiti eUS uye mumarabhoritari ekutsvagisa."

Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1960, ARPA yakapa mari yekuvaka makombiyuta makuru aishandiswa nevatsvakurudzi kumayunivhesiti nematangi ekufunga munyika yose. Mukuru wezvemari weARPA aive Bob Taylor, munhu akakosha munhoroondo yemakomputa akazomhanyisa marabhoritari yePARC kuXerox. PaARPA, zvinosuruvarisa, zvakava pachena kwaari kuti makombiyuta ose aya aitaura mitauro yakasiyana uye akanga asingazivi nzira yekukurukurirana.

Taylor aivenga kushandisa materminals akasiyana kubatanidza kune akasiyana macomputer ekutsvagisa kure, imwe neimwe ichimhanya pamutsetse wayo wakatsaurirwa. Muhofisi make maive makazara michina yenharembozha.

Muna 1969, zviteshi zveTeletype zvakadaro zvaive chikamu chakakosha chemidziyo yemakomputa

“Ndati, murume, zviri pachena zvinoda kuitwa. Panzvimbo pekuve nemateshi matatu, panofanira kunge paine imwe terminal inoenda kwaunoda, "Taylor akaudza New York Times muna 1999. "Pfungwa iyi ndeye ARPANET."

Taylor aivewo nezvimwe zvikonzero zvinoshanda zvekuda kugadzira network. Aigara achigamuchira zvikumbiro kubva kune vatsvakurudzi munyika yose kuti vawane mari yekutenga makuru uye nekukurumidza mainframes. Aiziva kuti yakawanda yesimba rekombuta raipihwa mari nehurumende rakanga rakagara risina basa, Kleinrock anotsanangura. Semuenzaniso, muongorori anogona kunge achiwedzera kugona kwekombuta system kuSRIin muCalifornia, nepo panguva imwechete iyo mainframe paMIT inogona kunge yakagara isina basa, toti, mushure memaawa kuEast Coast.

Kana kuti inogona kunge iri iyo mainframe ine software munzvimbo imwechete inogona kubatsira kune dzimwe nzvimbo-seyekutanga ARPA-inotsigirwa nemari yemifananidzo software paYunivhesiti yeUtah. Pasina network yakadai, "kana ndiri kuUCLA uye ndichida kuita mifananidzo, ndichakumbira ARPA kuti inditengere muchina mumwe chete," anodaro Kleinrock. "Munhu wese aida zvese." Pakazosvika 1966, ARPA yakanga yaneta nezvinodiwa zvakadaro.

Leonard Kleinrock

Dambudziko raive rekuti macomputer ese aya aitaura mitauro yakasiyana. PaPentagon, masayendisiti ekombuta yaTaylor akatsanangura kuti aya makomputa ekutsvagisa ese aimhanya akasiyana macode. Pakanga pasina mutauro wetiweki wakajairika, kana protocol, kuburikidza nemakomputa aive kure kure aigona kubatana uye kugovera zvirimo kana zviwanikwa.

Nenguva isipi mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja. Taylor akakurudzira mutungamiriri weARPA Charles Hertzfield kuti aise miriyoni yemadhora mukugadzira network itsva yekubatanidza makomputa kubva kuMIT, UCLA, SRI nekumwewo. Hertzfield akawana mari nekuitora kubva kuballistic missile research chirongwa. Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakaruramisa mutengo uyu nenyaya yekuti ARPA yaive nebasa rekugadzira network "yakasara" yaizoramba ichishanda kunyangwe imwe yezvikamu zvayo yaparadzwa - semuenzaniso, mukurwisa kwenyukireya.

ARPA yakaunza Larry Roberts, shamwari yekare yaKleinrock kubva kuMIT, kuti atarisire zvirongwa zveARPANET. Roberts akatendeukira kumabasa eBritish komputa musayendisiti Donald Davis uye American Paul Baran uye matekinoroji ekutumira data avakagadzira.

Uye nokukurumidza Roberts akakoka Kleinrock kushanda pane theoretical chikamu chepurojekiti. Anga achifunga nezvekufambiswa kwedata pamanetiweki kubvira 1962, paakanga achiri kuMIT.

"Semudzidzi akapedza kudzidza kuMIT, ndakasarudza kugadzirisa dambudziko rinotevera: Ndakakomberedzwa nemakombiyuta, asi havazivi nzira yekukurukurirana, uye ndinoziva kuti nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare vachafanira," Kleinrock. anodaro. - Uye hapana aiita basa iri. Wese munhu akadzidza ruzivo necoding theory. "

Kleinrock mupiro mukuru kuARPANET waiva queuing theory. Kare ikako, mitsetse yacho yaive analogi uye yaigona kurenda kubva kuAT&T. Vakashanda kuburikidza nekuchinja, zvichireva kuti switch yepakati yakamisa kubatana kwakatsaurirwa pakati peanotumira neanogamuchira, vangave vanhu vaviri vari kutaura parunhare kana terminal inobatana kune iri kure mainframe. Pamitsetse iyi, nguva yakawanda yakashandiswa munguva isina basa - apo pasina aitaura mazwi kana kutumira mabheti.

Dissertation yaKleinrock kuMIT yakaisa pfungwa dzaizozivisa chirongwa cheARPANET.

Kleinrock akafunga iyi senzira yakashata yekutaurirana pakati pemakomputa. Mutsara dzidziso yakapa nzira yekugovera zvine simba mitsara yekutaurirana pakati pemapaketi edata kubva kumasesheni ekukurukurirana akasiyana. Kana rumwe rukova rwemapakiti rwavhiringidzwa, rumwe rukova runogona kushandisa chiteshi chimwe chete. Mapaketi anoumba imwe dhata chikamu (taura, email imwe) anogona kuwana nzira yavo kune anogamuchira vachishandisa nzira ina dzakasiyana. Kana imwe nzira yakavharwa, network inotungamira mapaketi kuburikidza neimwe.

Mukati mekurukurirano yedu mukamuri 3420, Kleinrock akandiratidza chinyorwa chake, chakasungwa nezvitsvuku pane imwe yetafura. Akaburitsa tsvagiridzo yake mufomu rebhuku muna 1964.

Mune rudzi rutsva rwetiweki, kufamba kwedata kwaitungamirwa kwete nechepakati switch, asi nemidziyo iri pa network node. Muna 1969 michina iyi yakadanwa IMP, "interface message handlers". Muchina wega wega wakadaro waive wakagadziridzwa, unorema-basa vhezheni yekombuta yeHoneywell DDP-516, yaive nemichina yakakosha yekutarisira network.

Kleinrock akaendesa IMP yekutanga kuUCLA neMuvhuro wekutanga munaGunyana muna 1969. Nhasi inomira monolithically mukona yekamuri 3420 muBolter Hall, iyo yakadzoserwa pakuonekwa kwayo kwepakutanga, sezvazvaive pakugadzirisa yekutanga kutumirwa kweInternet makore makumi mashanu apfuura.

"15-awa mazuva ekushanda, mazuva ese"

Mukupera kwa1969, Charlie Cline aive mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza achiedza kuwana dhigirii reinjiniya. Boka rake rakaendeswa kuchirongwa cheARPANET mushure mekunge Kleinrock awana mari yehurumende yekugadzira network. Muna Nyamavhuvhu, Kline nevamwe vaive vachishanda nesimba mukugadzirira software yeSigma 7 mainframe kuti ienderane neIMP. Sezvo pakanga pasina chimiro chekukurukurirana pakati pemakombiyuta neIMPs-Bob Metcalfe naDavid Boggs vaisazogadzira Ethernet kusvika 1973-chikwata chakagadzira tambo yemamita mashanu kubva pakutanga kuti itaurirane pakati pemakombiyuta. Zvino vakanga vongoda imwe komputa kuti vachinjane ruzivo.

Charlie Cline

Nzvimbo yechipiri yekutsvagisa yekugamuchira IMP yaive SRI (izvi zvakaitika mukutanga kwaGumiguru). Kuna Bill Duvall, chiitiko chacho chakaratidza kutanga kwekugadzirira kwekutanga kuendesa data kubva kuUCLA kuenda kuSRI, paSDS yavo 940. Mapoka pamasangano maviri, akadaro, akashanda nesimba kuti awane kubudirira kwekutanga kutumira data neOctober 21.

"Ndakapinda mupurojekiti, ndikagadzira nekushandisa software inodiwa, uye yaive mhando yemaitiro dzimwe nguva inoitika mukuvandudza software - maawa gumi nemashanu, zuva rega rega, kusvika wapedza," anoyeuka.

Sezvo Halloween inoswedera, kumhanya kwekusimudzira kumasangano ese ari maviri kunowedzera. Uye zvikwata zvaive zvakagadzirira kunyange nguva yekupedzisira isati yasvika.

"Zvino takanga tine node mbiri, takarenda mutsara kubva kuAT & T, uye taitarisira kushamisa kunoshamisa kwe50 bits pasekondi," anodaro Kleinrock. "Uye isu takanga takagadzirira kuzviita, kupinda mukati."

“Takaronga bvunzo yokutanga yaOctober 29,” anowedzera kudaro Duval. - Panguva iyoyo yaive pre-alpha. Uye isu takafunga, zvakanaka, tine mazuva matatu ekuedzwa kuti tiite zvese. "

Manheru emusi wa29, Kline akashanda kunonoka - sezvakaita Duvall kuSRI. Vakaronga kuyedza kutumira meseji yekutanga pamusoro peARPANET manheru, kuti vasaparadze basa remumwe munhu kana komputa yakangoerekana "yaparara". Mukamuri 3420, Cline akagara ega pamberi peITT Teletype terminal yakabatana nekombuta.

Uye hezvino zvakaitika manheru iwayo - kusanganisira imwe yenhoroondo yekutadza kwekombuta munhoroondo yemakomputa - mumashoko aKline naDuvall pachavo:

Kline: Ndakapinda muSigma 7 OS ndokubva ndaita chirongwa chandakanga ndanyora chakandibvumira kuraira test packet kuti itumirwe kuSRI. Zvichakadaro, Bill Duvall kuSRI akatanga chirongwa chaigamuchira chinouya chinongedzo. Uye takataura parunhare panguva imwe chete.

Takava nezvinetso zvishoma pakutanga. Taita dambudziko nekushandura kodhi nekuti sisitimu yedu yaishandisa EBCDIC (yakawedzerwa BCD), chiyero chinoshandiswa neBMM neSigma 7. Asi kombiyuta muSRI yakashandiswa ASCII (Standard American Code for Information Interchange), iyo yakazove chiyero cheARPANET, uyezve nyika yese.

Sezvo tapedza akati wandei ematambudziko aya, takaedza kupinda. Uye kuti uite izvi waifanira kutaipa izwi rekuti "login". Iyo sisitimu paSRI yakarongedzwa kuti ione nehungwaru mirairo iripo. Mune advanced mode, pawakatanga kunyora L, wozoti O, wozoti G, akanzwisisa kuti pamwe waireva LOGIN, uye iye pachake akawedzera IN. Saka ndakapinda muL.

Ndakanga ndiri pamutsetse naDuvall weSRI, ndikati, "Wakawana L here?" Anoti, “Hongu.” Ndakati ndakaona L adzoka ndokudhinda paterminal yangu. Uye ndakadzvanya O ikati, "'O' yauya." Zvino ndakatsikirira G, akati, “Chimbomira zvishoma, hurongwa hwangu hwabondera pano.”

Bill Duvall

Mushure memavara mashoma, buffer kufashama kwakaitika. Zvaive nyore kuwana nekugadzirisa, uye chaizvo zvese zvaive kumashure uye zvichimhanya mushure meizvozvo. Ini ndinotaura izvi nekuti handizvo zviri pamusoro penyaya iyi yese. Nyaya yekuti ARPANET inoshanda sei.

Kline: Akange aine chikanganiso chidiki, uye akachigadzirisa mukati memaminitsi makumi maviri, uye akaedza kutanga zvese zvakare. Aifanira kugadzirisa software. Ndaifanira kutarisa software yangu zvakare. Akandifonera futi tikaedza futi. Takatanga zvakare, ndakanyora L, O, G uye panguva ino ndakawana mhinduro inoti "IN".

"Injiniya chete kubasa"

Kubatana kwekutanga kwakaitika pahafu: gumi manheru manheru ePacific nguva. Kline akabva akwanisa kupinda muSRI computer account yaainge aisirwa naDuvall uye kuita zvirongwa achishandisa system resources yecomputer iri 560 km kumahombekombe kubva kuUCLA. Chikamu chidiki chechinangwa cheARPANET chakaitwa.

“Panguva iyoyo kwakanga kwadoka, saka ndakaenda kumba,” Kline akandiudza kudaro.

Chiratidzo chiri mukamuri 3420 chinotsanangura zvakaitika pano

Chikwata chaiziva kuti vaive vabudirira, asi havana kufunga zvakanyanya nezvehukuru hwebudiriro. "Yaingova mainjiniya kubasa," akadaro Kleinrock. Duvall akaona Gumiguru 29 sechingori nhanho pabasa rakakura, rakaomarara rekubatanidza makomputa pamwechete kuita network. Basa raKleinrock rakanangana nemafambisirwo emapakiti edata pamatinji, nepo SRI vaongorori vakashanda pane izvo zvinogadzira pakiti uye kuti data riri mukati maro rakarongwa sei.

"Chaizvoizvo, ndipo pakatanga kugadzirwa paradigm yatinoona paInternet, ine zvinongedzo kumagwaro uye zvese izvo zvinhu," anodaro Duvall. “Isu taigara tichifungidzira akati wandei nzvimbo dzekushandira uye vanhu vakabatana. Kare ikako taidzidaidza kuti nzvimbo dzeruzivo nekuti hunhu hwedu hwaive hwedzidzo. "

Mumavhiki mashoma ekutanga kwakabudirira kuchinjana kwedata pakati peCline naDuvall, network yeARPA yakawedzera kuisa makomputa kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Santa Barbara, uye University of Utah. ARPANET yakabva yawedzera kusvika kuma70 uye mazhinji ema1980, ichibatanidza hurumende nemakomputa ezvidzidzo pamwechete. Uye ipapo pfungwa dzakagadzirwa muARPANET dzichashandiswa kuInternet yatinoziva nhasi.

Muna 1969, kuburitswa kweUCLA kwakaburitsa ARPANET itsva. "Makomputa network achiri mudiki," Kleinrock akanyora panguva iyoyo. Asi sezvavanokura mukukura uye kuoma kunzwisisa, tingangoona kuwanda kwe‘makombiyuta’ ayo, kufanana nemagetsi nenhare anhasi, achabatsira dzimba nemahofisi ega ega munyika yose.”

Nhasi pfungwa iyi inoita seyechinyakare - data network yakapinda kwete mudzimba nemahofisi chete, asiwo mumidziyo midiki yeInternet yezvinhu. Nekudaro, chirevo chaKleinrock nezve "makomputa masevhisi" chaive chinoshamisa chekuziva, zvakapihwa kuti yemazuva ano yekutengesa Internet haina kubuda kusvika makumi akati wandei gare gare. Iri zano rinoramba rakakosha muna 2019, apo zviwanikwa zvekombuta zvave kusvika kune yakafanana ubiquitous, inotorwa-yekupihwa-nzvimbo semagetsi.

Zvichida kurangarira kwakadai mukana wakanaka kwete chete wekurangarira kuti takasvika sei panguva ino yakabatana zvakanyanya, asiwo kutarisa kune ramangwana - sezvakaitwa naKleinrock - kufunga nezvekuti network ingaendepi.

Source: www.habr.com