Foreword
Mhoroi mose! Zita rangu ndiSasha, uye ndanga ndichiedza backend (Linux masevhisi uye API) kweanopfuura makore matanhatu. Pfungwa yechinyorwa ichi yakauya kwandiri mushure mechimwe chikumbiro kubva kushamwari yekumuedza kuti amuudze zvaaigona kuverenga nezve Linux mirairo isati yabvunzurudzwa. Kazhinji, mumiriri weQA injinjini chinzvimbo anodiwa kuti azive iyo yekutanga mirairo (kana, zvechokwadi, inosanganisira kushanda neLinux), asi unoziva sei kuti ndeipi mirairo yakakodzera kuverenga paunenge uchigadzirira kubvunzurudza kana uine zvishoma. kana kuti hapana ruzivo neLinux?
Naizvozvo, kunyangwe izvi zvakatonyorwa kakawanda, ini ndichiri kufunga kunyora chimwe chinyorwa "Linux yevanotanga" uye nyora pano iyo yekutanga mirairo yaunofanirwa kuziva usati waita hurukuro mudhipatimendi (kana kambani) inoshandisa Linux. Ndakafunga nezve mirairo uye zvishandiso uye kuti ndeapi maparamita andinoshandisa kazhinji, ndakaunganidza mhinduro kubva kune vandinoshanda navo, uye ndikazvinyora zvese muchinyorwa chimwe. Chinyorwa chacho chakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: chekutanga, ruzivo rupfupi nezve izvo zvekutanga zveI / O muLinux terminal, uye mhedziso yemirairo yakakosha, uye chikamu chechitatu chinotsanangura nzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko akajairika muLinux.
Murairo wega wega une zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa, zvese hazvisi kuzonyorwa pano. Unogona kupinda `murume <command>`kana`<command> --help` kudzidza zvakawanda nezvechikwata.
Muenzaniso:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Kana murairo ukatora nguva yakareba kuti upedze, unogona kuumisa nekudzvanya mukoni Ctrl + C (chiratidzo chinotumirwa kune maitiro CHIRATIDZO).
Zvishoma nezve command output
Kana maitiro atanga muLinux, 3 akajairwa data hova anogadzirwa kune iwo maitiro: stdin, stdout и stderr. Iwo akaverengerwa 0, 1 uye 2 zvakateerana. Asi iye zvino tava kufarira stdout uye, zvishoma, stderr. Kubva pamazita zviri nyore kufungidzira izvozvo stdout inoshandiswa kuburitsa data, uye stderr - kuratidza mameseji ekukanganisa. By default paunenge uchimhanyisa murairo paLinux stdout и stderr buritsa ruzivo rwese kune koni, zvisinei, kana iyo yekuraira yakakura, zvingave nyore kuidzosera kune faira. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa, semuenzaniso, sezvizvi:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Kana tikaburitsa zviri mukati mefaira man_signal, zvino tichaona kuti zvakafanana nezvazvingave kana tikangoita murairo `chiratidzo chemunhu`.
Redirect operation `>` defaults ku stdout. Unogona kutsanangura redirect stdout zvakajeka: `1>`. Saizvozvo, unogona kutsanangura redirection stderr:`2>`. Iwe unogona kusanganisa mashandiro aya uye nekudaro kupatsanura yakajairika yekuraira kubuda uye kukanganisa meseji kubuda:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Redirect uye stdoutuye stderr mune imwe faira sezvinotevera:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Redirect operation `2> & 1` zvinoreva redirect stderr kunzvimbo imwe chete sekurairwa stdout.
Chimwe chishandiso chiri nyore chekushanda neI/O (kana kuti, chiri nyore chishandiso chekudyidzana kutaurirana) ndeye pipe (kana conveyor) Mapaipi anowanzo shandiswa kutaura mirairo yakawanda: stdout mirairo inotungamirwa kune stdin inotevera, zvichingodaro mumaketani:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Basic Linux Commands
pwd
Ratidza dhairekitori razvino (rinoshanda).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
zuva
Ratidza yazvino sisitimu zuva uye nguva.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Uyu murairo unoratidza kuti ndiani apinda muhurongwa. Uye zvakare, uptime uye LA (mutoro wepakati) inoratidzwawo pachiratidziri.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Dhinda zviri mukati medhairekitori. Kana iwe ukasapfuura nzira, zviri mukati meiyo dhairekitori yazvino zvicharatidzwa.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Ini pachangu, ndinowanzo shandisa sarudzo -l (yakareba rondedzero fomati - yakabuda kune koramu ine rumwe ruzivo nezve mafaera), -t (kuronga nefaira/dhairekitori yekuchinja nguva) uye -r (reverse kurongedza - pamwe chete ne -t iwo achangoburwa mafaera achange ari pazasi):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Pane 2 mazita akakosha edhairekitori: "."Uye"..". Yekutanga inoreva dhairekitori razvino, rechipiri rinoreva dhairekitori revabereki. Vanogona kuve nyore kushandisa muzvikwata zvakasiyana, kunyanya ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Pane zvakare sarudzo inobatsira yekuratidza mafaera akavanzika (kutanga ne ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Unogonawo kushandisa sarudzo -h -kubuda mufomati inoverengwa nevanhu (teerera kune masaizi efaira):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Chinja dhairekitori razvino.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Kana iwe ukasapfuura zita redhairekitori senharo, iyo nharaunda shanduko ichashandiswa $ HOME, ndiko kuti, dhairekitori repamba. Zvinogona zvakare kuve nyore kushandisa `~` zvinoreva hunhu hwakakosha $ HOME:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Gadzira dhairekitori.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Dzimwe nguva iwe unofanirwa kugadzira chaiyo dhairekitori chimiro: semuenzaniso, dhairekitori mukati medhairekitori risipo. Kudzivisa kupinda kakawanda mumutsara mkdir, unogona kushandisa sarudzo -p - inokutendera iwe kuti ugadzire ese asina madhairekitori mune hierarchy. Uyewo nesarudzo iyi mkdir haidzosere kukanganisa kana dhairekitori iripo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Delete a file.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Sarudzo -r inokutendera kuti udzokorore kudzima madhairekitori nezvose zviri mukati, sarudzo -f inokubvumira kufuratira zvikanganiso paunenge uchidzima (semuenzaniso, nezve faira isipo). Idzi sarudzo dzinobvumira, kutaura, kudzima kwakavimbiswa kwese kwese mafaera uye madhairekitori (kana mushandisi aine kodzero yekudaro), saka, anofanirwa kushandiswa nekuchenjerera (yemhando yekuseka muenzaniso ndewekuti "rm-rf /", mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, ichakudzima, kana isiri iyo system yese, saka akawanda mafaera akakosha pakuita kwayo).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Kopa faira kana dhairekitori.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Uyu murairo unewo sarudzo -r и -f, anogona kushandiswa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hierarchy yemadhairekitori uye maforodha anokopwa kune imwe nzvimbo.
mv
Fambisa kana kutumidza zita refaira kana dhairekitori.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
katsi
Dhinda zviri mukati mefaira (kana mafaera).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
Zvakakodzerawo kuteerera mirairo Musoro (output n mitsara yekutanga kana mabytes efaira) uye muswe (zvimwe nezvake gare gare).
muswe
Bvisa n mitsara yekupedzisira kana mabyte efaira.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Iyo sarudzo inobatsira zvikuru -f - inokutendera kuti uratidze data nyowani mufaira munguva chaiyo.
zvishoma
Dzimwe nguva mameseji faira akakurisa uye zvinonetsa kuriratidza nemurairo katsi. Ipapo unogona kuivhura uchishandisa murairo zvishoma: iyo faira ichaburitswa muzvikamu; kufamba nepakati pezvikamu izvi, kutsvaga uye kumwe kushanda kwakapusa kunowanikwa.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Inogona zvakare kuve nyore kushandisa zvishoma ne conveyor (pipe):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Rondedzera maitiro.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Ini pachangu ndinowanzo kushandisa sarudzo dzeBSD "aux"- ratidza maitiro ese muhurongwa (sezvo panogona kunge paine akawanda maitiro, ini ndakaratidza chete ekutanga mashanu acho ndichishandisa pombi (pipe) uye timu Musoro):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Vazhinji vanoshandisawo BSD sarudzo "axjf", izvo zvinokutendera kuti uratidze maitiro emuti (pano ndabvisa chikamu chekubuda kwekuratidzira):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Uyu murairo une sarudzo dzakawanda dzakasiyana, saka kana iwe ukaushandisa nesimba, ndinokurudzira kuti uverenge zvinyorwa. Kwezviitiko zvakawanda, zvakakwana kungoziva "ps kuti".
kuuraya
Tumira chiratidzo kune imwe nzira. By default chiratidzo chinotumirwa TARGET TERM, iyo inogumisa nzira.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Sezvo hurongwa hunogona kuva nevabati vechiratidzo, kuuraya haisi nguva dzose inotungamira kune inotarisirwa mhedzisiro - kupedzwa nekukurumidza kwekuita. Kuti "uraye" maitiro echokwadi, unofanirwa kutumira chiratidzo kune maitiro CHIRATIDZO. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira pakurasikirwa kwedata (somuenzaniso, kana maitiro achida kuchengetedza mamwe mashoko kune disk asati agumisa), saka unoda kushandisa murairo uyu nekuchenjerera. Signal number CHIRATIDZO - 9, saka iyo pfupi vhezheni yemurairo inoita seizvi:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Mukuwedzera kune avo vataurwa TARGET TERM и CHIRATIDZO Kune akawanda akawanda akasiyana masaini; rondedzero yavo inogona kuwanikwa zviri nyore paInternet. Uye usakanganwa kuti zviratidzo CHIRATIDZO и CHIMBISO haigoni kubatwa kana kufuratirwa.
ping
Tumira pakiti yeICMP kune mugamuchiri ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
kubudikidza default ping inoshanda kusvika yapedzwa nemaoko. Saka sarudzo inogona kubatsira -c - nhamba yemapakiti mushure mekutumira ping ichapedzisa pachayo. Imwe sarudzo yandinoshandisa dzimwe nguva ndeye -i, nguva pakati pekutumira mapaketi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
OpenSSH SSH mutengi inokutendera iwe kuti ubatanidze kune iri kure host.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Kune akawanda nuances mukushandisa SSH, uye mutengi uyu zvakare ane huwandu hukuru hwekugona, saka kana uchida (kana uchida) unogona kuverenga nezvazvo. .
scp
Kopa mafaera pakati pevaenzi (pakushandisa uku ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa kuwiriranisa madhairekitori pakati pevaenzi rsync (-a - archive mode, inobvumidza iwe kukopa zvese zvirimo mudhairekitori "sezvazviri", -v - yakabuda kune console yekuwedzera ruzivo):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
echo
Ratidza mutsara wemavara.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Sarudzo dzakakodzera kufunga pano -n - usaisa mutsara nekuputsika kwemutsara kumagumo, uye -e -gonesa kududzira kutiza uchishandisa "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Iwe unogona zvakare kuratidza kukosha kwezvakasiyana uchishandisa uyu murairo. Semuyenzaniso, muLinux kodhi yekubuda yemurairo wekupedzisira wakapedzwa inochengetwa mune yakakosha shanduko $?, uye nenzira iyi unogona kuona chaizvo kukanganisa kwakaitika mune yekupedzisira inomhanya application:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Mutengi weTELNET protocol. Inoshandiswa kutaurirana nemumwe muenzi.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Kana iwe uchida kushandisa iyo TLS protocol (rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti SSL yave nenguva refu), ipapo telnet hazvina kukodzera zvinangwa izvi. Asi mutengi achauya openssl:
Muenzaniso wekushandisa openssl nekuburitsa mhinduro kuchikumbiro cheGET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Kugadzirisa matambudziko akajairika muLinux
Shandura muridzi wefaira
Unogona kushandura muridzi wefaira kana dhairekitori uchishandisa rairo chown:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Iyo parameter kumurairo uyu inofanira kupiwa muridzi mutsva neboka (kusarudza), rakaparadzaniswa nekoloni. Zvakare, kana uchichinja muridzi wedhairekitori, sarudzo inogona kubatsira -R - ipapo varidzi vanozochinja kune zvese zviri mukati medhairekitori.
Chinja mvumo yefaira
Dambudziko iri rinogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa murairo chmod. Semuenzaniso, ini ndichapa mvumo yekumisikidza "muridzi anobvumidzwa kuverenga, kunyora uye kuita, boka rinobvumidzwa kuverenga nekunyora, vamwe vese havabvumidzwe chero chinhu":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Yekutanga 7 (iyi 0b111 muchidimbu chinomiririra) muparameter inoreva "kodzero dzese kumuridzi", yechipiri 6 (iyi 0b110 mukumiririra zvishoma) zvinoreva "verenga nekunyora", uye 0 haarevi chinhu kune vamwe vese. . Bitmask ine zvidimbu zvitatu: iyo isinganyanyi kukosha ("kurudyi") bhiti ine basa rekuuraya, inotevera ("pakati") bit ndeyekunyora, uye yakanyanya kukosha ("kuruboshwe") bhiti ndeyekuverenga.
Iwe unogona zvakare kuseta mvumo uchishandisa akakosha mavara (mnemonic syntax) Semuenzaniso, muenzaniso unotevera unotanga wabvisa kodzero dzekuuraya yemushandisi wazvino uye wozozvishandura zvakare:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Uyu murairo une zvakawanda zvekushandisa, saka ndinokupa zano kuti uverenge zvakawanda nezvazvo (kunyanya nezve mnemonic syntax, semuenzaniso, ).
Dhinda zviri mukati mebhinari faira
Izvi zvinogona kuitwa pachishandiswa utility hexdump. Pazasi pane mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwayo.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Uchishandisa chishandiso ichi, unogona kuburitsa data mune mamwe mafomati, asi aya ndiwo anonyanya kubatsira sarudzo pakuishandisa.
Tsvaga mafaira
Iwe unogona kuwana faira nechikamu chezita rayo mudhairekitori muti uchishandisa rairo wana:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Dzimwe sarudzo dzekutsvaga uye mafirita aripo zvakare. Semuenzaniso, iyi ndiyo nzira yaungawana mafaera mufolda bvunzoyakagadzirwa kupfuura mazuva mashanu apfuura:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Tsvaga mavara mumafaira
Chikwata chichakubatsira kubata nebasa iri grep. Iyo ine zvakawanda zvekushandisa, iyo yakapusa inopiwa pano semuenzaniso.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Imwe yedzakakurumbira nzira dzekushandisa murairo grep - kuishandisa mune pombi (pipe):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Sarudzo -v inokubvumira kuita mhedzisiro grep'uye zvakadzokera kumashure - mitsetse chete isina patani yakapfuudzwa grep.
Ona mapakeji akaiswa
Iko hakuna murairo wepasirese, nekuti zvese zvinoenderana nekugoverwa kweLinux uye maneja wepakeji anoshandiswa. Zvichida mumwe wemirairo inotevera ichakubatsira:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Ona kuti inzvimbo yakawanda sei iyo dhairekitori yemuti inotora
Imwe yezvisarudzo zvekushandisa murairo du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Iwe unogona kushandura iyo parameter kukosha -dkuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama nezve dhairekitori muti. Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa murairo musanganiswa ne kworudzii:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Sarudzo -h chikwata kworudzii inobvumidza iwe kuronga saizi yakanyorwa nefomati inoverengwa nevanhu (semuenzaniso, 1K, 2G), sarudzo -r inokubvumira kuronga data mune reverse order.
"Tsvaga uye tsiva" mufaira, mumafaira ari mudhairekitori
Kuvhiya uku kunoitwa pachishandiswa utility sed (hapana mureza g pamagumo, chete chiitiko chekutanga che "chinyorwa-chekare" mumutsara chichatsiviwa):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Unogona kuishandisa kune akati wandei mafaera kamwechete:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Dhirowa mbiru kubva pane zvabuda
Zvichabatsira kubata nebasa iri wow. Uyu muenzaniso unoratidza chikamu chechipiri chemurairo wakabuda `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Panguva imwecheteyo, inofanira kurangarirwa kuti wow ine basa rakapfuma, saka kana iwe uchida kushanda nemavara pamutsara wekuraira, iwe unofanirwa kuverenga zvakawanda nezve uyu murairo.
Tsvaga IP kero nezita remugamuchiri
Imwe yemirairo inotevera ichabatsira pane izvi:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Network Information
Unogona kushandisa ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Kana kuti zvimwe ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Uyezve, kana, semuenzaniso, iwe uchingofarira IPv4, saka unogona kuwedzera sarudzo -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Ona zviteshi zvakavhurika
Kuti aite izvi, shandisa utility netstat. Semuenzaniso, kuti utarise ese TCP uye UDP yekuteerera madoko ane kuratidzwa kwePID yemaitiro ekuteerera pachiteshi uye nhamba inomiririra yechiteshi, unofanirwa kuishandisa neinotevera sarudzo:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
System ruzivo
Iwe unogona kuwana ruzivo urwu uchishandisa murairo zvakafanana.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Kuti unzwisise mafomati ayo chinobuda chinogadzirwa, unogona kutarisa kune batsira'nokuda kwemurairo uyu:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Memory ruzivo
Kuti unzwisise kuti yakawanda sei RAM inogarwa kana yemahara, unogona kushandisa murairo vakasununguka.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Ruzivo nezve faira masisitimu (yemahara dhisiki nzvimbo)
chikwata df inokubvumira kuti uone kuti yakawanda sei nzvimbo yemahara uye inogarwa pane akaiswa faira masisitimu.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Sarudzo -T inotsanangura kuti mhando yefaira system inofanirwa kutaurwa.
Ruzivo nezvemabasa uye nhamba dzakasiyana pane system
Kuti uite izvi, shandisa murairo pamusoro. Inokwanisa kuratidza ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana: semuenzaniso, maitiro epamusoro nekushandiswa kwe RAM kana maitiro epamusoro neCPU nguva yekushandisa. Iyo zvakare inoratidza ruzivo nezve ndangariro, CPU, uptime uye LA (mutoro wepakati).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Ichi chishandiso chine hupfumi hwekushanda, saka kana iwe uchida kuishandisa kazhinji, zviri nani kuverenga zvinyorwa zvayo.
Network traffic dump
Kuvhara network traffic muLinux, chinhu chinoshandiswa chinoshandiswa tcpdump. Kurasa traffic pachiteshi 12345, unogona kushandisa unotevera kuraira:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Sarudzo -A inoti isu tinoda kuona zvakabuda muASCII (saka yakanaka kune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa), -ini chero zvinoratidza kuti hatisi kufarira network network, poti - ndeipi traffic traffic yekurasa. Panzvimbo ye poti anogona kushandisa hondo, kana musanganiswa hondo и poti (tambira A uye port X) Imwe sarudzo inobatsira inogona kuva -n - usashandure kero kune mazita evatambi mune zvakabuda.
Ko kana traffic iri binary? Zvadaro sarudzo ichatibatsira -X - yakabuda data muhex uye ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti mune ese ari maviri ekushandisa IP packets ichabuda, saka pakutanga kweumwe neumwe wavo pachava nemabhinari IP uye TCP misoro. Heino muenzaniso wekubuda kwemubvunzo "123" yakatumirwa kune server inoteerera pachiteshi 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Panzvimbo yekubuda
Ehe, kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvinhu muLinux zvaunogona kuverenga nezvazvo paHabré, StackOverflow uye mamwe masaiti (ini ndichakupa muenzaniso. , izvo zvakare ) Vatariri veSistimu neDevOps vanoshandisa mimwe mirairo yakawanda uye zvishandiso kugadzirisa maseva, asi kunyangwe vanoedza vanogona kunge vasina kukwana yemirairo yakanyorwa. Iwe ungangoda kutarisa kurongeka kweimwe inonyengera nguva yekupedza pakati pemutengi neserver, kana kushanda kwesevha kana pasina yemahara disk nzvimbo. Ini handisi kana kutaura nezve, semuenzaniso, Docker, iyo ikozvino inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemakambani mazhinji. Zvingave zvinonakidza, sechikamu chekuenderera mberi kwechinyorwa chino chereferenzi, kutarisa mienzaniso yakati wandei yekushandisa akasiyana Linux console zvishandiso mukuita kwekuyedza masevhisi? Goverawo zvikwata zvako zvepamusoro mumashoko :)
Source: www.habr.com