Pane anorangarira Erwise here? Viola? Mhoro? Ngatirangarirei.
Tim Berners-Lee paakasvika kuCERN, murabhoritari yefizikisi yeEurope ine mukurumbira, muna 1980, akapihwa basa kuti agadzirise masisitimu ekudzora e akati wandei particle accelerators. Asi muvambi wepeji yewebhu yemazuva ano akaona dambudziko nekukurumidza: zviuru zvevanhu zvaigara zvichiuya uye zvichienda kunzvimbo yekutsvagisa, vazhinji vavo vaishanda ipapo kwenguva pfupi.
"Zvakanga zvakaoma kuti vagadziri vezvibvumirano vaedze kunzwisisa masisitimu, ese evanhu uye ezvemakomputa, aimhanya nhandare iyi yakanaka," Berners-Lee akazonyora. "Ruzhinji rweruzivo rwakakosha rwaive mumisoro yevanhu chete."
Saka munguva yake yekuzorora, akanyora imwe software kugadzirisa kukanganisa uku: chirongwa chidiki chaakadana Enquire. Yakabvumira vashandisi kugadzira "node" -mapeji emakadhi-akafanana nemapeji akazadzwa neruzivo uye ane zvinongedzo kune mamwe mapeji. Nehurombo, iyi application, yakanyorwa muPascal, yakamhanya paCERN's proprietary OS. “Vanhu vashoma vakaona chirongwa ichi vakafunga kuti ipfungwa yakanaka, asi hapana akachishandisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, disc rakarasika, uye naro yekutanga Enquire. "
Makore mashoma gare gare, Berners-Lee akadzokera kuCERN. Panguva ino akatangazve chirongwa chake cheWorld Wide Web nenzira yaizowedzera mukana wekubudirira kwayo. Musi waNyamavhuvhu 6, 1991, akaburitsa tsananguro yeWWW muboka re alt.hypertext usenet. Akaburitsawo kodhi yelibWWW raibhurari, iyo yaakanyora nemubatsiri wake Jean-François Groff. Raibhurari yakabvumira vatori vechikamu kuti vagadzire mabhurawuza ewebhu.
“Basa ravo—mabhurawuza anopfuura mashanu akasiana-siana mumwedzi 18—akanunura purojekiti yeWebhu yakanga yakapokana nemari uye akatanga nzanga yavagadziri vewebhu,” yakadaro imwe mhemberero yegore negore paComputer History Museum muMountain View, California. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa pamabhurawuza ekutanga aive Mosaic, yakanyorwa naMarc Andreessen naEric Bina veNational Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Mosaic munguva pfupi yakava Netscape, asi yanga isiri yekutanga browser. Mepu yakaunganidzwa nemuseum inopa pfungwa yehukuru hwepasirese hwekutanga chirongwa. Chinoshamisa nezveaya ekutanga maapplication ndechekuti anotova nezvakawanda zvemaficha evanotevera mabrowser. Uye heino kushanya kwewebhu kubhurawuza maapplication sezvavaive vasati vaita mukurumbira.
Mabhurawuza kubva kuCERN
Tim Berners-Lee's first browser, WorldWideWeb kubva muna 1990, yanga iri browser uye mupepeti. Aitarisira kuti ramangwana browser mapurojekiti aizoenda nenzira iyi. CERN yakaunganidza kudhindwa kwezviri mukati. Iyo skrini inoratidza kuti muna 1993 mazhinji ehunhu hwemabrowser emazuva ano akange atovepo.
Mhedzisiro huru yesoftware yaive yekuti yaimhanya paNEXTSstep OS. Asi nguva pfupi yapfuura WorldWideWeb, CERN masvomhu intern Nicola Pellow akanyora browser inogona kumhanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusanganisira network paUNIX uye MS-DOS. Nenzira iyoyo, “munhu wose aigona kupinda paIndaneti,” anotsanangura kudaro munyori wenhoroondo dzepaIndaneti Bill Stewart, “iyo panguva iyoyo yaisanganisira bhuku renhare reCERN.”
Kwekutanga CERN web browser, ca. 1990
Zvakashata
Ipapo Erwise akauya. Yakanyorwa nevadzidzi vana vekuFinnish vekukoreji muna 1991, uye yakaburitswa muna 1992. Erwise inoonekwa seyekutanga browser ine graphical interface. Aizivawo kutsvaga mazwi pane peji.
Berners-Lee akaongorora Erwise muna 1992. Akacherechedza kukwanisa kwayo kubata mafonti akasiyana-siyana, pasi pezvinyorwa zvinongedzo, zvinokubvumira kudzvanya kaviri link kuti usvetuke kune mamwe mapeji, uye kutsigira akawanda mahwindo.
"Nenzira inoratidzika kunge yakangwara," akadaro, kunyangwe paine chakavanzika pachiri, "bhokisi risinganzwisisike rakatenderedza izwi rimwe mugwaro, sebhatani kana fomu rekusarudza. Kunyangwe asiri mumwe kana mumwe - pamwe ichi chimwe chinhu cheshanduro dzenguva yemberi. "
Sei application isina kusimuka? Mukubvunzurudzwa kwakazotevera, mumwe wevasiki veErwise akacherechedza kuti Finland yakanga iri mukuderera kwakadzika panguva iyoyo. Pakanga pasina ngirozi dzaiisa mari munyika.
"Panguva iyoyo, tingadai tisina kukwanisa kugadzira bhizinesi rakavakirwa paErwise," akatsanangura kudaro. "Nzira chete yekuita mari yaive yekuenderera mberi nebudiriro kuitira kuti Netscape igozotitenga." Zvisinei, taigona kusvika padanho rekutanga raMosesi nerimwe basa shoma. Taifanira kupedzisa Erwise uye kuiburitsa pamapuratifomu akawanda. "
Erwise browser
ViolaWWW
yakabudiswa muna Kubvumbi 1992. Wei haana kuridza cello, "zvakangoitika nekuda kweacronym inobata" Visual Interactive Object-oriented-oriented Language and Application, sezvakanyorwa naJames Gillies naRobert Caillou munhoroondo yavo yeWWW.
Wei anoita kunge akafemerwa neyekutanga Mac chirongwa chinonzi , iyo yakabvumira vashandisi kugadzira matrices kubva kumagwaro akarongwa ane hyperlink. "Ipapo HyperCard yaive purojekiti inonakidza, zvine graphic, uye zvakare aya ma hyperlink," akazoyeuka. Nekudaro, chirongwa ichi "chakange chisiri chepasirese uye chaingoshanda paMac. Uye ndakanga ndisina Mac yangu. "
Asi aikwanisa kuwana UNIX X zviteshi paBerkeley Experimental Computing Center. "Ndakanga ndine mirairo yeHyperCard, ndakaidzidza uye ndikangoshandisa pfungwa kuti ndidziite mumahwindo e-X." Chete, zvinokatyamadza, akaashandisa achishandisa mutauro weViola.
Chimwe chezvakakosha uye hunyanzvi maficha eViolaWWW yaive yekuti mugadziri anogona kusanganisira zvinyorwa uye "applets" papeji. Izvi zvaifananidzira mafungu makuru eJava applets akaonekwa pawebhusaiti mukupera kwema90s.
В Wei akacherechedzawo kukanganisa kwakasiyana kwebrowser, iyo huru kushaikwa kwePC vhezheni.
- Haisi kuendeswa kuPC platform.
- Kudhinda kweHTML hakusi kutsigirwa.
- HTTP haipindike uye isingaverengeki.
- Proxy haitsigirwe.
- Muturikiri wemutauro haana tambo dzakawanda.
"Munyori ari kushanda pamatambudziko aya, nezvimwewo," Wei akanyora panguva iyoyo. Zvakadaro, "browser yakanaka kwazvo, inoshandiswa nemunhu wese, inonzwisisika uye yakatwasuka," Berners-Lee akapedzisa . "Zvimwe zvekuwedzera hazvizoshandiswa ne90% yevashandisi chaivo, asi zvinhu zvinodiwa nevashandisi vemagetsi."
ViolaWWW Hypermedia Browser
Midas uye Samba
MunaGunyana 1991, nyanzvi yefizikisi Paul Kunz anobva kuStanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) akashanyira CERN. Akadzoka aine kodhi yaidiwa kumhanyisa yekutanga North American web server paSLAC. "Ndakanga ndichangobva kuCERN," Kunz akaudza mukuru weraibhurari Louis Addis, "uye ndakaona chinhu ichi chinoshamisa icho shamwari, Tim Berners-Lee, iri kugadzira. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvaunoda pabase rako."
Addis akabvuma. Mukuru mukuru weraibhurari akaisa tsvakiridzo yakakosha pawebhu. Nyanzvi dzefizikisi kubva kuFermilab dzakaita zvimwe chete gare gare.
Zvino muzhizha ra1992, nyanzvi yefizikisi kubva kuSLAC akanyora Midas, graphical browser yeStanford fizikisi. Huge Iyo yakaderera yaive yekuti yaigona kuratidza magwaro mune iyo postscript fomati, inofarirwa nevefizikisi nekugona kwayo kuburitsa nemazvo maitiro esainzi.
"Nezvibatsiro izvi zvakakosha, dandemutande rakatanga kushandiswa munharaunda yepanyama," yakapera. US Department of Energy Progress SLAC ya2001.
Zvichakadaro, kuCERN, Pellow naRobert Caillau vakaburitsa yekutanga web browser yeMacintosh komputa. Gillies naCaillau vanotsanangura kukura kweSamba nenzira iyi.
Kune Pellow, kufambira mberi mukutanga chirongwa cheSamba kwainonoka nekuti mashoma ese anobatanidza bhurawuza yaizopunzika uye hapana aigona kufunga kuti sei. "Iyo Mac browser yanga izere netsikidzi," Tim Berners-Lee akadaro neshungu mupepanhau kubva ku'92. "Ndiri kupa T-shirt ine kunyorwa W3 kune chero munhu anogona kuigadzirisa!" - akazivisa. Iyo T-shirt yakaenda kuJohn Migwagwa kuFermilab, uyo akateedzera bug, achibvumira Nicola Pellow kuti aenderere mberi nekugadzira shanduro yeSamba.
Samba "kwaive kuyedza kuendesa dhizaini yekutanga yebrowser yandakanyora pamushini weNEXT kupuratifomu yeMac," Berners-Lee, asi hazvina kupera kudzamara NCSA yaburitsa Mac vhezheni yeMosaic iyo yakapfuura.
Samba
waMosesi
Mosaic ndiyo “moto wakaita kuti dandemutande riwedzere muna 1993,” vanotsanangura kudaro vanyori vezvakaitika kare Gillies naCaillou. Asi haigone kuve yakagadzirwa pasina vakaitangira, uye pasina mahofisi eNCSA paYunivhesiti yeI Illinois, akashongedzerwa nemichina yakanakisa yeUNIX. NCSA zvakare yaive naDr. Ping Fu, chiremba wemifananidzo yekombuta uye wizard akashanda pakuita morphing yebhaisikopo Terminator 2. Uye achangobva kuhaya mubatsiri anonzi Marc Andreessen.
"Unofungei nezvekunyora GUI yebrowser?" - Fu akakurudzira kumubatsiri wake mutsva. "Chii chinonzi browser?" – Andreessen akabvunza. Asi mazuva mashoma gare gare, mumwe wevashandi veNCSA, Dave Thompson, akapa mharidzo paNicola Pellow yekutanga browser uye Pei Wei's ViolaWWW browser. Uye nguva pfupi isati yasvika, Tony Johnson akaburitsa yekutanga vhezheni yeMidas.
Purogiramu yekupedzisira yakashamisa Andreessen. “Zvinoshamisa! Fantastic! Incredible! Damn zvinoshamisa! - akanyorera Johnson. Andreessen akabva anyorera nyanzvi yeNCSA yeUNIX, Eric Bina, kuti amubatsire kunyora browser yake yeX.
Mosaic ine zvakawanda zvitsva zvakavakirwa mazviri zvewebhu, serutsigiro rwemavhidhiyo, odhiyo, mafomu, mabhukumaki, uye nhoroondo. "Uye chinoshamisa ndechekuti, kusiyana nemabhurawuza ekutanga eX, zvese zvaive mufaira rimwe chete," Gillies naCaillau vanotsanangura:
Iyo yekuisa maitiro yaive nyore - iwe unongoidhawunirodha uye woimhanyisa. Mosaic akazove nemukurumbira nekusuma chikwangwani ichi , iyo kwenguva yekutanga yakabvumira mifananidzo kuiswa zvakananga mumashoko, panzvimbo yekuti ioneke pane imwe hwindo, sepaTim yekutanga browser yeNeXT. Izvi zvakabvumira vanhu kuti vagadzire mapeji ewebhu akafanana neakadhindwa enhau avanoziva; Havasi vese vagadziri vakafarira zano iri, asi rakaita mukurumbira waMosesi.
"Zvakaitwa naMako zvakanaka kwazvo, mumaonero angu," Tim Berners-Lee akazonyora gare gare, "kwaive kuita kuti kuisirwa kuve nyore, uye kutsigirwa nekugadziriswa kwekukanganisa neemail, chero nguva yemasikati kana husiku. Unogona kumutumira meseji nezve chikanganiso, uye maawa mashoma gare gare anokutumira ruramiso. "
Kubudirira kukuru kwaMosaic, kubva pamaonero anhasi, kwaive kushanda kwayo kwemuchinjiko. "Nesimba iro, pamusimboti, pasina munhu akandipa, ndinozivisa X-Mosaic yakasunungurwa," Andreessen nekuzvikudza akanyora muboka rewww-talk musi waNdira 23, 1993. Alex Totik akaburitsa vhezheni yake yeMac mwedzi mishoma gare gare. Iyo PC vhezheni yakagadzirwa naChris Wilson naJohn Mittelhauser.
Iyo Mosaic Browser yaive yakavakirwa paViola naMidas, sezvakacherechedzwa mune komputa museum inoratidzwa. Uye akashandisa raibhurari kubva kuCERN. "Asi kusiyana nevamwe, yaive yakavimbika, kunyangwe vasiri nyanzvi vaigona kuiisa, uye nekukurumidza yakawedzera rutsigiro rwemifananidzo yemavara mumapeji kwete windows."
Mosaic browser yaivepo yeX Windows, Mac neMicrosoft Windows
Murume anobva kuJapan
Asi Mosaic handiyo yega chigadzirwa chitsva chakabuda panguva iyoyo. Kansas University mudzidzi akagadzirisa kampasi yake hypertext information browser yeInternet newebhu. Yakatangwa muna Kurume 1993. “Lynx yakakurumidza kuva bhurawuza resarudzo rematerminal-based terminals asina mifananidzo, uye richiri kushandiswa nanhasi,” anotsanangura kudaro munyori wenhoroondo Stewart.
Uye kuCornell Law School, Tom Bruce ainyora webhu kunyorera maPC, "nekuti ndiwo magweta emakomputa aiwanzo shandiswa," Gillies naCaillau vanoti. Bruce akaburitsa Cello browser yake muna Chikumi 8, 1993, "uye munguva pfupi yakanga yatorwa ka500 pazuva."
Cello
Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, Andreessen aive kuMountain View, California. Chikwata chake chakaronga kuburitsa Mosaic Netscape muna Gumiguru 13, 1994. Iye, Totik naMittelhauser vakaisa chikumbiro ichi kune FTP server. Mugadziri wekupedzisira anorangarira nguva ino. “Maminitsi mashanu akapera uye tese takange takagara ipapo. Hapana chakaitika. Uye kamwe kamwe kurodha kwekutanga kwakaitika. Aive mukomana wekuJapan. Takapika kuti tichamutumira T-shirt!
Iyi nyaya yakaoma inotiyeuchidza kuti hapana hutsva hunogadzirwa nemunhu mumwe chete. Webhurawuza yakauya muhupenyu hwedu nekuda kwevaoni kubva kumativi ese epasi, vanhu avo kazhinji vaisanyatsonzwisisa zvavaiita, asi vaikurudzirwa nekuda kuziva, kufunga kunoshanda, kana kunyangwe chishuwo chekutamba. Mhedzisiro yavo yega yega yehunyanzvi yakatsigira hurongwa hwese. Sezvinoita Tim Berners-Lee kusimbirira kuti chirongwa ichi chirambe chakabatana uye, chinonyanya kukosha, chakavhurika.
"Mazuva ekutanga ewebhu ainyanya kuziva bhajeti," Iye. "Paive nezvakawanda zvekuita, murazvo mudiki kudaro kuti urambe uri mupenyu."
Source: www.habr.com