Iine magineti. Imagetsi. Zviri photonic. Kwete, iyi haisi itsva superhero trio kubva kuMarvel universe. Ndezvekuchengeta data redu rinokosha redhijitari. Tinofanira kuzvichengeta pane imwe nzvimbo, zvakachengeteka uye zvakadzikama, kuitira kuti tigone kuwana nekuzvishandura mukubwaira kweziso. Kanganwa Iron Man naThor - tiri kutaura nezve hard drive!
Saka ngatinyure muanatomy yemidziyo yatinoshandisa nhasi kuchengetedza mabhiriyoni emabhiti edata.
Unonditenderedza chaiko, mwana
Zvokuimba hard drive kuchengetedza (hard disk drive, HDD) yanga iri chiyero chekuchengetedza makomputa pasi rese kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu, asi tekinoroji iri shure kwayo ndeyekare.
IBM yakaburitsa yekutanga yekutengesa HDD , kugona kwayo kwaisvika 3,75 MB. Uye kazhinji, mumakore ese aya chimiro chakajairika chekutyaira hachina kuchinja zvakanyanya. Ichiri nemadhisiki anoshandisa magnetization kuchengetedza data, uye kune michina yekuverenga / kunyora iyo data. Changed Izvo zvakafanana, uye zvakasimba kwazvo, huwandu hwe data inogona kuchengetwa pavari.
Muna 1987 zvakabvira neinenge $350; Nhasi unogona kutenga 14 TB: mukati 700 000 wedzera volume.
Isu tichatarisa mudziyo usina kuenzana saizi, asiwo yakanaka nemaitiro emazuva ano: iyo 3,5-inch HDD Seagate Barracuda 3 TB, kunyanya, iyo modhi. , yakakurumbira nokuda kwayo ΠΈ . Kudhiraivha kwatiri kudzidza kwakatofa, saka izvi zvichange zvakaita sekuongorora kweautopsy pane chidzidzo cheanatomy.
Iyo yakawanda ye hard drive isimbi yakakandwa. Masimba ari mukati memudziyo panguva yekushandiswa kwekushanda anogona kunge akakomba, saka simbi yakakora inodzivirira kupeta uye kuzunguzika kwekesi. Kunyangwe madiki 1,8-inch HDDs anoshandisa simbi sechinhu chemba, asi kazhinji anogadzirwa kubva kualuminium kwete simbi nekuti anofanirwa kuve akareruka sezvinobvira.
Kutendeutsa dhiraivha, tinoona yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi uye akati wandei anobatanidza. Iyo yekubatanidza kumusoro kwebhodhi inoshandiswa kune mota inotenderera dhisiki, uye yepasi matatu (kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi) ijumper pini inobvumidza iwe kugadzirisa drive kune mamwe magadzirirwo, SATA (Serial ATA) data yekubatanidza. , uye SATA simba rekubatanidza.
Serial ATA yakatanga kuonekwa muna 2000. Mumakomputa edesktop, iyi ndiyo yakajairwa sisitimu inoshandiswa kubatanidza madhiraivha kune yese komputa. Mamiriro efomati akagadziridzwa akawanda, uye isu tiri kushandisa vhezheni 3.4. Yedu hard drive chitunha ishanduro yekare, asi mutsauko ipini imwe chete mumagetsi ekubatanidza.
Mukubatanidza data, inoshandiswa kugamuchira uye kugamuchira data. : Pini A+ uye A- anoshandiswa chinja mirairo uye data kune hard drive, uye mapini B ndee kugamuchira zviratidzo izvi. Uku kushandiswa kwepairi conductor kunoderedza zvakanyanya kuitika kweruzha rwemagetsi pachiratidzo, zvichireva kuti mudziyo unogona kushanda nekukurumidza.
Kana tichitaura pamusoro pesimba, tinoona kuti chibatanidza chine mapeji emagetsi ega ega (+3.3, +5 uye +12V); zvisinei, mazhinji acho haashandiswe nekuti maHDD haadi simba rakawanda. Iyi chaiyo Seagate modhi inoshandisa isingasviki gumi watts pasi pemutoro unoshanda. Mazita akamakwa PC anoshandiswa precharge: Ichi chinokutendera kuti ubvise uye ubatanidze hard drive apo komputa inoramba ichishanda (izvi zvinonzi kupisa kupisa).
Kubata nePWDIS tag inobvumira hard drive, asi basa iri rinongotsigirwa kubva mushanduro SATA 3.3, saka mudhiraivha yangu ingori imwe +3.3V tambo yemagetsi. Uye pini yekupedzisira, yakanyorwa SSU, inongoudza komputa kana hard drive inotsigira sequential spin-up tekinoroji. akadzedzereka spin up.
Komputa isati yavashandisa, madhiraivha ari mukati memudziyo (atichaona munguva pfupi iri kutevera) anofanira kutenderera kusvika kuzere kumhanya. Asi kana paine akawanda madhiraivha akaiswa mumushini, ipapo kamwe kamwe kukumbira simba panguva imwe chete kunogona kukuvadza sisitimu. Zvishoma nezvishoma kutenderedza masipidhi kunobvisa zvachose mukana wezvinetso zvakadaro, asi uchafanirwa kumirira masekondi mashoma usati wawana mukana wakazara kuHDD.
Nekubvisa bhodhi redunhu, unogona kuona kuti rinobatana sei nezvikamu mukati memudziyo. HDD isina kunamwa, kunze kwemidziyo ine hunyanzvi hwakakura - vanoshandisa helium pachinzvimbo chemhepo nekuti yakanyanya kuderera uye inogadzira matambudziko mashoma mumadhiraivha ane nhamba huru yemadhisiki. Kune rimwe divi, haufanirwe kufumura madhiraivha akajairwa kunzvimbo yakavhurika.
Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvibatanidza zvakadaro, nhamba yenzvimbo dzekupinda iyo tsvina neguruva zvinogona kupinda mukati medhiraivha inoderedzwa; pane buri mukesi yesimbi (dot hombe jena mukona yezasi yeruboshwe rwemufananidzo) rinobvumira ambient pressure kuramba iri mukati.
Iye zvino PCB yabviswa, ngatitarisei zviri mukati. Kune mana makuru machipisi:
- LSI B64002: Main controller chip inobata mirairo, inotamisa data hova mukati nekubuda, inogadzirisa zvikanganiso, nezvimwe.
- Samsung K4T51163QJ: 64 MB DDR2 SDRAM yakavharwa pa800 MHz, inoshandiswa kuchengetedza data
- Smooth MCKXL: inodzora mota inotenderera madhisiki
- Winbond 25Q40BWS05: 500 KB yeserial flash memory inoshandiswa kuchengetedza firmware's firmware (zvakangoita seBIOS yekombuta)
Izvo zvikamu zvePCB zveHDD dzakasiyana zvinogona kusiyana. Saizi dzakakura dzinoda cache yakawanda (mamonsters emazuva ano anogona kusvika ku256 MB yeDDR3), uye iyo main controller chip inogona kunge yakanyanya kuomarara mukubata kukanganisa, asi zvakazara misiyano haina kukura kudaro.
Kuvhura dhiraivha iri nyore, ingosunungura mashoma eTorx mabhaudhi uye voila! Tiri mukati...
Tichifunga kuti inotora huwandu hwechigadzirwa, kutarisa kwedu kunobva kwakweverwa kune yakakura simbi denderedzwa; zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuti sei madhiraivha anonzi disk. Zvakarurama kuvadaidza maplates; dzakagadzirwa negirazi kana aluminium uye dzakaputirwa nemateru akati wandei emhando dzakasiyana. Iyi 3TB drive ine maplatter matatu, zvichireva kuti 500GB inofanira kuchengetwa padivi pendiro imwe.
Mufananidzo wacho une guruva, mahwendefa akasviba akadaro haaenderane nekurongeka kwekugadzira uye kugadzira kunodiwa kuti vagadzire. Mumuenzaniso wedu weHDD, iyo aluminium disk pachayo ndeye 0,04 inch (1 mm) gobvu, asi yakakwenenzverwa kusvika pamwero wekuti avhareji yehurefu hwekumisikidza pamusoro ishoma pane 0,000001 inch (inenge 30 nm).
Iyo base layer inongova 0,0004 inches (10 microns) yakadzika uye ine akawanda akaturikidzana ezvigadzirwa zvakaiswa pasimbi. Kushandisa kunoitwa nekushandisa ichiteverwa ne , kugadzirira dhisiki yezvinhu zvakakosha zvemagineti zvinoshandiswa kuchengetedza data redhijitari.
Nyaya iyi inowanzoita cobalt alloy uye inoumbwa ne concentric denderedzwa, imwe neimwe inenge 0,00001 inches (inenge 250 nm) yakafara uye 0,000001 inches (25 nm) yakadzika. Paiyo micro level, masimbi alloys anoumba zviyo zvakafanana nemapubhu esipo pamusoro pemvura.
Tsanga imwe neimwe ine magnetic field yayo, asi inogona kuchinjwa nenzira yakapiwa. Kubatanidza minda yakadaro kunoguma ne data bits (0s uye 1s). Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi, verenga Yale University. Iwo ekupedzisira machira idhizaini yekabhoni yekudzivirira, uyezve polima yekudzikisa kusangana friction. Pamwe chete havasi kupfuura 0,0000005 inches (12 nm) gobvu.
Tichaona munguva pfupi kuti sei mawafesi achifanira kugadzirwa kune kushivirira kwakasimba, asi zvichiri kushamisa kuziva kuti Iwe unogona kuve muridzi anodada wemudziyo wakagadzirwa ne nanometer chaiyo!
Nekudaro, ngatidzokere kuHDD pachayo uye tione kuti chii chimwe chiri mairi.
Ruvara rweyero runoratidza chivharo chesimbi chinosungirira ndiro kune spindle drive yemagetsi mota - dhiraivha yemagetsi inotenderera dhisiki. Mune iyi HDD vanotenderera pane frequency ye7200 rpm (revolutions/min), asi mune mamwe mamodheru vanogona kushanda zvishoma. Madhiraivha anononoka ane ruzha rwakaderera uye mashandisiro emagetsi, asiwo akaderera kumhanya, nepo kukurumidza kutyaira kunogona kusvika kumhanya kwe15 rpm.
Kuti uderedze kukanganisa kunokonzerwa neguruva uye unyoro hwemhepo, shandisa recirculation sefa (green square), kuunganidza zvimedu zvidiki nekuzvibata mukati. Mhepo inofambiswa nekutenderera kwemahwendefa inovimbisa kugara ichiyerera nemusefa. Pamusoro pemadhisiki uye padivi pesefa pane imwe yematatu plate separators: kubatsira kuderedza kudedera uye kuchengetedza kuyerera kwemhepo sezvazvinogona.
Muchikamu chepamusoro chekuruboshwe chemufananidzo, chikwere chebhuruu chinoratidza imwe yemagineti maviri echigarire. Vanopa simba remagineti rinodiwa kufambisa chikamu chinoratidzwa mutsvuku. Ngatisiyanei mashoko aya kuti tivaone zviri nani.
Chinoita sechigamba chichena imwe sefa, ichi chete chinosefa zvidimbu nemagasi anopinda nekunze nepaburi rataona pamusoro. Metal spikes vari musoro kufamba levers, padziri verenga-nyora misoro hard drive. Dzinofamba nekumhanya kukuru pamwe nepamusoro pemahwendefa (kumusoro uye pasi).
Tarisa vhidhiyo iyi yakagadzirwa na kuona kuti vanomhanya sei:
Iyo yakagadzirwa haishandisi chero chinhu chakadai ; Kuti ufambise marevhisi, magetsi emagetsi anopfuudzwa kuburikidza ne-solenoid pazasi pemakumbo.
Muzhinji vanonzi , nekuti vanoshandisa musimboti mumwechete unoshandiswa muvatauri nemamaikorofoni kufambisa membrane. Ikozvino inogadzira magnetic field yakavapoteredza, iyo inobata kumunda wakagadzirwa nekusingaperi bar magnets.
Usakanganwa kuti data tracks tiny, saka kumira kwemaoko kunofanirwa kuve kwakanyatso kurongeka, kungofanana nezvimwe zvese zviri mudhiraivha. Mamwe madhiraivha ane ma-multi-stage levers anoita shanduko diki munzira yechikamu chimwe chete chese.
Mamwe ma hard drive ane data tracks anopindirana. Iyi tekinoroji inonzi (shingled magineti kurekodha), uye izvo zvinodiwa pakurongeka uye kumira (kureva kuti, kugara uchirova imwe poindi) zvakatooma.
Kumucheto chaiko kwemaoko kune misoro inonzwisisika yekuverenga-nyora. Yedu HDD ine 3 maplates uye 6 misoro, uye imwe neimwe yacho floats pamusoro pe diski sezvainotenderera. Kuti uite izvi, misoro inorembera pamitsetse yesimbi yakaonda.
Uye pano isu tinogona kuona kuti nei yedu yeatomical specimen yakafa - ingangoita imwe yemisoro yakasununguka, uye chero chakakonzeresa kukuvara kwekutanga chakakotama rimwe remaoko. Musoro wechikamu chese chidiki zvekuti, sezvauri kuona pazasi, zvakaoma kwazvo kuwana mufananidzo wakanaka wayo nekamera yenguva dzose.
Zvisinei, tinogona kupatsanura zvikamu zvakasiyana. Iyo grey block chikamu chakanyatsogadzirwa chinonzi "slider": Sezvo disc inotenderera pasi payo, kuyerera kwemhepo kunogadzira kusimudza, kusimudza musoro kubva pamusoro. Uye kana tichiti βkusimudza,β tinoreva mukaha unongofara 0,0000002 inches, kana isingasviki 5 nm.
Chero mberi, uye misoro haizokwanisi kuziva shanduko mumagineti enzira; dai misoro yakarara pamusoro, vaingokwenya coating. Ichi ndicho chikonzero iwe unofanirwa kusefa mweya mukati medhiraivha kesi: guruva uye hunyoro pamusoro pedhiraivha zvinongotyora misoro.
Kasimbi kadiki "pole" kumagumo emusoro kunobatsira neaerodynamics yakazara. Nekudaro, kuti tione zvikamu zvinoverenga nekunyora, tinoda mufananidzo uri nani.
Mumufananidzo uyu weimwe hard drive, kuverenga / kunyora zvishandiso zviri pasi pese magetsi ekubatanidza. Kurekodha kunoitwa nehurongwa (yakaonda firimu induction, TFI), uye kuverenga - mudziyo (tunneling magnetoresistive mudziyo, TMR).
Iwo masiginecha anogadzirwa neTMR haana kusimba uye anofanirwa kupfuudzwa kuburikidza neamplifier kuti awedzere mazinga asati atumirwa. Iyo chip inokonzeresa iyi iri padhuze nechepasi pemarevhera mumufananidzo uri pazasi.
Sezvakataurwa munhanganyaya yechinyorwa, ma mechanical components uye musimboti wekushanda we hard drive zvachinja zvishoma nekufamba kwemakore. Zvizhinji zvezvose, teknolojia yemagnetic tracks uye kuverenga-kunyora misoro yakagadziridzwa, ichigadzira nzira dzakatetepa uye dzakaoma, izvo zvakazoita kuti kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwemashoko akachengetwa.
Nekudaro, ma mechanical hard drives ane mhedziso yekumhanya iri pachena. Zvinotora nguva kufambisa marevhisi kunzvimbo yaidiwa, uye kana iyo data yakapararira pamatiraki akasiyana pandiro dzakasiyana, ipapo dhiraivha ichapedza akati wandei mamicroseconds kutsvaga mabits.
Tisati taenda kune imwe mhando yedhiraivha, ngatiratidzei kukurumidza kumhanya kweyakajairika HDD. Isu takashandisa benchmark kuongorora hard drive :
Mitsetse miviri yekutanga inoratidza huwandu hweMB pasekondi kana uchiita zvakatevedzana (kureba, kuenderera runyorwa) uye zvisina tsarukano (shanduko mukati medhiraivha yese) inoverenga nekunyora. Mutsetse unotevera unoratidza kukosha kweIOPS, inova nhamba yeI/O mashandiro anoitwa sekondi yega yega. Mutsetse wekupedzisira unoratidza avhareji latency (nguva mumamicroseconds) pakati pekufambisa kuverenga kana kunyora kushanda uye kugamuchira data data.
Kazhinji, tinoedza kuona kuti kukosha mumitsara mitatu yekutanga yakakura sezvinobvira, uye mumutsetse wekupedzisira idiki sezvinobvira. Usazvinetse nenhamba dzacho, tichangodzishandisa kuenzanisa kana tatarisa imwe mhando yekutyaira: iyo solid-state drive.
Source: www.habr.com