"Izvi zvakafanira," akadaro achidanidzira, asingataure chero munhu. - Izvi zvakafanira! Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvazvinotaura: basa guru rekambani kuita purofiti mune zvinofarirwa nevanogovana. Zvakanaka, pafunge! Havatyi chero chinhu!
Yuliy Dubov, "Zvakashata Zvishoma"
Waona musoro wenyaya wakadaro, pamwe wakatofunga kuti chinyorwa chacho hupenzi kana kuti kudenha. Asi usamhanyira kumhedziso: vashandi vemakambani makuru, kunyanya makambani ane chikamu chehurumende, kazhinji anofanirwa kuenzanisa mapuratifomu akasiyana, kusanganisira akasiyana zvachose - semuenzaniso, iwo ari mumusoro.
Zvechokwadi, hapana anofananidza DBMS nenzira iyi, nokuti simba ravo uye kushaya simba kwavo zvinonyatsozivikanwa. Sezvo mutemo, mapuratifomu anogadzirisa rimwe dambudziko rekushandisa ari pasi pekuenzanisa. Muchinyorwa ini ndicharatidza nzira inoshandiswa mune iyi kesi, ndichishandisa muenzaniso wedhatabhesi sechidzidzo chakajairika kune vaverengi veHabr pachavo. Saka,
Chikonzero
Paunotanga chirongwa chedzidzo kana purojekiti yekuzvivaraidza, kukurudzira kwekusarudza chikuva kunogona kuve kwakasiyana: "iyi ndiyo puratifomu yandinoziva zvakanyanya", "Ndinofarira kunzwisisa iyi", "heino magwaro akanakisa" ... Munyaya yekambani yekutengeserana, chirevo chekusarudza chakafanana: mari yakawanda yandinofanira kubhadhara uye chii chandichawana pamari iyi.
Sezvinongoita, iwe unoda kubhadhara zvishoma uye kuwana yakawanda. Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa kusarudza kuti chii chinonyanya kukosha - kubhadhara zvishoma kana kuwana zvakawanda, uye kupa huremu kune imwe neimwe node. Ngatitorei kuti mhinduro yepamusoro inonyanya kukosha kwatiri kupfuura yakachipa, uye tichapa uremu hwe40% kune "Cost" node, uye 60% kune "Mikana" node.
Mumakambani makuru, zvinopesana zvinowanzoitika - mutengo wehuremu haudonhe pasi pe50%, uye pamwe kupfuura 60%. Mumuenzaniso wemuenzaniso, zvese zvakakosha ndezvekuti huremu hwese hwemanodhi emwana chero mubereki node hunofanirwa kuve 100%.
Kucheka mamiriro
Webhusaiti Kune anenge 500 database manejimendi masisitimu anozivikanwa. Nomuzvarirwo, kana ukasarudza chikuva chakananga kubva kune dzakawanda sarudzo, unogona kupedzisira uine chinyorwa chekuongorora, asi kwete chirongwa chekutengesa. Kuti uderedze nzvimbo yekusarudza, maitiro ekucheka anogadzirwa, uye kana iyo puratifomu isingagutsi aya maitiro, saka haina kutariswa.
Maitiro ekucheka anogona kuve ane chekuita nehunyanzvi hwekuita, semuenzaniso:
- ACID inovimbisa;
- relational data model;
- Tsigiro yemutauro weSQL (chinyorwa, izvi hazvina kufanana ne "relational model");
- mukana weiyo horizontal scaling.
Panogona kunge paine general criteria:
- kuwanikwa kwekutsigirwa kwekutengeserana muRussia;
- open source;
- kuwanikwa kwepuratifomu muRejista yeBazi reTelecom uye Mass Communications;
- kuvapo kwepuratifomu mune imwe chiyero (somuenzaniso, mumazana ekutanga eiyo db-engines.com rating);
- kuvapo kwenyanzvi mumusika (somuenzaniso, zvichibva pamigumisiro yekutsvaga zita repuratifomu mune resume pawebsite hh.ru).
Mushure mezvose, panogona kunge paine bhizinesi-yakananga maitiro:
- kuvapo kwenyanzvi pavashandi;
- kuenderana neyekutarisa system X kana backup system Y, iyo yese rutsigiro rwakavakirwa ...
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti pane rondedzero yekucheka-kubvisa maitiro. Zvikasadaro, pachazove neimwe nyanzvi (kana "nyanzvi") inofarira kuvimba kwakakosha kubva kune manejimendi uyo achati "nei usina kusarudza chikuva Z, ndinoziva kuti ndicho chakanakisa."
Mutengo wekufungidzira
Mutengo wemhinduro zviri pachena une mutengo wemarezinesi, mutengo wekutsigirwa uye mutengo wemidziyo.
Kana masisitimu ari anenge kirasi imwechete (semuenzaniso, Microsoft SQL Server nePostgreSQL), saka kuti tive nyore tinogona kufunga kuti huwandu hwemidziyo yezvigadziriso zvese zvinenge zvakaenzana. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti usatarise zvishandiso, nekudaro kuchengetedza nguva yakawanda nesimba. Kana iwe uchifanira kuenzanisa zvirongwa zvakasiyana zvachose (taura, Oracle vs. Redis), zvino zviri pachena kuti kuongororwa kwakarurama kunodiwa kuita saizi (kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwemichina). Saizi isiripo sisitimu ibasa risingatengi, saka vachiri kuedza kudzivirira kuenzanisa kwakadaro. Izvi zviri nyore kuita: mumamiriro ekucheka, zero data kurasikirwa uye muenzaniso wehukama zvakanyorwa, kana zvinopesana - mutoro we 50 zviuru zvekutengeserana kwechipiri.
Kuti uongorore marezinesi, zvakakwana kubvunza mutengesi kana vadyidzani vayo mutengo werezinesi yenhamba yakatarwa yemacores uye rutsigiro rwenguva yakatarwa. Sezvo mutemo, makambani atova nehukama hwakasimba nevatengesi vepurogiramu, uye kana dhipatimendi rekushanda kwe database risingagoni kupindura mubvunzo wemutengo uri woga, ipapo tsamba imwe yakakwana kuwana ruzivo urwu.
Vatengesi vakasiyana vanogona kunge vaine marezinesi akasiyana metrics: nenhamba yemacores, data volume kana nhamba yemanodhi. Iyo standby base inogona kuve yemahara, kana inogona kupihwa rezinesi nenzira yakafanana neyeyo huru. Kana paine misiyano yemametrics yawanikwa, iwe uchafanirwa kutsanangura iyo modhi yakamira zvakadzama uye kuverenga mutengo wemarezinesi ekumira.
Pfungwa inokosha yekuenzanisa kwakarurama ndiyo mamiriro akafanana ekutsigira. Semuenzaniso, Oracle tsigiro inodhura 22% yemutengo werezinesi pagore, asi haufanirwe kubhadharira PostgreSQL rutsigiro. Zvakanaka here kuenzanisa seizvi? Kwete, nekuti chikanganiso chisingagadziriswe wega chine mhedzisiro yakasiyana zvachose: mune yekutanga, nyanzvi dzekutsigira dzinokurumidza kukubatsira kuigadzirisa, asi mune yechipiri, pane njodzi yekunonoka purojekiti kana kupera nguva yekupera. system kwenguva isingagumi.
Iwe unogona kuenzanisa mamiriro ekuverenga nenzira nhatu:
- Shandisa Oracle pasina rutsigiro (muchokwadi izvi hazviitiki).
- Tenga rutsigiro rwePostgreSQL - semuenzaniso, kubva kuPostgres Professional.
- Funga nezvenjodzi dzine chekuita nekushaikwa kwerutsigiro.
Semuenzaniso, kuverenga kwengozi kunogona kutaridzika seizvi: muchiitiko chekutadza kwedatabase inouraya, iyo system downtime ingave 1 bhizinesi zuva. Iyo inofungidzirwa purofiti kubva mukushandisa sisitimu inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi mana eMNT pagore, huwandu hwetsaona hunofungidzirwa kuve 40/1, nekudaro njodzi yekushaikwa kwerutsigiro inofungidzirwa kusvika mamirioni zana MNT pagore. Zviripachena, "purofiti yakarongwa" uye "inofungidzira tsaona frequency" ndiwo chaiwo maitiro, asi zviri nani kuve nemuenzaniso wakadaro pane kusava nechero.
Muchokwadi, iyo system inogona kuve yakakosha zvakanyanya kune mukurumbira mutengo wenguva refu yekuderera kuti usagamuchirwe, saka rutsigiro ruchadikanwa. Kana nguva yekuderera ichibvumirwa, saka kuramba kutsigirwa dzimwe nguva kunogona kuva nzira yakanaka yekuchengetedza mari.
Ngatitorei kuti mushure mekuverenga kwese, mari yekushanda kwepuratifomu A kwemakore mashanu inoshanduka kuva mamiriyoni mazana masere MNT, mari yekushanda kwepuratifomu B ndeye mamiriyoni 5 MNT, uye mari yekushanda kwepuratifomu C ndeye mamiriyoni mazana matanhatu eMNT. Platform C, semukundi, inowana poindi yakazara yemutengo, nepo mapuratifomu A neB achigamuchira zvishoma zvishoma, zvichienderana nekuti kangani kaanonyanya kudhura. Muchiitiko ichi - 800 uye 650 points, maererano.
Mukana Kuongorora
Kuongororwa kwemikana yakakamurwa kuva mapoka akawanda, nhamba yacho inongogumira chete nemafungiro emunhu ari kuongorora. Sarudzo yakanakisa inoita kunge yekugovanisa kugona kuita zvikwata zvichashandisa zvikwanisiro izvi; mumuenzaniso wedu, ava ndivo vagadziri, vatungamiri uye maofficial security officer. Ngatifungei kuti huremu hwemabasa aya hwakagoverwa se40:40:20.
Development mabasa anosanganisira:
- nyore kugadzirisa data;
- scaling;
- kuvapo kwechipiri indexes.
Rondedzero yemaitiro, pamwe nehuremu hwadzo, inonyatso kuzviisa pasi. Kunyangwe pakugadzirisa dambudziko rimwe chete, aya mazita, uremu hwezvinhu, uye mhinduro zvinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwechikwata chako. Semuenzaniso, Facebook inoshandisa MySQL kuchengetedza data, uye Instagram inovakwa paCassandra. Hazvigoneki kuti vagadziri vezvikumbiro izvi vakazadza matafura akadaro. Mumwe anogona kungofungidzira kuti Mark Zuckerberg akasarudza yakazara-yakazara yehukama modhi, achibhadhara iyo nechinodiwa cheyakaiswa sharding, nepo Kevin Systrom akavaka scaling achishandisa chikuva, achibayira nyore kuwana data.
Administration mabasa anosanganisira:
- backup system kugona;
- nyore kutarisa;
- kurerukirwa kwesimba manejimendi - madhisiki uye node;
- data replication kugona.
Ndapota cherechedza kuti mibvunzo inofanira kunyorwa nenzira yehuwandu. Iwe unogona kutobvumirana kuti ungaongorora sei rimwe basa. Ngatiedzei, semuenzaniso, kuyera maturusi ekuchengetedza tichishandisa muenzaniso wezvishandiso zvinopihwa neOracle DBMS:
Tool
komenda
Kukoshesa
imp/exp
Kuisa uye kurodha data
0.1
kutanga/kuguma backup
Kukopa mafaira
0.3
RMAN
Kuwedzera kugona kukopa
0.7
ZDLRA
Kungowedzera kukopa, nekukurumidza kupora kunongedza
1.0
Kana pasina maitiro ekuongorora akajeka, zvine musoro kubvunza nyanzvi dzakati wandei kuti dzipe zviyero uye wobva waavhareji.
Pakupedzisira, tinongonyora zvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza ruzivo:
- kuvapo kwemitemo yekutonga password;
- kugona kubatanidza maturusi ekunze echokwadi (LDAP, Kerberos);
- muenzaniso wekuwana;
- odhita kugona;
- encryption yedata pa diski;
- encryption panguva yekufambisa pamusoro petiweki (TLS);
- kuchengetedzwa kwedata kubva kumutungamiriri.
Performance test
Zvakaparadzana, ndinoda kunyevera pamusoro pekushandisa mhedzisiro yechero miyedzo isina kuitwa newe senharo.
Chekutanga, iyo data chimiro uye kurodha chimiro chezvikumbiro zviri kuedzwa zvinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva padambudziko rauri kugadzirisa. Anenge makore 10-15 apfuura, vatengesi vepa database vaifarira kushamisira zvakawanikwa muTPC bvunzo, asi ikozvino, zvinoita sekunge, hapana anotora izvi zvakakomba.
Chechipiri, kuita kwehurongwa kunoenderana zvakanyanya nepuratifomu iyo kodhi yakatanga kunyorerwa uye nemidziyo iyo bvunzo yakaitwa. Ndakaona bvunzo dzakawanda uko Oracle yakaenzaniswa nePostgreSQL. Mhedzisiro yacho inotangira pakukwirira kusingaverengeki kweimwe system kusvika kune yakaenzana isina zvimiso hukuru hweimwe.
Uye chekupedzisira, chechitatu, hapana chaunoziva pamusoro pekuti ndiani akaita bvunzo. Zvese zviri zviviri zvikwaniriso zvakakosha, zvichipesvedzera kunaka kwekumisikidza OS uye chikuva, pamwe nekukurudzira, izvo zvinopesvedzera mhinduro dzebvunzo kupfuura zvimwe zvese zvakabatanidzwa.
Kana kuita kuri chinhu chakakosha, ita bvunzo iwe pachako, zviri nani nerubatsiro rwevanhu vanozogadzirisa uye kuchengetedza hurongwa hwekugadzira.
mugumisiro
Chekupedzisira, mhedzisiro yebasa rose rakaitwa inofanira kunge iri spreadsheet apo fungidziro dzese dzakabatanidzwa, dzakapetwa uye dzakapfupikiswa:
Sezvaunonzwisisa, nekushandura zviyero uye kugadzirisa zviyero iwe unogona kuwana chero mhedzisiro yaunoda, asi iyo inyaya yakasiyana zvachose ...
Source: www.habr.com