"Blade Runner", "Con Air", "Heavy Rain" - chii chakafanana vamiririri vetsika dzakakurumbira? Zvese, kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe, inoratidza yekare yeJapan art yekupeta mapepa - origami. Mumafirimu, mitambo uye muhupenyu chaihwo, origami inowanzoshandiswa sechiratidzo chemamwe manzwiro, zvimwe zviyeuchidzo kana shoko rakasiyana. Ichi chinowedzera chikamu chepfungwa che origami, asi kubva pakuona kwesayenzi, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana zvakavanzwa mumapepa emapepa: geometry, masvomhu uye kunyange mechanics. Nhasi tichajairana nechidzidzo umo masayendisiti kubva kuAmerican Institute of Physics akagadzira mudziyo wekuchengetedza data nekupeta / kuburitsa maorigami manhamba. Ko chaizvo bepa memori kadhi rinoshanda sei, ndeapi misimboti inoshandiswa mairi, uye yakawanda sei data inogona kuchengeta mudziyo wakadaro? Tichawana mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi mumushumo wemasayendisiti. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Zvakaoma kutaura kuti origami chaiyo yakatanga riini. Asi tinoziva zvechokwadi kuti hapana pamberi pe105 AD. Maiva mugore rino kuti Cai Lun akagadzira bepa kuChina. Zvechokwadi, nguva ino isati yasvika, pepa rakanga ratovepo, asi rakanga risina kugadzirwa nematanda, asi kubva ku bamboo kana silika. Sarudzo yekutanga yakanga isiri nyore, uye yechipiri yaidhura zvakanyanya. Cai Lun akapihwa basa rekuuya neresipi nyowani yemapepa angave akareruka, akachipa, uye ari nyore kugadzira. Basa racho harisi nyore, asi Cai Lun akatendeukira kune yakakurumbira sosi yekurudziro - zvisikwa. Kwenguva refu akacherechedza mavu, ane dzimba dzakavakwa nematanda uye shinda dzemiti. Tsai Lun akaita zviedzo zvakawanda umo akashandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemapepa emangwana (makwati emuti, madota uye kunyange mambure ehove) akasanganiswa nemvura. Iyo yakawanda inoguma yakaiswa mune yakakosha fomu uye yakaomeswa muzuva. Mhedzisiro yebasa iri rakakura chaive chinhu chiri prosaic kumunhu wemazuva ano - bepa.
Muna 2001, paki yakatumidzwa zita reCai Lun yakavhurwa muguta reLeiyang (China).
Kupararira kwepepa kune dzimwe nyika hakuna kuitika pakarepo; chete pakutanga kwezana remakore rechinomwe resipi yaro yakasvika kuKorea neJapan, uye mapepa akasvika kuEurope chete muzana remakore rechiXNUMX-XNUMX.
Kunyanya kushandiswa kwepepa ndekwechokwadi, zvinyorwa uye kudhinda. Zvisinei, maJapan akawana kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwairi - origami, i.e. mapepa ekupeta manhamba.
Rwendo rupfupi munyika yeorigami uye engineering.
Kune dzakasiyana siyana dze origami sarudzo, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwekudzigadzira: nyore origami, kusudama (modular), kupeta kunyorova, pateni origami, kirigami, nezvimwe. ()
Kubva pakuona kwesayenzi, origami inonzi mechanical metamaterial iyo maitiro ayo anotarirwa nejometri yayo, uye kwete nehupfumi hwezvinhu izvo zvinogadzirwa. Zvakaratidzwa kwenguva yakati rebei kuti zvimiro zve XNUMXD zvinogoneka zvinogona kugadzirwa zvine zvimiro zvakasiyana zvinogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa kudzokorora origami mapatani.
Mufananidzo #1
Mumufananidzo 1b inoratidza muenzaniso wechimiro chakadaro - bhero rinotakurika, rakavakwa kubva pabepa rimwechete zvinoenderana nedhirowa pa. 1a. Kubva pane dziripo origami sarudzo, masayendisiti akaona musiyano umo mosaic yeakafanana matatu matatu mapaneru akarongwa mu cyclic symmetry, inozivikanwa seKroesling origami, inoshandiswa.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti origami-based structures inouya mumhando mbiri: yakasimba uye isina kuoma.
Rigid origami chimiro chetatu-dimensional umo chete mapete pakati pemapaneru anopindira deformation panguva yekufumuka.
Muenzaniso unozivikanwa weorigid origami ndeye Miura-ori, inoshandiswa kugadzira metamaterials ine negative Poisson's ratio. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvine huwandu hwemashandisirwo: kuongorora nzvimbo, magetsi akaremara, tsandanyama dzekugadzira uye, hongu, reprogrammable mechanical metamataries.
Non-rigid origami zvimiro zvitatu-dimensional zvinoratidzira zvisiri-kuomarara elastic deformation yemapanera pakati pemapete panguva yekupetuka.
Muenzaniso weiyo origami musiyano ndiyo yakambotaurwa Kroesling pateni, iyo yakave yakabudirira kushandiswa kugadzira zvimiro zvine tunable multi-kugadzikana, kuomarara, deformation, kupfava / kuomesa, uye / kana pedyo-zero kuoma.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Afemerwa nehunyanzvi hwechinyakare, masayendisiti akafunga kushandisa Kroesling's origami kugadzira sumbu remakina mabhinari switch anogona kumanikidzwa kushandura pakati penyika mbiri dzakasiyana-siyana uchishandisa imwe chete inodzorwa yekupinda muchimiro chekunakidzwa kweharmonic kunoshandiswa pazasi pechichinja. .
Sezvinoonekwa kubva 1b, mabhero anogadziriswa kune imwe mugumo uye akaiswa pasi pemutoro wekunze mu x kutungamira kune imwe yemahara magumo. Nekuda kweizvi, inopinda panguva imwe chete kutsauka uye kutenderera pamwe nekutenderedza x-axis. Simba rinounganidzwa panguva yekushandurwa kwemabhero rinoburitswa kana mutoro wekunze wabviswa, zvichiita kuti mabhero adzokere kuchimiro chayo chepakutanga.
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, isu tiri kutarisa kune chitubu che torsion chine simba rekudzoreredza rinoenderana nechimiro cheiyo mabhero inogona kuita simba rekuita. Izvi zvinoenderana nejeometric parameters (a0, b0, Ξ³0) yegonyonhatu inoumbwa yakashandiswa kugadzira mvuto, pamwe nenhamba yese (n) yemakona matatu aya (1a).
Kune imwe musanganiswa ye geometric design parameters, mabhero angangoita simba rekushanda ane imwechete shoma inoenderana nenzvimbo imwe yakagadzikana yakaenzana. Kune mamwe masanganiswa, iyo inogona kuita simba basa ine maminima maviri anoenderana neyakagadzika static mabhero masisitimu, imwe neimwe yakabatana neyakasiyana equilibrium kureba kana, neimwe nzira, spring deflection (1s) Mhando iyi yechirimo inowanzonzi bistable (vhidhiyo pazasi).
Mumufananidzo 1d inoratidza geometric parameters inotungamira pakuumbwa kwebistable spring uye maparameters anotungamirira pakuumbwa kwechitubu chinogadzikana che n = 12.
Chitubu chebistable chinogona kumira pane imwe yenzvimbo dzayo dzekuenzana pasina mitoro yekunze uye inogona kuvhurwa kuti ichinje pakati pavo kana huwandu hwakakodzera hwesimba huripo. Ndiyo pfuma iyi ndiyo hwaro hwechidzidzo ichi, chinoongorora kusikwa kweKroesling mechanical switches (KIMS kubva Kresling-yakafuridzirwa mechanical switches) ine mabhinari maviri enyika.
Kunyanya, sezvakaratidzwa mu 1c, shanduko inogona kushandiswa kushanduko pakati penyika dzayo mbiri nekupa simba rakakwana kuti rikunde chingava chipingamupinyi (βE). Iyo simba inogona kupihwa muchimiro chekunonoka quasi-static actuation kana nekushandisa chiratidzo cheharmonic kune hwaro hwechichinjiko neiyo excitation frequency padhuze neko resonant frequency yekuchinja mune yayo akasiyana equilibrium states. Muchidzidzo ichi, zvakasarudzwa kushandisa sarudzo yechipiri, sezvo harmonic resonant operation iri nani pane quasi-static operation mune zvimwe zvinhu.
Chekutanga, resonant actuation inoda simba shoma kuti uchinje uye kazhinji inokurumidza. Chechipiri, resonant switching haina hanya nekuvhiringidzika kwekunze kusingawirirani neshanduko munzvimbo dzayo dzenzvimbo. Chechitatu, sezvo basa rinogona kuita rekuchinja rinowanzoita asymmetrical nekuremekedza kusingagadzike equilibrium point U0, iyo harmonic excitation maitiro anodiwa pakuchinja kubva kuS0 kuenda kuS1 anowanzo akasiyana neaya anodiwa pakuchinja kubva kuS1 kuenda kuS0, zvichikonzera mukana we excitation-selective binary switching .
Ichi chigadziriso cheKIMS chakanakira kugadzira yakawanda-bit mechanical memory board uchishandisa akawanda mabhinari switch ane akasiyana maitiro akaiswa pane imwechete harmonic inofambiswa chikuva. Kusikwa kwechigadzirwa chakadaro kunokonzerwa nekunzwa kwechimiro chesimba rinogona kuita basa rekushandura kune shanduko mugeometric parameters yemapuranga makuru (1s).
Nekuda kweizvozvo, maKIMS akawanda ane akasiyana dhizaini maitiro anogona kuiswa papuratifomu imwe chete uye kunakidzwa nekuchinja kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe, mumwe nemumwe kana musanganiswa uchishandisa akasiyana seti ekusimudzira paramita.
Padanho rekuedza kunoshanda, shanduko yakagadzirwa kubva pamapepa ane density ye180 g / m2 ine geometric parameters: Ξ³0 = 26.5 Β°; b0/a0 = 1.68; a0 = 40 mm uye n = 12. Aya ndiwo maparameter, kutonga nekuverenga (1d), uye kutungamirira kuchitubu chinoguma chichiva bistable. Masvomhu akaitwa pachishandiswa muenzaniso wakareruka weaxial truss (rod structure) yemabhero.
Kushandisa laser, mitsetse ine perforated yakagadzirwa papepa (1a), idzo nzvimbo dzekupeta. Mapete aibva agadzirwa achitevedza mipendero b0 (yakakomberedzwa kunze) uye Ξ³0 (yakakomberedzwa mukati), uye mipendero yekure kure yakabatanidzwa zvakasimba. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro uye dzepasi dze switch dzakasimbiswa ne acrylic polygons.
Iyo yekudzoreredza simba curve ye switch yakawanikwa muyedzo kuburikidza nekumanikidza uye kuyedza bvunzo dzakaitwa pamushini wepasi rose wekuyedza ine yakasarudzika setup inobvumira chigadziko kuti chitenderedzwe panguva yekuedzwa (1f).
Migumo ye acrylic switch polygon yakagadziriswa zvakatsiga, uye inodzorwa yekusimuka yakaiswa paporigoni yepamusoro painomhanyisa kumhanya kwe0.1 mm/s. Tensile uye compressive displacements yakashandiswa cyclically uye inogumira ku13 mm. Pamberi pekuyedzwa chaiko kwechigadzirwa, switch inogadziriswa nekuita gumi akadai miyero mitsetse isati yadzoreredzwa simba risati ranyorwa uchishandisa 50N mutoro sero. On 1g inoratidza kudzoreredza simba curve yeswichi yawanwa nekuyedza.
Tevere, nekubatanidza avhareji yekudzorera simba rekuchinja pamusoro peiyo inoshanda renji, iyo inogona kuita simba basa (1h) Iyo minima mune inogona kuita simba basa inomiririra static equilibria yakabatana neiyo maviri switch states (S0 uye S1). Kune iyi chaiyo gadziriso, S0 uye S1 inoitika pakutumirwa kureba u = 48 mm uye 58.5 mm, zvichiteerana. Iyo inogona kuita simba rekuita inonyatso asymmetric ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvipingamupinyi zvesimba βE0 panzvimbo S0 uye βE1 panzvimbo S1.
Iwo ma switch akaiswa pane electrodynamic shaker, iyo inopa inodzorwa kunakidzwa kwegadziko mune axial kutungamira. Mukupindura kune manyawi, nzvimbo yepamusoro yekuchinja inotenderera munzira yakatwasuka. Chinzvimbo chepamusoro pechichinjiro chinoenderana nechigadziko chakayerwa uchishandisa laser vibrometer (2a).
Mufananidzo #2
Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti yemuno resonant frequency ye switch yematunhu ayo maviri ndeye 11.8 Hz yeS0 uye 9.7 Hz yeS1. Kutanga shanduko pakati penyika mbiri, ndiko kuti, kubuda kubva zvinogoneka zvakanaka*, inononoka kwazvo (0.05 Hz/s) bidirectional linear frequency sweep yakaitwa yakatenderedza mafrequency akaonekwa ane base acceleration ye13 ms-2. Kunyanya, iyo KIMS yakatanga kuiswa paS0 uye kuwedzera frequency kutsvaira kwakatangwa pa6 Hz.
Zvinogoneka zvakanaka* - dunhu rine hushoma hwepanzvimbo yesimba rinogoneka rechikamu.
Sezvinoonekwa pa 2bKana iyo frequency yekutyaira ichisvika ingangoita 7.8 Hz, switch inosiya iyo S0 inogona zvakanaka uye inopinda iyo S1 inogona zvakanaka. Iyo switch yakaramba ichigara muS1 sezvo frequency yakawedzera.
Iyo switch yakazoiswa kuS0 zvakare, asi panguva ino kudzika kwakatangwa pa16 Hz. Muchiitiko ichi, kana frequency inosvika 8.8 Hz, switch inosiya S0 uye inopinda uye inoramba iri mune inogona tsime S1.
State S0 ine activation bhendi ye1 Hz [7.8, 8.8] ine acceleration ye13 ms-2, uye S1 - 6...7.7 Hz (2s) Izvi zvinotevera kuti KIMS inogona kusarudza kusarudza pakati penyika mbiri kuburikidza nekunakidzwa kwekunakidzwa kwehwaro hwehukuru hwakafanana asi frequency yakasiyana.
Iyo switching bandwidth yeKIMS ine yakaomesesa kutsamira pachimiro chesimba rayo rinogona kuita basa, kunyorova maitiro, uye harmonic excitation parameters (frequency and magnitude). Pamusoro pezvo, nekuda kwekunyorovesa maitiro asina mutsara ekuchinja, iyo activation bandwidth haingosanganisire mutsara resonant frequency. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti switch activation mepu inogadzirwa kune yega KIMS yega. Mepu iyi inoshandiswa kuratidza kuwanda uye ukuru hwekunakidzwa kunokonzeresa kuchinja kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe uye zvichipesana.
Mepu yakadai inogona kugadzirwa kuyedza nekutsvaira kakawanda pamatanho akasiyana ekusimudzira, asi maitiro aya anoshanda zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti akafunga pane ino nhanho kuti aenderere mberi kuenzanisira shanduko, vachishandisa simba rinogona kuita basa rakatemwa panguva yekuyedza (1h).
Iyo modhi inofunga kuti hunhu hwekuchinja hwekuchinja hunogona kunyatsofananidzwa nemasimba eiyo asymmetric bistable Helmholtz-Duffing oscillator, iyo equation yekufamba kwayo inogona kuratidzwa sezvinotevera:
apo u - kutsauka kwechiso chinofambiswa che acrylic polygon maererano neyakagadziriswa; m - hukuru hunobudirira hwekuchinja; c - viscous damping coefficient yakatemerwa kuyedza; ais-bistable kudzorera simba coefficients; ab uye Ξ© ndiwo hwaro ukuru uye kukwirisa frequency.
Basa guru rekuenzanisa ndere kushandisa fomula iyi kumisikidza misanganiswa yeab uye Ξ© inobvumira kuchinja pakati penyika mbiri dzakasiyana.
Masayendisiti anocherekedza kuti iyo yakakosha mafambiro eiyo bistable oscillator inoshandura kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe inogona kuverengerwa nema frequency maviri. bifurations*: nguva yakapetwa kaviri bifurcation (PD) uye cyclic fold bifurcation (CF).
Bifurcation* - shanduko yemhando yehurongwa nekushandura maparameter ayo anoenderana nawo.
Uchishandisa fungidziro, frequency mhinduro macurves eKIMS akavakwa mumatunhu ayo maviri. Pachati 2s inoratidza ma frequency ekupindura macurves e switch paS0 kune maviri akasiyana base acceleration mazinga.
Pa base acceleration ye5 ms-2, iyo amplitude-frequency curve inoratidza kupfava kudiki, asi pasina kusagadzikana kana bifurcations. Nekudaro, switch inoramba iri muS0 state zvisinei kuti frequency inoshanduka sei.
Nekudaro, kana base kukwidziridzwa kwakawedzera kusvika ku13 ms-2, kugadzikana kunodzikira nekuda kwePD bifurcation sezvo frequency yekutyaira inoderera.
Uchishandisa chirongwa chimwechete, frequency mhinduro curves ye switch muS1 yakawanikwa (2f) Pakumhanyisa kwe5 ms-2, iyo yakacherechedzwa pateni inoramba yakafanana. Nekudaro, sezvo iyo base yekuwedzera inowedzera kusvika 10ms-2 PD uye CF bifurcations inooneka. Kunakidza switch pane chero frequency pakati peaya maviri bifurcations inoguma nekuchinja kubva kuS1 kuenda kuS0.
Iyo data yekufananidza inoratidza kuti kune matunhu akakura mumepu ye activation umo imwe neimwe nyika inogona kushandiswa nenzira yakasarudzika. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti usarudze chinja pakati penyika mbiri zvichienderana nehuwandu uye ukuru hwechinokonzera. Zvinogonawo kuonekwa kuti kune nzvimbo iyo nyika mbiri dzinogona kuchinja panguva imwe chete.
Mufananidzo #3
Musanganiswa weKIMS akati wandei unogona kushandiswa kugadzira ndangariro dzemakanika emabhiti akati wandei. Nekusiyanisa chinja geometry kuitira kuti chimiro chesimba rinogona kushanda chero ripi zvaro twuviri rakasiyana zvakakwana, zvinokwanisika kugadzira iyo activation bandwidth yekuchinja kuti irege kupindirana. Nekuda kweizvi, imwe neimwe switch ichave neyakasarudzika excitation paramita.
Kuratidza hunyanzvi uhu, 2-bit bhodhi rakagadzirwa zvichibva pane maviri switch ane akasiyana anogona hunhu (3a): zvishoma 1 - Ξ³0 = 28Β°; b0/a0 = 1.5; a0 = 40 mm uye n = 12; zvishoma 2 - Ξ³0 = 27 Β°; b0/a0 = 1.7; a0 = 40 mm uye n = 12.
Sezvo chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chine nyika mbiri, huwandu hwematunhu mana akasiyana S00, S01, S10 uye S11 inogona kuwanikwa (3b) Nhamba dzinotevera S dzinoratidza kukosha kwekuruboshwe (bit 1) uye kurudyi (bit 2) switch.
Maitiro e2-bit switch anoratidzwa muvhidhiyo pazasi:
Zvichienderana nechishandiso ichi, iwe unogona zvakare kugadzira sumbu rekuchinja, iro rinogona kuva hwaro hweakawanda-bit mechanical memory board.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa ΠΈ kwaari.
Epilogue
Hazvigoneki kuti mumwe wevasiki ve origami angafungidzira kuti zvisikwa zvavo zvingashandiswa sei munyika yemazuva ano. Kune rimwe divi, izvi zvinoratidza huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu zvakaoma zvakavanzwa mune zvakajairika mapepa manhamba; kune rumwe rutivi, kuti sayenzi yemazuva ano inokwanisa kushandisa zvinhu izvi kugadzira chimwe chinhu chitsva zvachose.
Mubasa iri, masayendisiti akakwanisa kushandisa Kroesling's origami geometry kugadzira iri nyore mechanical switch inogona kuva mumatunhu maviri akasiyana, zvichienderana nekuisa paramita. Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa ne0 uye 1, ayo ari echinyakare zvikamu zveruzivo.
Zvishandiso zvakakonzerwa zvakasanganiswa kuita mechanical memory system inokwanisa kuchengeta 2 bits. Kuziva kuti tsamba imwe inotora 8 bits (1 byte), mubvunzo unomuka: ingani yakafanana origami ichadikanwa kunyora "Hondo neRugare," semuenzaniso.
Vesainzi vanonyatsoziva kukahadzika kungakonzeresa kukura kwavo. Nekudaro, sekureva kwavo, tsvakiridzo iyi ndeyekuongorora mumunda wememory memory. Mukuwedzera, iyo origami inoshandiswa mukuedza haifaniri kunge yakakura; zviyero zvavo zvinogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya pasina kukanganisa maitiro avo.
Ngazvive izvo, basa iri haringanzi rakajairwa, rakarambidzwa kana rinofinha. Sayenzi haiwanzo shandiswa kugadzira chimwe chinhu chakananga, uye masayendisiti haawanzoziva pakutanga kuti chii chaizvo chavari kugadzira. Mushure mezvose, zvigadzirwa zvakawanda uye zvakawanikwa zvaive mhedzisiro yemubvunzo uri nyore - ko kana?
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
Kushambadza zvishoma
Ndinokutendai nekugara nesu. Unoda zvinyorwa zvedu here? Unoda kuona zvimwe zvinonakidza zvemukati? Titsigire nekuisa odha kana kukurudzira kushamwari, , yakasarudzika analogue yekupinda-level maseva, iyo yakagadzirwa nesu kuti iwe: (inowanikwa neRAID1 uye RAID10, kusvika ku24 cores uye kusvika ku40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2 nguva yakachipa muEquinix Tier IV data center muAmsterdam? Chete pano muNetherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kubva pamadhora makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe! Verenga nezve
Source: www.habr.com