🥇 Chii chatinofanira kuvaka blockchain?

Nhoroondo yese yevanhu inzira inoenderera yekubvisa cheni nekugadzira itsva, dzakatosimba. (Munyori asingazivikanwe)

Kuongorora akawanda blockchain mapurojekiti (Bitshares, Hyperledger, Exonum, Ethereum, Bitcoin, nezvimwewo), ndinonzwisisa kuti kubva pahunyanzvi hwekuona, ese akavakirwa pamisimboti yakafanana. Blockchains inoyeuchidza dzimba, iyo, pasinei nezvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira, zvekushongedza uye zvinangwa, zvine nheyo, masvingo, denga, mahwindo, magonhi akabatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe mune dzimwe nzira. Uye kana iwe uchinzwisisa nheyo dzekutanga dzekugadzira chivako uye uchiziva zvinhu zvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, saka iwe unogona kuona chinangwa cheimwe imba. Parizvino, mamiriro ezvinhu akamuka ne blockchain iyo munhu wese akanzwa nezvazvo, asi vashoma vanhu vanonzwisisa magadzirirwo uye nheyo dzekushanda. Naizvozvo, pane kusanzwisisa kuti sei uye sei zvine musoro kushandisa blockchain matekinoroji.

Muchikamu chino tichaongorora zvivakwa uye misimboti yakajairwa kune ese blockchains. Tevere, ngatitarisei matambudziko anogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa blockchain uye kusimbisa zvinhu, ngativake diki asi chairo blockchain pane yedu chaiyo saiti!

Saka, ngatirangarirei matambudziko api blockchain akatanga kugadziriswa.

Ndine chokwadi chekuti vazhinji vachataura nezve yakagovaniswa, yakagadzikwa, yeruzhinji uye isingachinji dhatabhesi. Asi nei zvose izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera?

Ini ndinosarudza kutanga kudzidza chero tekinoroji nekuverenga zviyero, sezvo zvese zvinyorwa nemabhuku emusoro uri kudzidzwa zvakabva pazviri. Asi parizvino hapana blockchain zviyero; ISO yakangogadzira makomiti kuitira budiriro yavo. Parizvino, yega yega yeruzhinji blockchain purojekiti ine yayo White bepa gwaro, iro rinonyanya kutaurwa nehunyanzvi. Yekutanga inozivikanwa pachena blockchain chirongwa ndeyeBitcoin network. Enda kune webhusaiti yepamutemo yetiweki uye tarisa kwazvakatangira.

Blockchain Dambudziko

Saka, basa rakagadziriswa neblockchain muBitcoin piyona network nderekuita kuendesa kwakavimbika kwemuridzi wemidziyo yedhijitari (midziyo) munzvimbo isingavimbike isina vamiriri. Semuyenzaniso, muBitcoin network, dhijitari asset is bitcoin digital mari. Uye ese tekinoroji mhinduro dzeBitcoin uye mamwe ma blockchains anouya pakugadzirisa dambudziko iri.

Matambudziko anogadzirisa blockchain

Ngatitii rimwe sangano rezvemari rinoti rakagadzira network pasi rose nerubatsiro rwazvinoita kuendesa mari kune chero munhu. Uchamutenda here? Kana sangano iri riri Visa kana MasterCard, kazhinji uchazvitenda, asi kana, tichitaura, AnonymousWorldMoney, haungadaro. Sei? Asi nekuti isu tinoziva zvakanyanya kuti masisitimu akagoverwa anogadzirwa sei nemakambani akazvimirira, nezvinangwa zvipi, uye izvo zvinogona kutungamira. Ngatitarisei zvakanyanya matambudziko ezvirongwa zvakadaro uye kuti angagadziriswa sei uchishandisa blockchain tekinoroji.

Ngatitii mune inomisikidzwa AnonymousWorldMoney kune maseva ane dhatabhesi, uye zvakanaka kana paine akati wandei awo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dze data. Kana mutumwa achiendesa mari, kutengeserana kunonyoreswa, iyo inodzokororwa kune ese maseva, uye mari inosvika kune anogamuchira.

Munyika yakanaka, chirongwa ichi chinoshanda zvakanaka, asi mune yedu matambudziko anotevera anomuka:

Dambudziko rekuziva vatori vechikamu kune rumwe rutivi uye kudiwa kwekusazivikanwa kwekutengeserana kune rimwe divi. Avo. iwe unofanirwa kuendesa mari kune mumwe munhu anogamuchira uye nenzira yekuti hapana anoziva nezve kutengeserana uku kunze kwevatori vechikamu mukutengesa. Mabhangi ane nhamba dzeakaundi uye makadhi ekubhangi akabatanidzwa kune mumwe munhu kana sangano repamutemo, uye kuvanzika kwebhangi kunodzivirira ruzivo rwekutengesa. Uye ndiani anovimbisa kuti anonymousWorldMoney ane zvimiso haashandise dhata yako uye ruzivo rwekutengeserana nezvinangwa zvake?
Nzira yekuita sei chokwadi chekuti mugamuchiri akagamuchira chaiyo mari yakaendeswa kwaari? Zvichienderana, mutumi akatamisa $100, uye mugamuchiri akagamuchira madhora gumi. Anotumira anouya kuhofisi yeAnonymousWorldMoney nerisiti yake, uye mabharani anoratidza shanduro yake, apo pakanyorwa kuti munhu akatumira akatamisa madhora gumi chete.
Dambudziko renzvimbo isingavimbike, semuenzaniso, chitsotsi chinonzi kupeta kaviri. Mutori wechikamu asina kutendeseka anogona kushandisa chiyero chake kakawanda kusvika mubhadharo wadzokororwa kune ese maseva. CAP theorem, hongu, hapana akadzimwa, uye chibvumirano chichapedzisira chawanikwa, asi mumwe munhu haazogamuchire mari yebasa kana zvinhu zvinopihwa. Nokudaro, kana pasina kuvimba kwakazara musangano rekubhadhara kana vatori vechikamu mukutengeserana, zvino zvakakosha kuvaka network yakavakirwa kwete pakuvimba, asi pa cryptography.
Conditional AnonymousWorldMoney ine nhamba inogumira yemaseva anogona kushaikwa nekusaziva kana nekuda kwechinangwa chakaipa.
AnonymousWorldMoney inotora komisheni yayo inobatika.
Kugona kutonga. Panguva yekushanda kweBitcoin, zvakazoitika kuti vanhu havadi kungoendesa mari kune mumwe nemumwe, asiwo kutarisa akasiyana mamiriro ekutengeserana, chirongwa chebasa rezviitiko, otomatiki kuita zviito zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, nezvimwe.

Iyo blockchain inogadzirisa sei matambudziko aya

Kuzivikanwa kwevatori vechikamu kunoitwa pachishandiswa makiyi maviri: ega uye eruzhinji, uye iyo dijitari siginecha algorithm inozivisa anotumira uye anogamuchira, achisiya kuzivikanwa kwavo kusingazivikanwe.
Transactions inounganidzwa kuita mabhuroko, iyo hashi yebhuroka inoverengerwa uye inonyorwa mubhokisi rinotevera. Uku kutevedzana kwekurekodha hashes mumabhuroko kunopa iyo blockchain tekinoroji zita rayo, uye zvakare inoita kuti zvisaite zvisingaonekwe kuchinja / kudzima zvivharo kana kutengeserana kwemunhu kubva kumabhuroko. Saka, kana kutengeserana kwakabatanidzwa mu blockchain, unogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti data rayo richaramba risina kuchinjwa.
Kubiridzira kwekushandisa kaviri kunodzivirirwa nekusvika pachibvumirano chenetiweki kuti nderipi data rekufunga kuti rinoshanda uye nderipi rekurasa. MuBitcoin network, kubvumirana kunowanikwa nehumbowo hwebasa (PoW).
Kuvimbika kwetiweki kunowanikwa nenyaya yekuti blockchain iri paruzhinji, apo mumwe nemumwe anotora chikamu anogona kumhanyisa node yake, agamuchire kopi yakazara ye blockchain uye, uyezve, akazvimirira anotanga kutarisa kutengeserana kwechokwadi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti ma blockchains emazuva ano anoita kuti zvikwanise kuvaka kwete chete yeruzhinji (yakavhurika) asiwo yakavanzika (yakavharwa) blockchains, pamwe nekushandiswa kweakasanganiswa zvirongwa.
Iyo blockchain haizobvisa zvachose makomisheni, nekuti ... iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara vanhu vanotsigira network, asi mu blockchain kudiwa kwekomisheni kunopupurirwa zvinogutsa zvekuti hapana kupokana pamusoro pekudikanwa kwayo.
Mazuva ano blockchains ane kugona kuita bhizinesi logic, iyo mu blockchain inonzi Smart Contracts. Pfungwa dzezvibvumirano zvehungwaru dzinoitwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yepamusoro-soro.

Tevere, tichaona mhinduro idzi zvakadzama.

Blockchain architecture

Blockchain Zvikamu

Mumwe nemumwe anotora chikamu anogona kuvhura yavo node nekopi yakazara ye blockchain (yakazara node). Node dzakazara dzinogona kurekodha kutengeserana pa blockchain dzinodanwa nodes yekubvumirana (witness) kana miners (mugodhi). Manodhi akazara anongotarisa kurongeka kwekutengeserana anonzi audit nodes (kuongorora). Chiedza vatengi (Vatengi vakareruka) havachengete makopi akazara e blockchain, asi pindirana netiweki uchishandisa node dzakazara.
Vazhinji vashandisi vanoshandisa vatengi vakareruka kana webhu wallet kuita kutengeserana. Manode ese akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe. Neiyi seti yezvinhu, iyo network yekuvaka inova yakagadzikana:

Transaction life cycle

Ngatitarisei iyo transaction lifecycle toipwanya chidimbu nechidimbu:

Blockchain tekinoroji

Ngatigarei mune zvakadzama pane tekinoroji mhinduro uye kubatana kwavo kune mumwe nemumwe.

Chiratidzo

Yese blockchain transaction inofanirwa kusainwa nedigital. Naizvozvo, kuti upedze kutengeserana, mumwe nemumwe anotora chikamu anofanira kunge aine kiyi mbiri: yakavanzika / yeruzhinji. Dzimwe nguva peya yemakiyi inonzi chikwama, nekuti makiyi akabatana zvakasiyana neanotora chikamu kero yedhijitari uye chiyero. Muchokwadi, makiyi nemakero angori tambo dzenhamba mumhando dzakasiyana masisitimu. Mienzaniso yemakiyi uye wallet kero:

Private key: 0a78194a8a893b8baac7c09b6a4a4b4b161b2f80a126cbb79bde231a4567420f
Public key: 0579b478952214d7cddac32ac9dc522c821a4489bc10aac3a81b9d1cd7a92e57ba
Address: 0x3814JnJpGnt5tB2GD1qfKP709W3KbRdfb27V

Kugadzira siginecha yedhijitari mu blockchains, algorithm yakavakirwa pa elliptic curves inoshandiswa: Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). Kuti ishande, kiyi yakavanzika (256-bit nhamba) inowanzotorwa zvisina tsarukano. Huwandu hwesarudzo dzakakosha ndeye 2 kune simba re256, saka isu tinogona kutaura pamusoro pezvisingagoneke zvekufananidza kukosha kwemakiyi akavanzika.

Tevere, kiyi yeruzhinji inowanikwa kubva kune yakavanzika nekuwedzera kukosha kwayo nemakongisheni enzvimbo iri pa elliptic curve, zvichikonzera kurongeka kwenzvimbo nyowani pane imwechete curve. Chiito ichi chinova nechokwadi chekuti unowana makiyi maviri akakodzera kusaina dhijitari. Pakupedzisira, kero yechikwama inotorwa zvakasiyana kubva kukiyi yeruzhinji.

Kune zvakawanda zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo pane iyo cryptography inoshandiswa mu blockchain, semuenzaniso: Bitcoin muchidimbu - Cryptography

Kiyi yepachivande inofanira kuva yakavanzika uye kuchengetedzwa. Kiyi yeruzhinji inozivikanwa nemunhu wese. Kana iyo yakavanzika kiyi yakarasika, kupinda kune iyo asset (mari) haigone kudzoserwa uye mari icharasika zvachose. Naizvozvo, basa rekuchengetedza zvakavanzika makiyi akakosha zvakanyanya, nekuti Iri harisi bhangi kwaunogona kugara uchiuya nepasipoti yako uye kudzoreredza account yako. Kune indasitiri yese yekugadzira inonzi inotonhora crypto wallets, yakafanana neye flash drive:

kana iwe unogona kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzakavimbika, semuenzaniso, kudhinda kukosha kwekiyi yakavanzika pamatokeni:

Transactions

Mamwe ruzivo nezve transaction chimiro anogona kuwanikwa muchinyorwa Bitcoin muchidimbu - Transaction. Izvo zvakakosha kuti isu tinzwisise kuti kutengeserana kwega kwega kune data rinotevera:

From: 0x48C89c341C5960Ca2Bf3732D6D8a0F4f89Cc4368 - цифровой адрес отправителя
To: 0x367adb7894334678b90аfe7882a5b06f7fbc783a - цифровой адрес получателя
Value: 0.0001 - сумма транзакции
Transaction Hash: 0x617ede331e8a99f46a363b32b239542bb4006e4fa9a2727a6636ffe3eb095cef - хэш транзакции

Tevere, kutengeserana kunosainwa nekiyi yakavanzika uye kutumirwa kunze (ona ruzivo nezvekushanda kweprotocol Bitcoin muchidimbu-Protocol) kune ese ma node mu blockchain anotarisa mabatirwo echokwadi. Iyo transaction verification algorithm haisi diki uye inosanganisira nhanho gumi nemaviri.

Transaction blocks

Mushure mekutarisa chokwadi chekutengeserana, node dzinoita mabhuroko kubva kwavari. Mukuwedzera kune kutengeserana, hashi yebhokisi rakapfuura uye nhamba (Nonce counter) yakanyorwa mubhokisi, uye hashi yevhavha yezvino inoverengwa uchishandisa SHA-256 algorithm. Iyo hashi inofanira kunge yakagadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Semuenzaniso, muBitcoin network, kuoma kwehashi kunoshandurwa otomatiki mavhiki maviri ega ega zvichienderana nesimba retiweki kuitira kuti block inogadzirwa kamwechete pamaminitsi gumi. Iyo yakaoma inotarirwa nemamiriro anotevera: iyo hashi inowanikwa inofanira kunge iri pasi penhamba yakafanorongwa. Kana mamiriro aya asina kusangana, ipapo 2 inowedzerwa kuNonce, uye basa rekuverenga hashi rinodzokororwa. Kusarudza hashi, iyo Nonce ndima inoshandiswa, nekuti Iyi ndiyo chete data mu block inogona kushandurwa; iyo yese inofanira kuramba isina kuchinjika. Hashi inoshanda inofanirwa kunge iine imwe nhamba yemazero anotungamira, senge imwe yehashi chaiyo:

000000000000000000000bf03212e7dd1176f52f816fa395fc9b93c44bc11f91

Kubudirira kuwana hashi humbowo hwebasa rakaitwa (Proof-of-Work, PoW) yeBitcoin kana Ethereum network. Maitiro ekutsvaga hashi anonzi kuchera, zvakafanana nekuchera goridhe. Iro zita rinonyatso kutsanangura kukosha kwemaitiro, nekuti pane kutsvaga kuri nyore kwesarudzo, uye kana mumwe munhu akawana hashi yakakodzera, saka iri irombo rakanaka. Zvakafanana nekuwana goridhe chairo mumatombo emarara. Mubairo webhuroko wava 12.5 BTC uye kana ukaiwedzera neiyo Bitcoin mwero wemadhora mazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe, unowana zvinopfuura kilogiramu yegoridhe rakachena. Pane chimwe chinhu chokurwira!

Mushure mekubudirira kuwana hashi, iyo block uye yakawanikwa hashi pachayo inonyorerwa ku blockchain se block inotevera. Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pechimiro chezvivharo anogona kuwanikwa muchinyorwa Bitcoin muchidimbu-Blockchain, uye pazasi pane dhayagiramu rakareruka:

Iyo blockchain inotanga ne block iyo isati yave nehashi ye block yapfuura. Pane chete bhuroka yakadaro mu blockchain uye ine zita rayo rekuti Genesis block. Mabhuroko akasara ane chimiro chakafanana uye anosiyana chete muhuwandu hwekutengesa. Kutengeserana chaiko uye zvivharo zviri kugadzirwa muBitcoin kana Ethereum zvinogona kutariswa mukati Vimba Explorer.

Saizi yezvivharo muBitcoin inogumira ku1MB uye neine hushoma huwandu hweruzivo mukutengeserana kwe200 bytes, huwandu hwepamusoro hwekutengeserana mubhuroka hunogona kunge hunosvika mazana matanhatu. Kubva pano, nenzira, inotevera kuita kweBitcoin, iyo munhu wese anoseka: bhuroka inogadzirwa kamwechete pamaminitsi gumi * 6000 seconds = 10 seconds, iyo inopa kushanda kwepamutemo kwe60 TPS. Kunyangwe hazvo, ichi hachisi chibereko, asi nemaune algorithm yebasa. MuEthereum, yemakwikwi, vakangoita block block nguva 600 seconds. uye kubudirira kwakawedzera zviri pamutemo. Naizvozvo, mu blockchains anoshandisa PoW sekubvumirana, hazvina musoro kuenzanisa kuita zvachose, nekuti iyo yakananga zvinoenderana nekuoma kwecache kuverenga, iyo inogona kugoverwa kune chero kukosha.

Forks

Chii chinoitika kana, semuenzaniso, ma node akati wandei akawana hashes anosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara, asi akasiyana mukukosha (nemamwe mazwi, akauya kune akasiyana mabvumirano) uye akanyora zvidhinha ku blockchain? Ngationei kuti blockchain inodzivirira sei pamamiriro ezvinhu aya. Muchiitiko ichi, inonzi forogo inoitika, uye blockchain ine mavhezheni maviri eketani:

Chii chinotevera? Tevere, chikamu chetiweki chinotanga kushanda pa block N + 2 kubva kune imwe ketani, uye chikamu kubva kune imwe:

Imwe yeaya mabhuraki ichawanikwa kare uye yakatumirwa ku blockchain, uyezve, maererano nemitemo, iyo blockchain ichafanirwa kushandura kune refu cheni uye kudzima zvese kutengeserana kubva kune imwe blockchain:

Panguva imwecheteyo, mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuitika apo kutengeserana kwemuiti wechikamu kwaingova mune imwe yeforogo mabheji, iyo yakabviswa. Naizvozvo, kuve nechokwadi chekuti dhizaini yaunoda yakanyorwa mu blockchain, pane kurudziro yakajairika - usati wavimba nekutengeserana, iwe unofanirwa kumirira kusvika mashoma anotevera awedzerwa ku blockchain. Kurudziro yekuti mangani mabhuroki ekumirira akasiyana blockchains anosiyana. Semuenzaniso, yeBitcoin network iyo shoma i2 blocks, iyo yepamusoro ndeye 6.

Iwo mufananidzo wakafanana nemaforogo ebhuroko uchaonekwa panguva yeinonzi 51% kurwisa - apa ndipo apo boka revashandi vemigodhi rinoedza kukura imwe block chain, vachitsvaga kudzima cheni nekutengesa kwavo kwehunyengeri. Kunyangwe pari zvino, pachinzvimbo chekubiridzira, zvinonyanya kubatsira kushandisa simba rako pamugodhi wakatendeseka.

Kubvumirana

Kurekodha block pane blockchain, network inofanirwa kusvika pakubvumirana. Ngatiyeukei basa rekuwana kubvumirana mumakombuta ekukurukurirana network. Dambudziko rakagadzirirwa sebasa reByzantine mauto BFT (Byzantine mhosva kushivirira) Kusiya rondedzero inoyevedza yezvinetso zveuto reByzantine, dambudziko rinogona kuumbwa sezvizvi: sei network node inosvika pamhedzisiro kana mamwe mambure etiweki achigona kuvakanganisa nemaune. Algorithms aripo ekugadzirisa dambudziko reBFT anoratidza kuti network inogona kushanda nemazvo kana paine isingasviki 1/3 yevanobiridzira. Sei BFT kubvumirana kusina kushandiswa kune Bitcoin network? Sei zvaive zvakakodzera kushandisa PoW? Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda:

BFT inoshanda zvakanaka nediki yakagadzika seti yemanodhi, asi mune yeruzhinji blockchain nhamba yemanodhi haifungidzike uye, uyezve, node dzinogona kuvhurwa nekudzimwa zvisina tsarukano.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kukurudzira vanhu kuti vatange blockchain node. Kuti vaite izvi, vanhu vanofanira kupiwa mubayiro. MuBFT pane pamutemo hapana chekugamuchira mubairo, asi izvo mubairo wePoW wakajeka kune wese munhu ane intuitive level: yemagetsi anopedzwa ne processor mukuita kwekutsvaga block hash.

Pamusoro pePoW, kune akati wandei mamwe mabvumirano ayo anoshandiswa mune azvino blockchains, semuenzaniso:

PoS (Uchapupu-hwe-Stake) - pane blockchain Hyperledger
DPoS (Delegated Proof-of-Stake) - pane blockchain BitShares
Kugadziriswa kweBFT: SBFT (Yakareruka BFT) uye PBFT (Inoshanda BFT), semuenzaniso mu blockchain. Exonum

Ngatigarei zvishoma pane kubvumirana kwePoS, nekuti... Iyo iPoS nemhando dzayo dzinonyanya kupararira mune zvakavanzika blockchains. Sei muchivande? Kune rimwe divi, maitiro ePoS ari nani achienzaniswa nePoW, nekuti Kuti uwane kubvumirana, zvishoma zviwanikwa zvekombuta zvinodiwa, zvinoreva kuti kumhanya kwekunyora data kune blockchain kunowedzera. Asi kune rumwe rutivi, PoS ine mikana yakawanda yekubiridzira, saka kuti iite izvi, vose vatori vechikamu mu blockchain vanofanira kuzivikanwa.

Kubvumirana kwePoS kunobva pakusarudzwa kwenode inogona kunyora chivharo nekutengeserana kune blockchain zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemari muakaunti, kana kuti kwete, kwete muakaunti, asi muchibvumirano, i.e. Iyo yakawanda mari yaunayo sechibatiso, zvakanyanya mukana network ichasarudza node yako kunyora block. Deposit haidzoserwe kana bhuroko risiri iro. Izvi zvinopa dziviriro pakubiridzirwa. Pane zvinotevera zvakasiyana-siyana zvePOS:

The Delegated PoS (DPoS) kubvumirana kunokamura vatori vechikamu kuva "vavhoti" uye "vabvumiri". Vabati vemari (vatori vechikamu vanovhota) vanopa simba ravo rekuona uye kurekodha kutengeserana pa blockchain kune vamwe vatori vechikamu. Nokudaro, vagadziri vanoita basa rose rekugadzirisa uye vanogamuchira mubairo waro, uye kuvapo kwevatori vechikamu vanovhota kunovimbisa kuvimbika kwevagadziri, nokuti. vanogona kuchinjwa chero nguva.
LPoS (Yakarejeswa Humbowo-ye-Stake) kubvumirana kunobvumidza iwe kurojesa mari yako kune dzimwe node kuitira kuti vave nemukana uri nani wekusimbisa zvidhinha. Izvozvo. Iwe unogona kugamuchira komisheni yekutengeserana pasina kutora chikamu mune chaiyo transaction verification uye block migodhi.

Kune akati wandei mamwe kubvumirana kusati kwave kushandiswa zvakanyanya, ini ndichangozvinyora pano kuti ndiwane ruzivo, uye mhedziso yealgorithms yekubvumirana pachayo inogona kuwanikwa, semuenzaniso, muchinyorwa: Consensus Algorithms muBlockchain.

Nhetembo (Uchapupu-hwe-Nguva Yakapfuura)
PoC (Uchapupu-hwe-Kukwanisa)
PoB (Uchapupu-hwekutsva)
PoWeight (Chiratidzo-che-uremu)
PoA (Proof-of-Activity) - PoW + PoS
PoI (Uchapupu-hwe-Zvakakosha)

Kuvimbika uye kutumira modhi ye blockchains

Public blockchain

Sustainability ruzhinji rwevanhu kana rimwe zita Zvisina mvumo blockchain Izvi zvinowanikwa nekubvumira chero munhu kuti abatanidze uye aone ruzivo kana kunyange kubatanidza yavo node, uye kuvimba kunovakwa paPoW kubvumirana.

Private blockchain

Private kana Private Inobvumirwa blockchain. Mune aya blockchains, chete rimwe boka revatori vechikamu (masangano kana vanhu) vanogona kuwana ruzivo. Aya blockchains anovakwa nemasangano aine chinangwa chekuwedzera bhenefiti kana kugona. Kuvimbika kwavo kunovimbiswa nezvinangwa zvakajairika zvevatori vechikamu uye iyo PoS uye BFT kubvumirana algorithms.

Blockchain Consortium

Pane Consortium kana Public Inobvumirwa blockchain. Aya ma blockchains ayo chero munhu anogona kubatana nawo kuti aone, asi mubati anogona kuwedzera ruzivo kana kubatanidza node yake chete nemvumo yevamwe vatori vechikamu. Aya blockchains anovakwa nemasangano kuitira kuti awedzere kuvimba kune chikamu chevatengi kana vatengi vezvigadzirwa kana nzanga yese. Pano, kuvimbika kunowanikwawo nekuvapo kwekuvimba pakati pevatori vechikamu uye yakafanana PoS uye BFT kubvumirana algorithms.

Mikangano Yema Smart

Blockchains inoshandiswa mushure mokunge Bitcoin, kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe, yakawedzera kukwanisa kuita zvibvumirano zvakanaka. Chaizvoizvo, kontrakiti yakangwara ndeyekutengeserana umo kodhi yepurogiramu inoiswa kuti iitwe. Zvibvumirano zveSmart paEthereum network zvinoitwa muEVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine). Kuti utange kuita kondirakiti yakangwara, inofanirwa kutangwa zvakajeka neimwe kutengeserana, kana izvo zvinotarisirwa kuti zviitwe zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa. Mhedzisiro yekuitwa kwechibvumirano chakangwara icharekodhwa zvakare mu blockchain. Kugamuchira data kubva kunze kwe blockchain kunogoneka, asi kwakanyanya kushomeka.

Ndeipi bhizinesi pfungwa inogona kuitwa uchishandisa smart kontrakiti? Muchokwadi, hapana zvakawanda, semuenzaniso, kutarisa mamiriro uchishandisa data kubva blockchain, kushandura varidzi vemidziyo yedhijitari zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, kurekodha data mudura rekusingaperi mukati me blockchain. Iyo pfungwa inoshandiswa mumutauro unokosha wepamusoro-soro Kubatana.

Muenzaniso wekare wekushanda unoitwa uchishandisa smart makondirakiti ndiko kuburitswa kwematokeni eICOs. Semuenzaniso, ndakashandisa kontrakiti yakangwara yekuburitsa ine mwero 500 AlexToken. By link muEtherscan находится

kunobva kodhi yekontrakiti yakangwara mumutauro weSolidity

pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
library SafeMath {
/**
* @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
**/
function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
if (a == 0) {
return 0;
}
c = a * b;
assert(c / a == b);
return c;
}
/**
* @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
**/
function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
// assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
/**
* @title SafeMath
* @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
*/
// uint256 c = a / b;
// assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
return a / b;
}
/**
* @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
**/
function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
assert(b <= a);
return a - b;
}
/**
* @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
**/
function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
c = a + b;
assert(c >= a);
return c;
}
}
/**
* @title Ownable
* @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
* functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
**/
contract Ownable {
address public owner;
event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
/**
* @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender account.
**/
constructor() public {
owner = msg.sender;
}
/**
* @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
**/
modifier onlyOwner() {
require(msg.sender == owner);
_;
}
/**
* @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
* @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
**/
function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
require(newOwner != address(0));
emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
owner = newOwner;
}
}
/**
* @title ERC20Basic interface
* @dev Basic ERC20 interface
**/
contract ERC20Basic {
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
function balanceOf(address who) public view returns (uint256);
function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}
/**
* @title ERC20 interface
* @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
**/
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint256);
function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}
/**
* @title Basic token
* @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
**/
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
using SafeMath for uint256;
mapping(address => uint256) balances;
uint256 totalSupply_;
/**
* @dev total number of tokens in existence
**/
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
return totalSupply_;
}
/**
* @dev transfer token for a specified address
* @param _to The address to transfer to.
* @param _value The amount to be transferred.
**/
function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
require(_to != address(0));
require(_value <= balances[msg.sender]);
balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
* @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
* @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
**/
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
return balances[_owner];
}
}
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {
mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal allowed;
/**
* @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
* @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
* @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
* @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
**/
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
require(_to != address(0));
require(_value <= balances[_from]);
require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender]);
balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
*
* Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
* and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
* race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
* https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
* @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
* @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
**/
function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
* @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
* @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
* @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
**/
function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns (uint256) {
return allowed[_owner][_spender];
}
/**
* @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
*
* approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
* allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
* the first transaction is mined)
* From MonolithDAO Token.sol
* @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
* @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
**/
function increaseApproval(address _spender, uint _addedValue) public returns (bool) {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue);
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
*
* approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
* allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
* the first transaction is mined)
* From MonolithDAO Token.sol
* @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
* @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
**/
function decreaseApproval(address _spender, uint _subtractedValue) public returns (bool) {
uint oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
} else {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
}
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
return true;
}
}
/**
* @title Configurable
* @dev Configurable varriables of the contract
**/
contract Configurable {
uint256 public constant cap = 1000000000*10**18;
uint256 public constant basePrice = 100*10**18; // tokens per 1 ether
uint256 public tokensSold = 0;
uint256 public constant tokenReserve = 500000000*10**18;
uint256 public remainingTokens = 0;
}
/**
* @title CrowdsaleToken 
* @dev Contract to preform crowd sale with token
**/
contract CrowdsaleToken is StandardToken, Configurable, Ownable {
/**
* @dev enum of current crowd sale state
**/
enum Stages {
none,
icoStart, 
icoEnd
}
Stages currentStage;
/**
* @dev constructor of CrowdsaleToken
**/
constructor() public {
currentStage = Stages.none;
balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(tokenReserve);
totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(tokenReserve);
remainingTokens = cap;
emit Transfer(address(this), owner, tokenReserve);
}
/**
* @dev fallback function to send ether to for Crowd sale
**/
function () public payable {
require(currentStage == Stages.icoStart);
require(msg.value > 0);
require(remainingTokens > 0);
uint256 weiAmount = msg.value; // Calculate tokens to sell
uint256 tokens = weiAmount.mul(basePrice).div(1 ether);
uint256 returnWei = 0;
if(tokensSold.add(tokens) > cap){
uint256 newTokens = cap.sub(tokensSold);
uint256 newWei = newTokens.div(basePrice).mul(1 ether);
returnWei = weiAmount.sub(newWei);
weiAmount = newWei;
tokens = newTokens;
}
tokensSold = tokensSold.add(tokens); // Increment raised amount
remainingTokens = cap.sub(tokensSold);
if(returnWei > 0){
msg.sender.transfer(returnWei);
emit Transfer(address(this), msg.sender, returnWei);
}
balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].add(tokens);
emit Transfer(address(this), msg.sender, tokens);
totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(tokens);
owner.transfer(weiAmount);// Send money to owner
}
/**
* @dev startIco starts the public ICO
**/
function startIco() public onlyOwner {
require(currentStage != Stages.icoEnd);
currentStage = Stages.icoStart;
}
/**
* @dev endIco closes down the ICO 
**/
function endIco() internal {
currentStage = Stages.icoEnd;
// Transfer any remaining tokens
if(remainingTokens > 0)
balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(remainingTokens);
// transfer any remaining ETH balance in the contract to the owner
owner.transfer(address(this).balance); 
}
/**
* @dev finalizeIco closes down the ICO and sets needed varriables
**/
function finalizeIco() public onlyOwner {
require(currentStage != Stages.icoEnd);
endIco();
}
}
/**
* @title LavevelToken 
* @dev Contract to create the Lavevel Token
**/
contract AlexToken is CrowdsaleToken {
string public constant name = "AlexToken";
string public constant symbol = "ALT";
uint32 public constant decimals = 18;
}

uye bhinari inomiririra sezvo network inozviona

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Mamwe ruzivo nezve smart zvibvumirano anogona kuwanikwa muchinyorwa: Ndezvipi zvibvumirano zvakangwara muEthereum.

mhedziso

Isu takanyora matekinoroji anovakwa azvino blockchains uye kuti akabatana sei kune mumwe nemumwe. Iye zvino ngatitorei kuti ndeapi matambudziko anogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa blockchain, uye ndedzipi mhinduro dzichava, zvakanyanya, dzisingabatsiri. Saka, kushandisa blockchain hazvidiwi kana:

Transactions inoitwa munzvimbo yakavimbika;
Kuvapo kwekomisheni yevamiriri hakuipire hupenyu hwevatori vechikamu;
Vatori vechikamu havana midziyo inogona kumiririrwa semidziyo yedhijitari;
Iko hakuna kugoverwa mumidziyo yedhijitari, i.e. kukosha ndekwake kana kupihwa nemutori wechikamu mumwe chete.

Chii chine ramangwana re blockchain? Iye zvino isu tinogona kungofungidzira nezve nzira dzinogona kuitika dzekusimudzira blockchain tekinoroji:

Blockchain ichave yakafanana yakajairwa dhatabhesi tekinoroji senge, semuenzaniso, SQL kana NoSQL yekugadzirisa iyo chaiyo siyana matambudziko;
Blockchain ichava protocol yakapararira, seHTTP ndeyeInternet;
Blockchain ichave hwaro hwehurongwa hutsva hwemari uye hwezvematongerwo enyika papasi!

Muchikamu chinotevera tichatarisa kuti ndeapi blockchains aripo uye nei achishandiswa mumaindasitiri akasiyana.

Uku kungori kutanga!

Source: www.habr.com

Chii chatinofanira kuvaka blockchain?