Tiri kutaura nezve vanhu venguva yemberi vanodudzira iyo organic big date. Mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura, huwandu hwe data yebhayoloji inogona kuongororwa yakawedzera kakawanda nekuda kwekutevedzana kweiyo genome yemunhu. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, taisatombofungidzira kuti kushandisa mashoko akachengetwa chaizvoizvo muropa redu, zvaizobvira kuziva kwatakabva, kuongorora kuti muviri uchaita sei kune mimwe mishonga, uye kunyange kuchinja nhaka yedu yomuzvarirwo.
Izvi nezvimwe zvinyorwa zvinotanga kubuda mukati pawebhusaiti yedu. Nakidzwa nekuverenga.
Hunhu hweavhareji bioinformatician hwakafanana neaya emugadziri - maziso matsvuku, akatsikitsira chimiro uye mamaki kubva kumakapu ekofi padesktop. Nekudaro, patafura iyi basa harisi pane abstract algorithms uye mirairo, asi pane kodhi yemasikirwo pachayo, ayo anogona kutiudza zvakawanda nezve isu nenyika yakatitenderedza.
Nyanzvi mundima iyi dzinobata nehuwandu hukuru hwe data (semuenzaniso, mhedzisiro yekuteedzera genome yemunhu mumwe inotora anenge 100 gigabytes). Naizvozvo, kugadzirisa rondedzero yakadai yeruzivo kunoda Data Sayenzi nzira uye maturusi. Zvine musoro kuti anobudirira bioinformatician haafaniri kunzwisisa kwete biology uye chemistry chete, asiwo nzira dzekuongorora data, nhamba uye masvomhu - izvi zvinoita kuti basa rake rive risingawaniki uye rinodiwa. Nyanzvi dzakadai dzinonyanya kudiwa munzvimbo dzemushonga mutsva nekuvandudzwa kwezvinodhaka. Tech hofori senge IBM neIntel , yakatsaurirwa kudzidza bioinformatics.
Chii chinotora kuti uve bioinformatics?
- Biology uye Chemistry (payunivhesiti level);
- Matstat, linear algebra, probability theory;
- Programming mitauro (Python uye R, kazhinji kushandisa C ++);
- Yekuumbwa bioinformatics: kunzwisisa masvomhu kuongororwa uye dzidziso yekusiyanisa equations.
Iwe unogona kupinda mundima yebioinformatics nezvose zviri zviviri biological kumashure uye ruzivo rwekuronga uye masvomhu. Kune yekare, kushanda neakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa bioinformatics zvirongwa zvakakodzera, kune yekupedzisira, yakawanda algorithmic mbiri yehunyanzvi.
Chii chinoita bioinformatics?
Mazuva ano bioinformatics yakakamurwa kuita matavi maviri makuru - structural bioinformatics uye sequence bioinformatics. Muchiitiko chekutanga, tinoona munhu akagara pamberi pekombuta uye achimhanyisa mapurogiramu anobatsira kudzidza zvinhu zvipenyu (semuenzaniso, DNA kana mapuroteni) mukuona kwe3D. Ivo vanovaka makomputa mamodheru anoita kuti zvikwanise kufanotaura kuti molecule yemushonga ichabatana sei neprotein, kuti chimiro chepuroteni chinotaridzika sei musero, zvipi zvemorekuru zvinotsanangura mabatiro ayo nemaserura zvimiro, nezvimwe.
Structural bioinformatics nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya musainzi yezvidzidzo uye muindasitiri: zvakaoma kufungidzira kambani yemishonga inogona kuita pasina nyanzvi dzakadaro. Mumakore achangopfuura, nzira dzemakombuta dzakarerutsa zvikuru nzira yekutsvaga mishonga ingangove, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa kwemishonga kuve nekukurumidza uye kwakachipa.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-inotsamira RNA polymerase (kuruboshwe), pamwe nekubatana kwayo neRNA duplex.
Chii chinonzi genome?
Iyo genome iruzivo rwese nezve maumbirwo enhaka yechinhu chipenyu. Munenge zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose, mutakuri wejenome iDNA, asi kune zvipenyu zvinotumira ruzivo rwazvo rwenhaka nenzira yeRNA. Iyo genome inopfuudzwa kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana, uye panguva iyi yekutapurirana, zvikanganiso zvinonzi mutations zvinogona kuitika.
Kudyidzana kwemushonga remdesivir neRNA-inotsamira RNA polymerase yeSARS-CoV-2 hutachiona.
Sequence bioinformatics inobata pamwero wepamusoro wesangano rezvinhu zvipenyu - kubva kune imwe neimwe nucleotides, DNA uye majini, kune ese genomes uye kuenzanisa kwavo kune mumwe nemumwe.
Fungidzira munhu anoona pamberi pake seti yemavara earufabheti (asi isiri nyore, asi genetic kana amino acid imwe) uye anotarisa mapatani mairi, achiatsanangura uye achiasimbisa nenhamba, achishandisa nzira dzekombuta. Sequence bioinformatics inotsanangura kuti kuchinja kupi kwakabatana nechimwe chirwere kana kuti nei zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvichiungana muropa remurwere. Pamusoro pe data rezvokurapa, sequence bioinformaticians inodzidza maitiro ekuparadzirwa kwezvipenyu pasi rose, mutsauko wehuwandu pakati pemapoka emhuka, uye mabasa nemabasa emajini chaiwo. Kutenda kune iyi sainzi, zvinokwanisika kuyedza kushanda kwemishonga uye kudzidza maitiro ehupenyu anotsanangura maitiro avo.
Semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekuongorora kwebioinformatics, kuchinja kunotungamirira mukugadzirwa kwe cystic fibrosis, chirwere chemonogenic chinokonzerwa nekuparara kwejini reimwe nzira yekloride, yakawanikwa uye yakatsanangurwa. Uye zvino tava kuziva zviri nani kuti ndiani ari hama yepedyo yemunhu uye kuti madzitateguru edu akagara sei kutenderera pasirese. Uyezve, munhu wose, nekuverenga genome yake, anogona kuziva kuti mhuri yake inobva kupi uye dzinza ripi raanobva. Vazhinji vekune dzimwe nyika (, ) uye Russian (, ) masevhisi anokubvumira kuti uwane basa iri nemutengo wakaderera (anenge zviuru makumi maviri zveRubles).
Mhedzisiro yeDNA bvunzo yekuongorora kwekwakabva uye kubatanidzwa kwevanhu kubva kuMyHeritage.
Mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwehuwandu hweDNA kubva ku23andMe.
Iyo genome inoverengwa sei?
Nhasi, genome sequencing inzira yenguva dzose iyo inodhura chero munhu angangoita zviuru rubles (kusanganisira muRussia). Kuti uverenge genome yako, iwe unongoda kupa ropa kubva mutsinga murabhoritari yakakosha: mumavhiki maviri iwe uchagamuchira mhedzisiro yakapedzwa ine tsananguro yakadzama yehunhu hwako. Pamusoro peiyo genome yako, unogona kuongorora genomes emudumbu microbiota yako: iwe unozodzidza maitiro ebhakitiriya anogara muhurongwa hwekudya kwako, uye zvakare kugamuchira zano kubva kune nyanzvi yekudya.
Iyo genome inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana, imwe yeiyi huru ikozvino ndiyo inonzi "inotevera chizvarwa kutevedzana". Kuita maitiro aya, biological samples dzinofanirwa kutanga kuwanikwa. Sero rega rega remuviri rine genome yakafanana, saka kazhinji ropa rinotorwa kuti riverenge genome (ichi ndicho chiri nyore). Masero anobva aputsika oparadzanisa DNA kubva kune zvimwe zvese. Zvadaro, DNA inoguma inopatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvakawanda uye maadapter akasarudzika "anosona" kune chimwe nechimwe chazvo - artificially synthesized inozivikanwa nucleotide sequences. Zvadaro mitsara yeDNA inoparadzaniswa, uye tambo imwe chete-yakasungwa inosungirirwa uchishandisa adapters kune ndiro inokosha iyo kutevedza kunoitwa. Munguva yekutevedzana, complementary fluorescently yakanyorwa nucleotides inowedzerwa kuDNA kutevedzana. Imwe neimwe yakanyorwa nucleotide, kana yabatanidzwa, inoburitsa mwenje wechiedza cheimwe wavelength, iyo inorekodhwa pakombiyuta. Aya ndiwo maverengero anoita komputa mitsara mipfupi yeDNA yekutanga, iyo inobva yaunganidzwa mujenome yepakutanga uchishandisa algorithms yakakosha.
Muenzaniso we data inoteedzana bioinformatics inoshanda ne: amino acid sequence alignment.
Vanoshanda kupi bioinformatics uye vanowana marii?
Iyo bioinformatics nzira yagara yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo mbiri huru β indasitiri nesainzi. Basa semusayendisiti webioinformatics rinowanzotanga nechinzvimbo chekupedza kudzidza pachikoro chikuru. Pakutanga, ma bioinformatics vanogashira muhoro wakavakirwa pachikoro chavo, nhamba yezvipo zvavanotora mazviri, uye nhamba yavo yemubatanidzwa-nzvimbo dzavanoshandirwa zviri pamutemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, nhamba yezvipo uye masangano anokura, uye mushure memakore mashoma ekushanda munzvimbo yezvidzidzo, bioinformatics inogamuchira nyore nyore muhoro wepakati (70-80 zviuru rubles), asi zvakawanda zvinoenderana nekushingaira uye kushanda nesimba. Iwo ane ruzivo rwakanyanya bioinformatics anopedzisira ave kumhanyisa maLab avo munzvimbo dzavo dzehunyanzvi.
Unodzidzira kupi bioinformatics?
- Moscow State University - Faculty of Bioengineering uye Bioinformatics
- HSE - Kuongorora kweData muBiology uye Mushonga (Chirongwa chaTenzi)
- MIPT - Dhipatimendi reBioinformatics
- Institute of Bioinformatics (NPO)
Kusiyana neacademy, hapana ari muindasitiri achapedza nguva yake achidzidzisa mushandi hunyanzvi hunodiwa, saka kuenda ikoko kunowanzo kuoma. Iyo yebasa nzira yebioinformatics muindasitiri inosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwavo nenzvimbo. Paavhareji, mihoro mundima iyi inochinja zviuru rubles, zvichienderana neruzivo uye nyanzvi.
Vanozivikanwa bioinformatics
Nhoroondo yebioinformatics inogona kurondwa kubva kuna Frederick Sanger, musayendisiti wechiRungu akagamuchira Mubairo weNobel muChemistry muna 1980 nekuwana kwake nzira yekuverenga kutevedzana kweDNA. Kubva ipapo, nzira dzekuverenga dzakatevedzana dzakavandudzika gore rega rega, asi iyo "Sanger kutevedzana" nzira yakashanda sehwaro hwese kumwe kutsvagisa munzvimbo iyi.
Nenzira, mapurogiramu akawanda akagadzirwa nemasayendisiti eRussia zvino anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose - semuenzaniso, genome assembler. , - St. Petersburg genome assembler, yakagadzirwa paSt. Petersburg Institute, inobatsira masayendisiti kubva kumativi ose enyika kuti aunganidze mapfupi eDNA akatevedzana kuita nhevedzano huru kuti vagadzirisezve majenomu epakutanga ezvipenyu.
Kuwanikwa uye kubudirira kwebioinformatics
Mazuva ano, bioinformatics vanoita zvakawanda zvinobatsira zvinowanikwa. Zvingave zvisingaite kufungidzira kugadzirwa kwemishonga yekoronavirus pasina kutsanangura genome yayo uye yakaoma bioinformatics kuongororwa kwemaitiro anoitika panguva yechirwere. International Masayendisiti akashandisa kuenzanisa genomics uye nzira dzekudzidza muchina vakakwanisa kunzwisisa izvo coronaviruses zvakafanana nemamwe hutachiona.
Zvakazoitika kuti chimwe chezvinhu izvi ndechekusimbiswa kwezviratidzo zve nyukireya (NLS) yehutachiona hwepathogenic hunoitika panguva yekushanduka-shanduka. Tsvagiridzo iyi inogona kubatsira kudzidza mhando dzehutachiona hunogona kuve nenjodzi kuvanhu mune ramangwana, uye pamwe kutungamira mukuvandudzwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira.
Pamusoro pezvo, bioinformatics vakaita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza nzira nyowani dzekugadzirisa genome, kunyanya iyo CRISPR/Cas9 system (tekinoroji yakavakirwa pane immune system. ) Nekuda kwekuongorora kwebioinformatics kwechimiro cheaya mapuroteni uye nekushanduka-shanduka, iko kurongeka uye kugona kwehurongwa uhu kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura, izvo zvaita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa nemaune genomes ezvipenyu zvakawanda (kusanganisira vanhu).
Unogona kuwana basa rinotsvakwa kubva pakutanga kana Level Up maererano nehunyanzvi uye muhoro nekutora SkillFactory online makosi:
Mamwe makosi
Source: www.habr.com