Mushure memakore maviri, ndakadzokera kubhurogi kune chinyorwa chinosiyana neanowanzo kufinha hurukuro nezveHaskell nemasvomhu. Ndanga ndichishanda pafintech muEU kwemakore mashoma apfuura uye zvinoita sekunge inguva yakanaka yekunyora nezvechinyorwa chakawana kutariswa kushoma kubva kune tech media.
Facebook ichangobva kuburitsa yainodaidza kuti "itsva yemari masevhisi chikuva" inonzi Libra. Iyo yakamisikidzwa sedhijitari yekugadzirisa sisitimu yakavakirwa pabhasiketi remari dzepasirese iyo inotungamirwa pa "blockchain" uye inochengetwa mudhamu remari rinotungamirwa kubva kuSwitzerland. Zvinangwa zvepurojekiti ishuviro uye zvinosanganisira hombe-yakakura geopolitical mhedzisiro.
Π ΠΈ Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvine musoro pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwemari uye fungidziro dzehupfumi kuseri kwehurongwa hwemari hwakarongwa. Asi hakuna nyanzvi dzakakwana dzinokwanisa kuongorora kubva pakuona kwehunyanzvi. Havasi vanhu vazhinji vanoshanda pazvivakwa zvemari uye vanotaura pachena nezvebasa ravo, saka chirongwa ichi hachiwane kufukidzwa kwakawanda munhau dzetekinoroji, kunyangwe iwo mamukati akavhurika pasirese. Ndinoreva open source mumarepositories ΠΈ .
Izvo zvakavhurika kune pasirese ndeye architecturally schizophrenic artifact ine zvirevo zvekuve yakachengeteka chikuva chepasi rose kubhadhara kwemari.
Kana iwe ukanyura mukati meiyo kodhi base, iyo chaiyo yekuitwa kweiyo system inosiyana zvachose kubva kune yakataurwa chinangwa, uye nenzira dzinoshamisa kwazvo. Ndine chokwadi chekuti chirongwa ichi chine nhoroondo inonakidza yekambani. Saka zvine musoro kufunga kuti yakagadzirwa nehungwaru, asi muchokwadi ini ndinoona isinganzwisisike seti yezvivakwa zvekuvaka izvo zvinotyora iyo yese system uye kuisa vashandisi panjodzi.
Ini handisi kuzonyepedzera kuva nemaonero ane chinangwa nezve Facebook sekambani. Vashoma vanhu muindasitiri yeIT vanomutarisa netsitsi. Asi kuenzaniswa kwezvirevo zvaro uye kodhi yakabudiswa inoratidza zvakajeka kuti chinangwa chakataurwa chinonyengera zvikuru. Muchidimbu, chirongwa ichi hachipi munhu simba. Acharamba ari pasi pekambani ine bhizinesi rekushambadza rakanyura mukunyomba nehuwori zvekuti haina sarudzo kunze kwekuedza kusiyanisa mabhadharo ayo uye zvibodzwa zvechikwereti kuti irarame. Chinangwa chakajeka chenguva refu ndechekuita se data broker uye murevereri mukuwana kwevatengi kuwana kiredhiti zvichibva pane yavo yega social media data. Iyi inyaya inotyisa uye yakasviba iyo isingawane kutariswa kwainokodzera.
Nyasha chete dzinoponesa dzeiyi nyaya ndedzekuti chigadziriso chavakasika hachina kukodzera kune basa riripo zvekuti rinogona kungoonekwa sechiito chehubris. Pane akati wandei akakura zvikanganiso zvekuvaka mupurojekiti iyi:
Kugadzirisa Dambudziko reByzantine Generals muAccess Control Network idhizaini isingaenderani
Dambudziko revakuru veByzantine inzvimbo yakamanikana yekutsvagisa masisitimu akagoverwa. Inotsanangura kugona kwetiweki sisitimu yekumira zvisina tsarukano chikamu kukundikana uchitora matanho ekugadzirisa akakosha pakushanda kwehurongwa. Manetiweki akatsiga anofanirwa kumirisana nemhando dzakati wandei dzekurwiswa, kusanganisira kutangazve, kubuda, mitoro yakaipa, uye kuvhota kwakashata musarudzo dzehutungamiriri. Ichi ndicho chisarudzo chikuru cheLibra architecture, uye hazvina maturo zvachose pano.
Iyo nguva yakaoma pamusoro peichi chimiro chekuwedzera zvinoenderana nealgorithm. Kune akawanda mabhuku pamusoro pezvakasiyana zvePaxos neRaft protocol kugadzirisa dambudziko reByzantine generals, asi zvese izvi zvimiro zvinounza kumwe kumberi kwekutaurirana pamusoro. 
kuchengetedza quorum. Kune Libra, ivo vakasarudza algorithm ine yakanyanya kunaka mutengo wekutaurirana kana kukundikana kwehutungamiriri. Uye kune yekuwedzera pamusoro kubva pakugona kusarudzwa patsva kwevatungamiriri mumhando dzakasiyana dzezviitiko zvekutadza network.
Kune sisitimu inoshanda mukati memubatanidzwa wemakambani epasi rose anodzorwa zvakanyanya, uko vashandisi vese vane kodhi yakasainwa neFacebook uye kuwana kunetiweki kunodzorwa neFacebook, hazvina musoro kufunga vatori vechikamu vane hutsinye padanho rekubvumirana. Hazvina kujeka kuti nei iyi sisitimu yaizogadzirisa dambudziko revakuru veByzantine, pane kungochengeta nzira inowirirana yekuongorora kutarisa kutevedza. Iko mukana weiyo Libra node inofambiswa neMastercard kana Andressen Horrowitz kamwe kamwe kutanga kumhanya yakaipa kodhi inyaya isinganzwisisike yekurongera uye inogadziriswa zvirinani nekungoona kuvimbika kweprotocol uye isiri-tekinoroji (kureva zvepamutemo) nzira.
Uchapupu kuCongress hwakabhadharisa chigadzirwa semukwikwidzi kune mitsva yekubhadhara pasi rose protocol seWeChat, Alipay uye M-Pesa. Nekudaro, hapana yeaya masisitimu akagadzirirwa kumhanyisa pamadziva ekugadzirisa kugadzirisa dambudziko reByzantine generals. Izvo zvinongogadzirwa pane yechinyakare yakakwirira-bandwidth bhazi inoita wiring zvinoenderana neyakagadziriswa seti yemitemo. Iyi inzira yakasikwa yekugadzira nzira yekubhadhara. Yakagadzirwa zvakanaka iyo yekubhadhara system haingosangana nedambudziko rekushandisa kaviri nemaforogo.
Iyo yepamusoro yekubvumirana algorithm haigadzirise chero dambudziko uye inongoganhura kuburitsa kweiyo sisitimu pasina chikonzero kunze kweiyo cargo cult yeruzhinji blockchain, iyo isina kuitirwa iyi kesi yekushandisa.
Libra haina kuvanzika kwekutengeserana
Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa, iyo sisitimu yakagadzirirwa kutariswa pseudonymity, ndiko kuti, kero dzinoshandiswa muprotocol dzinowanikwa kubva kuruzhinji makiyi pa elliptic curves uye haina metadata nezveakaundi. Zvisinei, hapana papi mutsanangudzo yehutano hwehutungamiri hwesangano kana muprotocol pachayo inoratidza kuti data yehupfumi inobatanidzwa mukutengeserana ichave yakavanzwa kubva kune vanosimbisa. Iyo sisitimu yakagadzirirwa kudzokorora kutengeserana pamwero mukuru kune akasiyana mapato ekunze ayo, pasi pemitemo iripo yekuvanzika kwebhangi reEuropean neUS, havafanirwe kuve neruzivo nezvehupfumi.
Mitemo yedata munyika dzese dzakaoma kurongedza, kunyanya kupihwa mitemo nemirau yakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine maonero akasiyana etsika pakuchengetedza data uye kuvanzika. Iyo protocol pachayo inongogara yakavhurika zvachose kune nhengo dze consortium, inova yakajeka tekinoroji kukanganisa iyo isingaenderane nezvinodiwa iyo yakagadzirirwa.
Libra HotStuff BFT haikwanisi kuzadzisa iyo inodiwa yekubhadhara system
MuUK, masisitimu ekutsvaira akaita seBAC anokwanisa kubata 580 miriyoni ekutengeserana pamwedzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, masisitimu akakwenenzverwa zvakanyanya seVisa anogona kugadzirisa zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu,000 kutengeserana pazuva. Kuita kunosiyana zvichienderana nehukuru hwekutengesa, network routing, system load, uye (anti-money laundering, money laundering schemes).
Libra iri kuyedza kugadzirisa matambudziko asiri iwo chaiwo matambudziko ekutamiswa kwemba, sezvo nyika dzepasi dzakavandudza magadzirirwo adzo ekubvisa mukati memakore gumi apfuura. Kune vatengi vekutengesa muEuropean Union, kufambisa mari haisi dambudziko zvachose. Pazvivakwa zvechinyakare, izvi zvinogona kuitwa neyakajairwa smartphone mumasekondi. Pakuendeswa kwemakambani makuru, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye mitemo inobatanidzwa nekufambisa mari yakawanda.
Iko hakuna chikonzero chehunyanzvi nei kubhadhara kuyambuka muganhu hakugonewo kugadziriswa ipapo ipapo, kunze kwekusiyana kwemitemo uye zvinodiwa pakati penzvimbo dzakakodzera. Kana matanho anodiwa ekudzivirira (kungwarira kwemutengi, macheki ezvirango, nezvimwewo) akaitwa kakawanda pamatanho akasiyana echeni yekutengeserana, izvi zvinogona kukonzera kunonoka mukutengeserana. Nekudaro, kunonoka uku ibasa remitemo yekudzora uye kutevedzera, kwete tekinoroji.
Kune vatengi, hapana chikonzero nei kutengeserana kweUK kwaisazojeka mune imwe nyaya yemasekondi. Kutengeserana kwekutengesa muEU kuri kunonoka (Ziva Mutengi Wako) uye zvirambidzo zve AML zvakatemerwa nehurumende nevatongi, izvo zvinoshanda zvakaenzana kumari yeLibra. Kunyangwe dai Facebook yaizokunda zvipingamupinyi zvekuchinjisa kuchinjika uye kutamiswa kwedata yakavanzika, modhi yakarongwa iri mazana emakore emunhu kubva kure nekufambiswa kwekutengeserana kwepasirese uye ingangoda kuvandudzwa kubva kutanga.
Libra Move mutauro hauna kururama
Bepa jena rinotaura zvakashinga nezvemutauro mutsva, usina kuedzwa unonzi Move. Izvi zvirevo zvinopokana kubva pamaonero echirongwa chemutauro wechirongwa (PLT).
Move ndiwo mutauro mutsva wekuronga wekuita tsika yekutengeserana logic uye smart zvibvumirano paLibra blockchain. Nekuti Libra ine chinangwa chezuva rimwe kushandira mabhiriyoni evanhu, Move yakagadzirwa nekuchengetedzeka sechinhu chinonyanya kukosha.
Chinhu chakakosha cheMove kugona kutsanangura mhando dzezvishandiso zvine semantics inofemerwa nemutsara logic.
Muma blockchains eruzhinji, zvibvumirano zvakangwara zvinotarisana nepfungwa yeruzhinji network ine escrow account, mari yekubira, OTC tokeni kuburitswa, uye kubhejera. Zvese izvi zvinoitwa nemutauro usina kunyatsogadzirwa unonzi Solidity, uyo kubva pamaonero ezvidzidzo zvinoita kuti munyori wePHP aite kunge shasha. Sezvineiwo, mutauro mutsva kubva kuFacebook unoita kunge usina chekuita nehunyanzvi uhu, sezvo uri mutauro wekunyora wakagadzirirwa zvinangwa zvebhizinesi zvisingazivikanwe.
Mumaleja akagovaniswa ega, zvibvumirano zvakangwara ndeimwe yeaya mazwi anokandwa nevanopa mazano pasina hanya netsanangudzo yakajeka kana chinangwa. Enterprise software consultants vanowanzoita mari kubva mukusanzwisisika, uye smart zvibvumirano ndiyo apotheosis yekambani obscurantism nekuti inogona kutsanangurwa sechinhu chero chipi zvacho.
Mushure mekutaura nezve kuchengetedzeka kwayo, isu tinofanirwa kutarisa semantics yemutauro. Kururama mudzidziso yemutauro wechirongwa kazhinji ine humbowo huviri hwakasiyana: "kufambira mberi" uye "kuchengetedza", izvo zvinotarisa kuenderana kwenzvimbo yese yemitemo yekuongorora yemutauro. Kunyanya, mumhando yedzidziso, basa ndere "mutsara" kana richishandisa nharo yaro kamwe chete, uye "affine" kana richishandisa kamwechete. Iyo mutsara mhando sisitimu inopa static vimbiso yekuti yakaziviswa mutsara basa inonyatso mutsara nekupa mhando kune ese ebasa subexpressions uye kuchengeta track yepanofonerwa. Ichi chivakwa chakajeka kuratidza uye hachisi nyore kuita chirongwa chese. Linear typing ichiri chikamu chedzidzo chakanyanya, ichikanganiswa nekuitwa kwemhando yakasarudzika muKuchena uye mhando muridzi muRust. Pane zvimwe zvekutanga zvirevo zvekuwedzera mutsara mhando kuGlasgow Haskell Compiler.
Chirevo cheMove nezve kushandisa mutsara mhando inoita senge isina kurongeka kunyura mune iyo compiler, kubvira ipapo . Sezvo munhu anogona kutaura, whitepaper inotaura zvinyorwa zvinyorwa kubva kuGirard naPeirce, uye hapana chakafanana mukuita chaiko.
Pamusoro pezvo, semantics yemutauro unofungidzirwa kuti wakachengeteka hapana painooneka mukuita kana gwaro. Mutauro mudiki zvakakwana kuti uwane humbowo hwakazara hwechokwadi semantics muCoq kana Isabelle. Muchokwadi, yekupedzisa-kusvika-kumagumo yakazara kushandura compiler ine humbowo kuendesa kune bytecode inogoneka kuita nematurusi emazuva ano akagadzirwa mumakore gumi apfuura. Tinoziva kuzviita, kutanga kumashure muna 1996.
Kubva pamaonero edzidziso yemutauro wechirongwa, hazvibviri kuyedza chirevo chekuti Move mutauro wakavimbika uye wakachengeteka, sezvo zvichemo izvi zvichisvika pakusimudza ruoko uye kushambadzira kwete humbowo chaihwo. Aya mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa kune chirongwa chemutauro chiri kukumbirwa kugadzirisa mabhiriyoni emadhora ekutengeserana.
Libra cryptography haina kunaka
Kuvaka yakachengeteka cryptosystems idambudziko rakaoma reinjiniya, uye zvinogara zvakanaka kusvika pakushanda nekodhi ine njodzi ine dosi yakanaka yehutano paranoia. Kune mabhindauko makuru munzvimbo ino, senge Microsoft Everest purojekiti, iri kuvaka inovimbika yakachengeteka. . Zvishandiso zvagara zviripo kugadzira zvinyorwa zvinogoneka. Kunyangwe izvi zvichidhura, zviri pachena kuti hazvisi kupfuura kugona kweFacebook. Nekudaro, timu yakasarudza kusatora chikamu muchirongwa ichi, chakaziviswa sehwaro hwakavimbika hwehurongwa hwemari yepasi rose.
Libra project kubva kumaraibhurari akati wandei matsva ekugadzira ekuyedza cryptosystems akaonekwa chete mumakore mashoma apfuura. Izvo hazvigone kutaura kuti zvinotsamira pane anotevera maturusi akachengeteka here kana kuti kwete, nekuti hapana kana rimwe remaraibhurari aya akaongororwa uye asina akajairwa kuburitsa mitemo. Kunyanya, kune mamwe maraibhurari epakati hapana chokwadi nezve kuchengetedzwa kubva kudivi-chiteshi kurwiswa uye nguva yekurwiswa.
Raibhurari yeLibra inotowedzera kuedza uye inodarika , kushandisa hunyanzvi hutsva hwakadai seanogona kuvhenekwa mabasa (VRFs), maviri maviri maviri maviri, uye masiginecha echikumbaridzo. Idzi nzira nemaraibhurari zvingave zvine musoro, asi kuzvibatanidza zvese kuita imwe system kunomutsa kushushikana kwakakomba pamusoro penzvimbo yekurwisa. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvishandiso zvese izvi zvitsva uye matekiniki kunowedzera zvakanyanya kuoma kwekuratidza kuchengetedzwa.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kufungidzirwa kuti iyi yese cryptographic stack iri panjodzi yekurwiswa kwakasiyana kusvika yaratidzwa neimwe nzira. Facebook's yakakurumbira 'Fambisa nekukurumidza uye Break Zvinhu' modhi haigone kuiswa kune cryptographic maturusi anogadzirisa data revatengi rezvemari.
Libra inotadza kuita nzira dzekuchengetedza vatengi
Chinhu chakasiyana chehurongwa hwekubhadhara kugona kudzoreredza kutengeserana kana mubhadharo ukakanzurwa nedare kana kutungamira kune tsaona kana kutadza kwehurongwa. Iyo Libra system yakagadzirirwa kuve "yakakwana" uye haisanganisire mhando yekutengeserana yekukanzura mubhadharo. MuUK, mari dzese dziri pakati peΒ£100 neΒ£30,000 dziri pasi peConsumer Credit Act. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chirongwa chekubhadhara chinogovana mutoro nemutengesi kana paine dambudziko nechigadzirwa chakatengwa kana mupi wemubhadharo wacho asingapi basa racho. Mitemo yakafanana inoshanda muEU, Asia neNorth America.
Ikozvino dhizaini yeLibra haisanganisi protocol yekutevedzera iyi mitemo uye haina hurongwa hwakajeka hwekugadzira imwe. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, kubva pakuona kwekuvaka, kuguma kweiyo kernel yakatendeseka data chimiro, zvichibva pane mamiriro eiyo Merkle drive, haibvumire chero nzira yekugadzira iyo protocol pasina kugadzirisazve kernel.
Mushure mekuita ongororo yehunyanzvi hwepurojekiti iyi, tinogona kugumisa kuti haizopfuurire mune chero inoremekedzwa yakagovaniswa masisitimu tsvakiridzo kana rezvemari reinjiniya. Kuedza kushandura mutemo wemari yepasirese, huwandu hukuru hwebasa rehunyanzvi hunofanirwa kuitwa kugadzira network yakavimbika uye yakachengeteka kugadzirisa kwe data remushandisi iro veruzhinji nevanodzora.
Ini handioni chikonzero chekutenda kuti Facebook yakaita basa rinodiwa mukugadzira kwayo kukunda matambudziko aya ehunyanzvi kana kuti ine chero hunyanzvi hwekuita pamusoro pezvivakwa zvazvino. Kutaura kuti kambani inoda kushanduka-shanduka kuti iongorore zvitsva haisi chikonzero chekusazviita kutanga.
Source: www.habr.com