"Hapana kana nzvimbo yekuvandudza tekinoroji yeredhiyo. Simple solutions inopera"
Musi waNovember 26, 2018 na22:53 Moscow nguva, NASA yakazviita zvakare - iyo InSight probe yakabudirira kumhara pamusoro peMars mushure mekupinda mumhepo, kudzika uye kumhara, izvo zvakazobhabhatidzwa se "maminetsi matanhatu nehafu ekutyisa. .” Tsanangudzo yakakodzera, sezvo mainjiniya eNASA akatadza kuziva nekukurumidza kana probe yemuchadenga yakabudirira kumhara pamusoro pepasi nekuda kwekunonoka kwekutaurirana kwemaminetsi angangoita 8,1 pakati pePasi neMars. Munguva iyi hwindo, InSight yaisagona kuvimba nemaantenna ayo echizvino-zvino uye ane simba - zvese zvaienderana neyechinyakare UHF kutaurirana (nzira yaishandiswa kwenguva refu mune zvese kubva pakutepfenyura terevhizheni uye walkie-talkies kusvika kuBluetooh zvishandiso).
Nekuda kweizvozvo, data yakakosha pachimiro cheInSight yakafambiswa pamasaisai eredhiyo ine frequency ye401,586 MHz kune maviri satellite -, WALL-E naEVE, iyo yakabva yatumira data pa8 Kbps kusvika 70-mita antennas iri paNyika. Iwo macubeats akaiswa paroketi rimwe chete neInSight, uye vakaiperekedza parwendo rwavo kuenda kuMars kunoona kumhara uye nekukasira kuendesa data kumba. Dzimwe Mars orbiters, e.g. (MRS), vaive munzvimbo isingaite uye vaisakwanisa kutanga vachinjana mameseji nemutambi munguva chaiyo. Tisingarevi kuti kumhara kwese kwaitsamira pamaCubeSats maviri ekuedza imwe neimwe saizi yesutukesi, asi MRS yaizongokwanisa kuendesa data kubva kuInSight mushure mekumirira kwenguva refu.
Kudzika kweInSight kwakaedza dhizaini yese yeNASA, iyo Mars Network. Chiratidzo cheInSight lander chinofambiswa kumasetellite anotenderera chingadai chasvika paNyika zvakadaro, kunyangwe dai masatellite atadza. WALL-E naEVE vaifanira kufambisa ruzivo ipapo ipapo, uye vakazviita. Kana aya maCubeSats anga asina kushanda nechimwe chikonzero, MRS vaive vakagadzirira kuita basa ravo. Imwe neimwe yaishanda se node paInternet-senetiweki, ichifambisa data pakiti kuburikidza nematerminal akasiyana anosanganisira akasiyana michina. Nhasi, iyo inonyanya kushanda kwavari ndeye MRS, inokwanisa kuendesa data nekumhanya kusvika ku6 Mbit / s (uye iyi ndiyo rekodhi yazvino yemamisheni epakati peplanetary). Asi NASA yaifanirwa kushanda ichimhanya zvishoma munguva yakapfuura - uye inoda kukurumidza kufambisa data mune ramangwana.
Kungofanana neInternet Service Provider, NASA inobvumira vashandisi veInternet kutaurirana nespaceship munguva chaiyo.
Deep space communications network
Sezvo kuvepo kweNASA muchadenga kwakawedzera, masisitimu ekufambiswa kwemashoko akavandudzwa airamba achibuda kuti avhare nzvimbo yakawanda uye yakawanda: kutanga munzvimbo yakaderera yePasi, tevere mugeosynchronous orbit neMwedzi, uye munguva pfupi kutaurirana kwakapinda kwakadzika muchadenga. Zvose zvakatanga neredhiyo inotakurika isina hunhu yakashandiswa kugamuchira telemetry kubva kuExplorer 1, setiraiti yekutanga yakatangwa zvakabudirira nemaAmerican muna 1958, kuzvigaro zvemauto zveUS muNigeria, Singapore neCalifornia. Zvishoma nezvishoma asi chokwadi, hwaro uhwu hwakashanduka kuva masystem emazuva ano ekutumira mameseji.
Douglas Abraham, mukuru weStrategic and Systems Foresight Division muNASA's Interplanetary Network Directorate, anosimbisa matatu akazvimiririra akagadziridzwa network ekufambisa meseji muchadenga. The Near Earth Network inoshanda nechitundumuseremusere mumhepo yakadzika yeEarth orbit. "Iko kuunganidzwa kweantenna, kazhinji 9 kusvika 12 metres. Kune mashoma makuru, 15 kusvika 18 metres," anodaro Abraham. Zvino, pamusoro peEarth's geosynchronous orbit, pane akati wandei ekutevera uye data relay satellite (TDRS). “Vanogona kutarira pasi pamasetellite ari pasi peEarth orbit ndokukurukura navo, uye ipapo kupfuudza aya mashoko kupfurikidza neTDRS pasi,” Abraham anotsanangura kudaro. "Iyi satellite data transmission system inonzi NASA Space Network."
Asi kunyange TDRS yakanga isina kukwana kuti itaurirane nechitundumuseremusere, chakaenda kure kure nekutenderera kweMwedzi, kune mamwe mapuraneti. “Saka takatozogadzira network inovharisa solar system yese. Uye iyi ndiyo Deep Space Network [DSN], anodaro Abraham. Iyo Mars network ndeyekuwedzera .
Zvichipihwa kureba kwayo uye marongero, DSN ndiyo yakanyanya kuomarara masisitimu akanyorwa. Chaizvoizvo, iyi seti yeantenna yakakura, kubva pa34 kusvika 70 m muhupamhi. Imwe neimwe yemasaiti matatu eDSN inoshandisa akati wandei 34-mita antenna uye imwe 70-mita antenna. Imwe saiti iri muGoldstone (California), imwe padyo neMadrid (Spain), uye yechitatu muCanberra (Australia). Aya masaiti anowanikwa anenge 120 madhigirii akaparadzana kutenderera pasirese, uye anopa kuvharika kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kune zvese spacecraft kunze kwe geosynchronous orbit.
34-mita antennas ndiwo makuru emidziyo yeDSN, uye kune marudzi maviri: ekare akanyanya kushanda zvakanaka antennas uye nyowani waveguide antennas. Musiyano ndewekuti inotungamira wave antenna ine mashanu chaiwo eRF magirazi anoratidza masaini pasi pombi kuenda kune yepasi pevhu yekudzora kamuri, uko magetsi anoongorora aya masaini anodzivirirwa zvirinani kubva kune ese kunokanganisa. Iwo 34-mita antennas, anoshanda ega kana mumapoka e2-3 ndiro, anogona kupa akawanda ekutaurirana anodiwa neNASA. Asi kune zviitiko zvakakosha kana madaro akarebesa kunyange akawanda 34-mita antennas, DSN control inoshandisa makumi manomwe-mita monsters.
“Dzinoita basa rinokosha mukushanda kwakasiyana-siyana,” anodaro Abraham nezvemaenga makuru. Yekutanga ndeye apo chitundumuseremusere chiri kure nePasi zvekuti hazvizogoneke kumisa kutaurirana nacho uchishandisa dhishi diki. "Mienzaniso yakanaka ingave mishoni yeNew Horizons, iyo yakatobhururuka kure kupfuura Pluto, kana Voyager spacecraft, iyo iri kunze kwesolar system. Mamita makumi manomwe chete antennas anogona kupinda mukati mawo oendesa data rawo kuPasi,” anotsanangura kudaro Abraham.
70-mamita madhishi anoshandiswawo kana chitundumuseremusere chikatadza kushandisa antenna inosimudzira, kungave nekuda kwemamiriro akarongwa akakomba senge orbital yekupinda, kana nekuti chimwe chinhu chinokanganisa zvakanyanya. Iyo 70-mita antenna, semuenzaniso, yakashandiswa kudzorera zvakachengeteka Apollo 13 kuPasi. Akatorawo mutsara wakakurumbira waNeil Armstrong, "Nhanho imwe duku yemurume, imwe nhanho huru yevanhu." Uye nanhasi, DSN inoramba iri yakanyanya kusimukira uye inonzwisa kutaurirana system munyika. “Asi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvakatosvika pamugumo wazvo,” anonyevera kudaro Abraham. -Ikoko hapana kwese kwekuvandudza tekinoroji inoshanda paredhiyo frequency. Mhinduro dziri nyore dziri kupera."
Zviteshi zvitatu zvepasi 120 madhigirii zvakaparadzana
DSN Plates muCanberra
DSN complex muMadrid
DSN muGoldstone
Imba yekudzora paJet Propulsion Laboratory
Radio uye chii chichaitika mushure mayo
Nyaya iyi haisi itsva. Nhoroondo yekutaurirana kwakadzika kwemuchadenga kunosanganisira kurwira nguva dzose kuwedzera mafambiro uye kupfupisa wavelength. Muongorori 1 akashandisa 108 MHz frequency. NASA yakabva yaunza maantenna akakura, anowana zvirinani aitsigira ma frequency muL-band, 1 kusvika 2 GHz. Yakanga iri nguva yeS-bhendi, ine mafrequency kubva ku2 kusvika ku4 GHz, uyezve iyo agency yakachinjika kuX-bhendi, ine mafrequency e7-11,2 GHz.
Nhasi, masisitimu ekutaurirana emuchadenga ari kuita shanduko zvakare - ave kuenda ku26-40 GHz renji, Ka-band. "Chikonzero chemaitiro aya ndechekuti kupfupika kwemawavelength uye nekukwirira kwema frequency, ndiko kukurumidza kwehuwandu hwekufambisa data hunogona kuwanikwa," anodaro Abraham.
Pane zvikonzero zvetarisiro, zvakapihwa kuti nhoroondo kumhanya kwekutaurirana paNASA kwave nekukurumidza. Pepa rekutsvagisa ra2014 kubva kuJet Propulsion Laboratory rinopa iyi inotevera data yekuenzanisa: Kana tikashandisa tekinoroji yeExplorer 1 kufambisa mufananidzo we iPhone kubva kuJupiter kuenda kuPasi, zvaizotora nguva yakareba mazana mana nemakumi matanhatu kupfuura zera razvino Universe. Kune Mapiyona 460 ne2 kubva kuma4, zvingadai zvakatora makore 1960. Mariner 633 kubva muna 000 angadai akazviita mumaawa makumi mashanu nemashanu. Nhasi zvichatora MRS maminitsi matatu.
Dambudziko rega, hongu, nderekuti huwandu hwe data yakagamuchirwa nespacecraft iri kukura nekukurumidza sekuti, kana isiri kukurumidza kupfuura, kukura kwekugona kwayo kutapurirana. Kwemakore makumi mana ekushanda, Voyagers 40 ne1 yakagadzira 2 TB yeruzivo. Iyo NISAR Earth Sayenzi satellite, yakarongerwa kutanga muna 5, ichaburitsa makumi masere neshanu TB yedata pamwedzi. Uye kana maSatellite ePasi achikwanisa kuita izvi, kuendesa huwandu hwe data pakati pemapuraneti inyaya yakasiyana zvachose. Kunyangwe MRS inokurumidza kufambisa 2020 TB yedata kuPasi kwemakore makumi maviri.
"Matanho anotarisirwa ekuongororwa kweMars mukupera kwa2020 uye kutanga kwa2030 achange ari 150 Mbps kana kupfuura, saka ngatiite masvomhu," anodaro Abraham. - Kana chitundumuseremusere cheMRS-kirasi chiri padanho repamusoro kubva kwatiri kuenda kuMars chinogona kutumira ingangoita 1 Mbit/s kune 70-mita antenna paPasi, zvino kuronga kutaurirana nekumhanya kwe150 Mbit/s mutsara we150 70-mita. antennas achadiwa. Hongu, hongu, tinogona kuuya nenzira dzakangwara dzekudzikisa huwandu uhu husinganzwisisike zvishoma, asi dambudziko riri pachena riripo: kuronga interplanetary communications nekumhanya kwe150 Mbps kwakaoma zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, tiri kupera mafrequency anotenderwa. ”
Sezvinoratidzwa naAbrahama, kushanda muS-bhendi kana X-bhendi, mishoni imwe chete ye25 Mbps inotora chikamu chese chiripo. Kune imwe nzvimbo muKa-band, asi maviri chete Mars satellite ane throughput ye150 Mbit/s anozotora iyo yese spectrum. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, iyo interplanetary internet inoda zvinopfuura maredhiyo chete kuti ishande-inovimba nemalaser.
Kubuda kwe optical communications
Lasers inonzwika futuristic, asi iyo pfungwa yekutaurirana kwemaziso inogona kuteverwa kumashure kune patent yakaiswa naAlexander Graham Bell muma1880s. Bell yakagadzira gadziriro umo chiedza chezuva, chainangidzirwa padanda rakatetepa zvikuru, chainangidzirwa padiaphragm inopenya yaizunguzika nemanzwi. Iwo mavibrations akakonzera mutsauko muchiedza chaipfuura nemulenzi chichipinda mucrude photodetector. Shanduko mukupokana kwefotodetector yakashandura ikozvino kupfuura nefoni.
Iyo sisitimu yakanga isina kugadzikana, vhoriyamu yaive yakadzikira, uye Bell akazosiya zano. Asi anenge makore zana gare gare, vakashongedzerwa nemalaser uye fiber optics, NASA mainjiniya vakadzokera kune iyi pfungwa yekare.
"Taiziva zvipimo zveredhiyo frequency system, saka paJPL mukupera kwema1970, kutanga kwema1980, takatanga kukurukura nezve mukana wekutumira mameseji kubva munzvimbo yakadzika tichishandisa space lasers," akadaro Abraham. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani izvo uye zvisingagoneke munzvimbo yakadzika yemaziso ekutaurirana, marabhoritari yakatanga kudzidza kwemakore mana Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS) mukupera kwema1980. Chidzidzo ichi chaifanira kupindura mibvunzo yakaoma: ko nezvemamiriro ekunze uye matambudziko ekuonekwa (mushure mezvose, masaisai eredhiyo anogona kupfuura nemumakore zviri nyore, nepo lasers isingakwanise)? Ko kana Sun-Earth-probe angle ikava yakanyanya kuoma? Ko detector iri paPasi inogona kusiyanisa chiratidzo chisina kusimba kubva kuchiedza chezuva? Uye pakupedzisira, zvese izvi zvichadhura zvakadii uye zvichave zvakakosha here? “Tichiri kutsvaka mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi,” anobvuma kudaro Abraham. "Zvisinei, mhinduro dzinowedzera kutsigira mukana wekutapurirana data."
DSRSS yakakurudzira kuti nzvimbo iri pamusoro pemhepo yePasi ndiyo yakanyatsokodzera kufambiswa kwemashoko neredhiyo. Zvakataurwa kuti optical communications system yakaiswa pane orbital station yaizoita zvirinani pane chero yakavakirwa pasi, kusanganisira iconic 70-mita antennas. Mupasi-Earth orbit, yakarongwa kuendesa dhishi remamita gumi, uye wozoisimudza kune geosynchronous. Zvisinei, mutengo wegadziriro yakadaro—inosanganisira setiraiti ine dishi, motokari yokuvhura, uye materminal mashanu evashandisi—wairambidza. Uyezve, chidzidzo chacho hachina kutombobatanidza mari yegadziriro inodiwa yekubatsira iyo yaizotanga kushanda kana pakaitika satellite yakundikana.
Nezvehurongwa uhu, Laboratory yakatanga kutarisa mavakirwo epasi anotsanangurwa mumushumo weLabhoritari's Ground Based Advanced Technology Study (GBATS), wakaitwa panguva imwe chete neDRSS. Vanhu vanoshanda paGBATS vakauya nemamwe mazano maviri. Yekutanga kuisirwa zviteshi zvitanhatu zvine 10-mita antennas uye mita-kureba antenna anowanikwa 60 madhigirii akaparadzana pamwe neequator yese. Zviteshi zvacho zvaifanira kuvakwa pamusoro pemakomo, uko mamiriro ekunze aive akajeka kanenge 66% yemazuva pagore. Saka, 2-3 zviteshi zvichagara zvichionekwa kune chero spacecraft, uye ivo vanove nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana. Yechipiri sarudzo zviteshi zvipfumbamwe, zvakaunganidzwa mumapoka evatatu, uye inowanikwa 120 madhigirii kubva kune mumwe. Zviteshi mukati meboka rimwe nerimwe zvinofanira kunge zvakawanikwa makiromita 200 kubva kune mumwe nemumwe kuitira kuti zvive pachena, asi mumasero emamiriro ekunze akasiyana.
Ese ari maviri magadzirirwo eGBATS aive akachipa kupfuura nzira yenzvimbo, asi vaive nematambudziko. Chekutanga, sezvo masaini aifanira kufamba mumhepo yePasi, kugamuchirwa kwemasikati kwaizove kwakaipisisa kupfuura kugamuchirwa kwehusiku nekuda kwedenga rakavhenekerwa. Pasinei nehurongwa hwakangwara, zviteshi zvepasi zvinotaridzika zvichaenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Chitundumuseremusere chakanongedza laser pachiteshi chepasi chinozopedzisira chafanirwa kujairana nemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka uye kumisazve kutaurirana nechimwe chiteshi chisina kuvharwa nemakore.
Nekudaro, zvisinei nezvinetso, mapurojekiti eDSRSS neGBATS akateya hwaro hwedzidziso hwemaoptical masisitimu enzvimbo yakadzika yekutaurirana uye kusimukira kwazvino kwemainjiniya kuNASA. Chakanga chasara kwaiva kuvaka hurongwa hwakadaro uye kuratidza kushanda kwayo. Sezvineiwo, izvi zvakanga zvangosara nemwedzi mishomanana kubva.
Kuitwa kweprojekiti
Kusvika panguva iyoyo, kufambiswa kwedata muchadenga kwakanga kwatoitika. Kuedza kwekutanga kwakaitwa muna 1992, apo Galileo probe yakanga yakananga kuJupiter uye yakatendeudzira kamera yayo-yepamusoro-soro yakananga kuPasi kuti igashire zvakanaka seti yemalaser pulses yakatumirwa kubva pateresikopu ye60-cm paTable Mountain Observatory uye kubva pa1,5 m. USAF Starfire Optical telescope Range muNew Mexico. Panguva ino, Galileo aive 1,4 miriyoni km kubva kuPasi, asi ese ari maviri laser matanda akarova kamera yayo.
MaJapan neEuropean Space Agencies akakwanisawo kumisa kutaurirana kwemaziso pakati pezviteshi zvepasi uye masatellite muEarth orbit. Vakazokwanisa kumisa 50 Mbps kubatana pakati pemasatelliti maviri. Makore akati kuti apfuura, chikwata cheGermany chakagadzira 5,6 Gbps yakabatana optical bidirectional link pakati peNFIRE satellite muEarth orbit uye chiteshi chepasi muTenerife, Spain. Asi zvese izvi zviitiko zvakabatana nepasi-Earth orbit.
Iyo yekutanga chaiyo yekuona yekubatanidza chiteshi chepasi uye chitundumuseremusere chiri mu orbit padhuze neimwe nyika mune solar system yakavambwa muna Ndira 2013. Mufananidzo we152 x 200 pixel dema-ne-chena weMona Lisa wakafambiswa kubva kuNext Generation Satellite Laser Ranging Station paNASA Goddard Space Flight Center kuenda kuLunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) pa300 bps. Kukurukurirana kwaiva kwenzira imwe chete. LRO yakatumira mufananidzo wayakagamuchira kubva kuPasi kuburikidza neredhiyo nguva dzose. Mufananidzo wacho waida kugadziridzwa kukanganisa kwesoftware, asi kunyangwe pasina iyi coding zvaive nyore kuziva. Uye panguva iyoyo, kutangwa kwehurongwa hwakasimba kuMwedzi hwakanga hwatorongwa.
Kubva muchirongwa che2013 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Kubvisa ruzivo kubva mukukanganisa kwekutapurirana kwakaunzwa nemhepo yePasi (kuruboshwe), masayendisiti epaGoddard Space Flight Center akashandisa Reed-Solomon kukanganisa kugadzirisa (kurudyi), iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaCD nemaDVD. Kukanganisa kwakajairika kunosanganisira kushaikwa mapixels (machena) uye zviratidzo zvenhema (dema). Mutsetse muchena unoratidza kumbomira kupfupi mukutapurirana.
«(LADEE) yakapinda lunar orbit musi waGumiguru 6, 2013, uye vhiki chete gare gare yakatanga pulsed laser kuendesa data. Panguva ino, NASA yakaedza kuronga nzira mbiri dzekukurukurirana pakukurumidza kwe20 Mbit / s mune imwe nzira uye rekodhi rekodha ye622 Mbit / s mune imwe nzira. Dambudziko chete raive renguva pfupi yehupenyu hwemishoni. LRO's optical communications yaingoshanda kwemaminetsi mashoma panguva. LADEE yakachinjana data nelaser yake kwemaawa gumi nematanhatu mumazuva makumi matatu. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akagadzirirwa kuchinja nekutangwa kweLaser Communications Demonstration (LCRD) setiraiti, yakarongerwa June 16. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuratidza kuti zvirongwa zvekutaurirana mune ramangwana zvichashanda sei.
LCRD iri kuvandudzwa kuNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory yakabatana neMIT's Lincoln Laboratory. Ichange iine maviri optical terminals: imwe yekutaurirana mune yakaderera-Earth orbit, imwe yenzvimbo yakadzika. Yekutanga ichafanirwa kushandisa Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK). Iyo transmitter inotumira laser pulses pane frequency ye2,88 GHz. Uchishandisa tekinoroji iyi, chidimbu chega chega chinozovharwa nemusiyano wechikamu cheanoteedzana pulses. Ichakwanisa kushanda nekumhanya kwe2,88 Gbps, asi izvi zvinoda simba rakawanda. Detectors vanogona kungoona mutsauko wepulse mune yakakwirira-simba masaini, saka DPSK inoshanda zvakanaka kune pedyo-Earth kutaurirana, asi haisiyo nzira yakanakisa yenzvimbo yakadzika, uko kuchengetedza simba kunonetsa. Chiratidzo chinotumirwa kubva kuMars chichapera simba panguva yachasvika paNyika, saka LCRD ichashandisa tekinoroji inoshanda inonzi pulse phase modulation kuratidza kutaurirana kwemaziso nenzvimbo yakadzika.
NASA mainjiniya anogadzirira LADEE yekuyedza
Muna 2017, mainjiniya akaedza modemu dzendege mukamuri yekupisa yekupisa
Abraham anotsanangura kuti, “Kuverenga mafotoni. - Nguva pfupi yakagoverwa yekutaurirana yakakamurwa kuita nguva yakati wandei. Kuti uwane data, unongoda kutarisa kana mafotoni adhumhana ne detector panguva yega yega. Aya ndiwo manyorerwo akaitwa data muFIM. " Zvakafanana neMorse kodhi, asi nekukurumidza-kukurumidza. Pamwe pane kupenya pane imwe nguva kana kuti hakuna, uye meseji inoiswa encoded nekutevedzana kwekupenya. "Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura DPSK, tinogona kupa makumi kana mazana eMbps ye optical communications kubva kure neMars," Abraham anowedzera.
Ehe, chirongwa cheLCRD hachisi chete aya materminals maviri. Inofanirawo kushanda seInternet hub munzvimbo. Pasi, zviteshi zvitatu zvichashanda neLCRD: imwe kuWhite Sands muNew Mexico, imwe paTable Mountain muCalifornia, uye imwe paHawaii Island kana Maui. Pfungwa ndeyekuyedza kuchinja kubva pane imwe chiteshi kuenda kune imwe kana mamiriro ekunze akaipa akaitika pane imwe yezviteshi. Iyo mishoni ichayedzawo mashandiro eLCRD semutakuri wedata. Chiratidzo chemaziso kubva kune chimwe chezviteshi chinozotumirwa kune satellite uye chobva chaendeswa kune chimwe chiteshi - zvese kuburikidza ne optical link.
Kana iyo data isingakwanise kutamiswa nekukasira, LCRD inoichengeta nekuiendesa kana mukana wamuka. Kana iyo data iri yekukurumidzira kana pasina nzvimbo yakakwana munzvimbo yekuchengetedza, iyo LCRD inoitumira nekukurumidza kuburikidza neKa-band antenna. Saka, inotangira kune ramangwana transmitter satellite, LCRD ichave yakasanganiswa radio-optical system. Iyi ndiyo chaiyo mhando yeyuniti iyo NASA inoda kuisa mu orbit yakatenderedza Mars kumisikidza interplanetary network iyo inotsigira yakadzika nzvimbo yekuongorora kwevanhu muma2030s.
Kuunza Mars online
Mugore rapfuura, boka raAbraham rakanyora mapepa maviri anotsanangura nezveramangwana rekutaurirana kwakadzika kwemuchadenga, izvo zvicharatidzwa kumusangano weSpaceOps muFrance muna Chivabvu 2019.") inopa tsananguro yakadzama yezvivakwa zvinokwanisa kupa Internet-sevhisi yevazivi venyeredzi paRed Planet.
Kufungidzira kweavhareji yeavhareji yekumhanyisa data yaive yakatenderedza 215 Mbit/s yekurodha uye 28 Mbit/s yekurodha. Iyo Mars Internet ichave ine matatu network: WiFi inovhara nzvimbo yekuongorora pamusoro, network yepuraneti inotumira data kubva kumusoro kuenda kuPasi, uye Earth Network, yakadzika nzvimbo yekutaurirana network ine masaiti matatu ane basa rekugamuchira iyi data uye kutumira mhinduro ku Mars.
“Pakugadzira zvivakwa zvakadai, pane matambudziko akawanda. Inofanirwa kuve yakavimbika uye yakagadzikana, kunyangwe iri kure kure kusvika kuMars ye2,67 AU. mukati menguva dzokusangana kwakakwirira kwezuva, apo Mars inovanda kuseri kweZuva,” anodaro Abraham. Kubatana kwakadaro kunoitika makore maviri ese uye kunokanganisa zvachose kutaurirana neMars. “Nhasi hatikwanise kutsungirira izvi. Nzvimbo dzese dzekumhara uye dzekutenderera dziri paMars dzinongotadza kuonana nePasi kweanenge mavhiki maviri. Nekutaurirana kwemaziso, kurasikirwa kwekutaurirana nekuda kwekubatana kwezuva kuchave kwakareba, mavhiki gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu. " Kumarobhoti, mapundu akadaro haasi kunyanya kutyisa. Kuzviparadzanisa kwakadaro hakuvakonzeri zvinetso, nokuti havafinhwa, havasurukirwi, uye havafaniri kuona vadiwa vavo. Asi kune vanhu zvakasiyana zvachose.
“Saka zvinoti tinobvumira kushandiswa kwema<em>orbital transmitters akaiswa mudenderedzwa reequatorial orbit makiromita 17300 1500 pamusoro peMars,” anoenderera mberi Abraham. Maererano neongororo iyi, vanofanira kuyera 20 kg imwe neimwe, uye vave mubhodhi seti yezviteshi zvinoshanda mu X-band, Ka-band, uye optical range, uye zvichishandiswa nemagetsi ezuva ane simba re30-XNUMX kW. Vanofanira kutsigira Delay Tolerant Network Protocol-chaizvoizvo TCP/IP, yakagadzirirwa kubata kunonoka kwenguva refu kuchaitika nenzira isingadzivisiki mumapuraneti epakati. Zviteshi zve orbital zvinotora chikamu mumambure zvinofanirwa kunge zvichikwanisa kutaurirana nevazivi vemuchadenga uye mota dziri pamusoro pepasi, nezviteshi zvepasi uye nemumwe.
"Kubatana uku kwakakosha nekuti kunoderedza huwandu hwema antennas anodiwa kutumira data pa250 Mbps," anodaro Abraham. Chikwata chake chinofungidzira kuti nhevedzano yemamita makumi matatu nematatu antenna angazodiwa kuti agamuchire 250 Mbps data kubva kune imwe yeaya anotenderera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti NASA ichada kuvaka matatu ekuwedzera antenna munzvimbo dzakadzika dzekutaurirana, asi dzinotora makore kuvaka uye dzinodhura zvakanyanya. "Asi isu tinofunga kuti nhepfenyuro mbiri dzinogona kugovera data uye kutumira panguva imwe chete pa34 Mbps, neimwe transmitter ichitumira imwe hafu yepakiti yedata uye imwe ichitumira imwe," anodaro Abraham. Kunyangwe nhasi, 125-mita yakadzika nzvimbo yekutaurirana antennas inogona panguva imwe chete kugamuchira data kubva kune ina dzakasiyana siyana kamwechete, zvichikonzera kudiwa kwemaantenna matatu kupedza basa. "Kugamuchira maviri 34 Mbps kutapurirana kubva munzvimbo imwechete yedenga kunoda huwandu hwakafanana hwema antenna sekugamuchira imwe chete," anotsanangura Abraham. "Mamwe antenna anongodiwa chete kana iwe uchida kutaura nekumhanya kwakanyanya."
Kugadzirisa dambudziko rekusangana kwezuva, timu yaAbrahamu yakaronga kuburitsa satellite kune L4/L5 mapoinzi eSun-Mars/Sun-Earth orbit. Zvino, panguva dzekubatana, inogona kushandiswa kufambisa data yakatenderedza Zuva, pane kutumira masaini kuburikidza nayo. Nehurombo, panguva iyi kumhanya kunodonha kusvika ku100 Kbps. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvichashanda, asi zvinoyamwa.
Zvichakadaro, vazivi vemuchadenga veramangwana paMars vachangomirira maminetsi anopfuura matatu kuti vagamuchire pikicha yekatsi, tisingaverenge kunonoka kunogona kusvika maminetsi makumi mana. Neraki, vavariro dzevanhu dzisati dzatiendesa mberi kupfuura Red Planet, iyo interplanetary Internet ichatoshanda zvakanaka nguva zhinji.
Source: www.habr.com