Zvinoita sekuti Homer nenhetembo dzake chimwe chinhu chiri kure, chekare, chakaoma kuverenga uye chisina ruzivo. Asi handizvo. Isu tose takazadzwa naHomer, tsika yechiGiriki yekare kubva kuEurope yose: mutauro wedu uzere nemashoko uye zvinyorwa kubva mumabhuku echiGiriki ekare: tora mazwi akadai se "Homeric laughter", "hondo yevamwari", " Achilles chitsitsinho", "apuro rekupokana" uye chizvarwa chedu: "Trojan horse". Zvose zvinobva kuna Homer. Uye pesvedzero yetsika dzechiGiriki, mutauro wevaGiriki (vaGiriki vaisaziva izwi rekuti "Girisi" uye havana kuzvidaidza kuti, iyi ethnonym yakauya kwatiri kubva kuvaRoma) haisi mubvunzo. Chikoro, academy, gymnasium, philosophy, fizikisi (metaphysics) uye masvomhu, tekinoroji ... kwaya, nhanho, gitare, murevereri - haugone kunyora zvese - ese aya mazwi ekare echiGiriki. Wanga usingazivi here?
...
Uye zvinonziwo maGiriki ndivo vakatanga kugadzira mari mumhando yemakoini akagadzirwa ... The alphabet sezvatinoiziva. Mari yekutanga yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakasikwa alloy yesirivha negoridhe, iyo yavakadana electr (hello kune electronic money). Arufabheti ine mavhawero uye, naizvozvo, kupfuudzwa kwemanzwi ose eizwi pakunyora pasina mubvunzo kugadzirwa kwechiGiriki, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vachifunga nezvevatangi vevaFenikiya vanoshingaira (vanhu vechiSemite vaigara zvikuru munharaunda yeSyria yemazuva ano neIsrael) , vakanga vasina mavhawero. Sezvineiwo, arufabheti yechiLatin yakabva zvakananga kubva muchiGiriki, sechiSlavic. Asi maarufabheti ekupedzisira enyika dzekuMadokero kweEurope atove mabviro echiLatin. Mupfungwa iyi, yedu Cyrillic iri munzvimbo imwechete neLatin ...
Uye yakawanda sei chiGiriki musayenzi, mabhuku? Iambic, trochee, muse, mbira, nhetembo, stanza, Pegasus naParnassus. Iro iro izwi rekuti "nhetembo", "nhetembo", pakupedzisira - ese ave pachena kubva kupi. Iwe haugone kuanyora ese! Asi zita rezvinyorwa zvangu rinoratidza pathos (izwi rekare rechiGiriki) re "kuwanikwa" kwangu. Uye saka, ini ndichabata mabhiza angu uye ndinoenda kune Izvozvi, ndinopokana kuti yekutanga yakavhurika sosi (ngazvive zvakadaro, ini ndichawedzera) negit yakaonekwa kure kare: muGreece yekare (chaizvoizvo, muGreece yekare) uye mumiriri akatanhamara weichi chiitiko ndiHomer mukuru anozivikanwa zvikuru.
Zvakanaka, sumo yaitwa, zvino nezve zvese zvakarongeka. Disclaimer: Ndichapa zvirevo zvepakutanga zvemashoko echiGiriki ari pamusoro apa kune misoro iri kumagumo echinyorwa (hazvitarisirwi munzvimbo) - izvi ndezveavo vanoverenga chinyorwa ichi kusvika kumagumo. Saka handei!
Homer.
Itsika yekunyora nhetembo dzeHomer mukuru kubva kumagumo e3 kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX BC, kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa izvi zvakatanga kubuda pakarepo mushure mezviitiko zvinotsanangurwa mazviri, ndiko kuti, pane imwe nzvimbo muzana remakore rechiXNUMX BC. . Mune mamwe mazwi, ivo vangangoita zviuru zvitatu zvemakore. Zvakananga zvakanzi kuna Homer iIliad neOdyssey, Homeric Hymns uye akati wandei mamwe mabasa, akadai senhetembo Margit naBatrachomyomachia (parody satirical yeIliad, iyo inodudzira se "Hondo yembeva nematatya" (machia). - kurwa, kuvhuvhuta, kupotsa - mbeva). Maererano nemasayendisiti, mabasa maviri ekutanga chete ndeaHomer, vamwe vose, sevamwe vakawanda, vanonzi kwaari (nei ini ndichataura pasi apa), maererano nevamwe, Iliad chete ndeyake. kuna Homer ... kazhinji , kukakavara kunoenderera mberi, asi chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi - Homer zvechokwadi aive uye zviitiko zvaanotsanangura pedyo nemadziro eTroy zvakaitika (zita rechipiri reguta iri Ilion, saka "Iliad")
Tinozviziva sei izvi? Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Heinrich Schliemann, muGermany akaita rombo rakanaka muRussia, akaziva kurota kwake kweudiki: akawana uye akafukura Troy munharaunda yeTurkey yemazuva ano, achinyatso shandura pfungwa dzese dzekare nezvenguva idzodzo uye zvinyorwa. pamusoro penyaya iyi. Zvaimbotendwa kuti zviitiko zveTrojan zvakatanga nekutiza kweHelen akanaka aine Trojan muchinda Paris (Alexander) kuenda kuTroy zvese ngano, nekuti kunyangwe kumaGiriki ekare zviitiko zvinotsanangurwa munhetembo zvainzi zvekare. Nekudaro, kwete chete madziro eTroy akacherwa uye zvishongo zvekare zvegoridhe zvenguva iyoyo zvakawanikwa (zviri munzvimbo yeruzhinji muTretyakov Gallery), mahwendefa evhu akazotevera enzvimbo yekare kwazvo yevaHiti, yakavakidzana neTroy, akawanikwa, mazita ane mukurumbira akawanikwa: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Alexander ... Saka mavara akave enhoroondo sezvo mahwendefa aya airatidza mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye emari yeichimbova ine simba nyika yevaHiti. Sezvineiwo, kwete muTroad pachayo, kana muHellas (zvinonakidza, asi izwi iri rakanga risipo munguva idzodzo dziri kure) pakanga pasina kunyorwa panguva iyoyo. Izvi ndizvo zvakapa kukurudzira mukuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa chedu, zvisingaite.
Saka Homer. Homer akanga ari aed - ndiko kuti, muimbi anodzungaira wenziyo dzake (aed - muimbi). Kwaakaberekerwa uye kuti akafa sei hazvinyatsozivikanwi. Kusanganisira nokuti maguta asingasviki manomwe kumativi ose eGungwa reAegean akarwira kodzero yokunzi nyika yokumusha kwaHomer, uyewo nzvimbo yaakafira munguva dzekare: Smirna, Kios, Pylos, Samos, Atene nedzimwe. Homer harisi zita chairo, asi zita remadunhurirwa. Zvinoreva kubva panguva yekare chimwe chinhu chakadai se "nhapwa". Zvichida, zita raakapihwa pakuzvarwa raive Melesigen, zvinoreva kuti akazvarwa naMelesius, asi izvi hazvina chokwadi futi. Kare, Homer aiwanzonzi uyu: Mudetembi (Vadetembi). Yakanga ine vara guru, iro rairatidzirwa nechinyorwa chinowirirana nacho. Uye munhu wese aiziva zvavaitaura. Vadetembi - zvinoreva "musiki" - nderimwe izwi rekare rechiGiriki mubhangi redu renguruve.
Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti Homer (Omir muOri yekare) akanga ari bofu uye akwegura, asi hapana uchapupu hweizvi. Homer amene haana kuzvirondedzera amene munzira ipi neipi munziyo dzake, uyewo haatsanangurwi navakararama panguva imwe cheteyo (mudetembi Hesiod, somuenzaniso). Munzira dzakawanda, pfungwa iyi inobva pakutsanangurwa kweAeds muOdyssey yake: vakuru, mapofu, vane vhudzi rakachena mumakore avo ekuderera, pamwe chete nekuenda kwakapararira kwemapofu epanguva iyoyo kuva vaimbi vanodzungaira, bofu haaigona kushanda, uye ipapo penjeni haina kugadzirwa.
Sezvatotaurwa, vaGiriki vakanga vasina mutauro wakanyorwa mumazuva iwayo, uye kana tikafunga kuti vazhinji veAed vaiva mapofu kana mapofu (magirazi akanga asati agadzirwa), saka havaizoda, naizvozvo, Aed akaimba. nziyo dzake kubva mundangariro chete .
Zvaiita sezvizvi. Mukuru anodzungaira ari oga kana nomudzidzi (mutungamiri) akatama kubva kune rimwe guta achienda kune rimwe, uko akagamuchirwa noushamwari navanhu vomunharaunda: kazhinji kazhinji mambo amene (basil) kana kuti mupfumi akapfuma mudzimba dzavo. Manheru, pakudya kwemanheru kana pachiitiko chinokosha - symposia (simposium - mabiko, doro, pati), aed akatanga kuimba nziyo dzake uye akaita izvi kusvika pakati pehusiku. Akaimba achiperekedzwa neformingo ine tambo ina (tateguru wembira uye yakazopera cithara), akaimba pamusoro pavamwari noupenyu hwavo, pamusoro pemagamba nezviito, pamusoro pamadzimambo ekare uye zviitiko zvine chokuita zvakananga navateereri, nokuti vose zvavo zvirokwazvo. vaizvirangarira vamene vazukuru vaavo vanodudzwa muidzi nziyo dzimene. Uye kwaiva nenziyo zhinji dzakadaro. Iyo "Iliad" uye "Odyssey" yakaburukira kwatiri zvizere, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti chete nezvezviitiko muTroy pakanga paine epic cycle (kutenderera mumaonero edu, maGiriki akange asina tsamba "c" , asi kwatiri mashoko akawanda echiGiriki anoti cycle, cycle, cynic akauya mumutauro wechiLatin: cycle, cyclops, cynic) kubva munhetembo dzinopfuura 12. Iwe unogona kushamisika, muverengi, asi muIliad hapana tsanangudzo ye "Trojan bhiza", nhetembo inopera zvishomanana kupfuura kuwa kweIlion. Tinodzidza nezvebhiza kubva ku "Odyssey" nedzimwe nhetembo dzeTrojan cycle, kunyanya kubva mudetembo "Kufa kweIlion" naArktin. Izvi zvese zvinonakidza kwazvo, asi zvinotibvisa kubva pachinyorwa, saka ndiri kungotaura nezvazvo mukufamba.
Hongu tinoti Iliad inhetembo, asi rwaiva rwiyo (kusvika nanhasi zvitsauko zvaro zvichiri kunzi nziyo). Aed haana kuverenga, asi akaimba achirebesa kune ruzha rwetambo kubva mutsinga dzenzombe, achishandisa pfupa rakakwenenzverwa - plectrum semurevereri (imwe mhoro kubva kare), uye vateereri vakanaka, vachiziva maratidziro ezviitiko zvinotsanangurwa, vakafarira zvakadzama.
Iyo Iliad neOdyssey nhetembo huru kwazvo. Kupfuura 15 zviuru uye kupfuura mitsara zviuru gumi nezviviri, zvichiteerana. Uye saka vakaimba kwemanheru mazhinji. Yakanga yakafanana zvikuru neyemazuva ano TV series. Manheru, vateereri vakaungana zvakare vakatenderedza aed uye nemweya wekufema, uye munzvimbo dzine misodzi nekuseka vakateerera kuenderera kwenyaya dzakaimbwa nezuro. Iyo yakareba uye inonakidza nhevedzano, vanhu vakareba vanoramba vakanamatira kwairi. Saka vaAed vaigara vachidya nevateereri vavo vachiteerera nziyo dzavo refu.
Β»Muunganidzi wegore Zeus Kronid, ishe wezvose, akapisa zvidya zvake,
Ipapo vapfumi vakagara pasi pamutambo ... uye vakafarira.
Muimbi waMwari akaimba pasi pekuumbwa, - Demodok, inoremekedzwa nevanhu vose. "
Homer. "Odyssey"
Saka, inguva yekunanga kune iyo pfungwa. Isu tine hunyanzvi hweAeds, maAeds pachavo, nhetembo refu-nziyo uye kusavapo kwekunyora. Nhetembo idzi dzakadzika sei kwatiri kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC?
Asi kutanga, imwe pfungwa inokosha. Tinoti βnhetemboβ nekuti rugwaro rwavo rwaive rwenhetembo, rwenhetembo (ndima nderimwe izwi rekare rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti βhurongwaβ)
Maererano nemunyori wenhoroondo yekare, mudzidzi weRussia Academy yeScience Igor Evgenievich Surikov: nhetembo inoyeukwa zviri nani uye inopfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. βEdza kubata nemusoro nganonyorwa, kunyanya chidimbu chihombe, nenhetembo β kuti ndikwanise kudzokorora nhetembo dzakati wandei dzandakadzidza kuchikoro,β akatiudza. Uye ichokwadi. Mumwe nomumwe wedu anoyeuka zvishoma mitsara yenhetembo (uye kunyange nhetembo) uye vanhu vashomanana vanoyeuka zvishoma ndima yakazara yakatorwa kubva muprose.
VaGiriki vekare havana kushandisa rhyme, kunyange zvazvo vaizviziva. Hwaro hwenhetembo hwaive mutinhimira, umo kumwe kuchinjika kwemazwi marefu uye marefu akaumba mamita enhetembo: iambic, trochee, dactyl, amphibrachs uye nevamwe (iyi rondedzero yakakwana yemamita enhetembo munhetembo yemazuva ano). VaGiriki vehukuru uhu vaive nemhando dzakasiyana siyana. Vaiziva rhyme yacho asi vaisaishandisa. Asi iyo rhythmic yakasiyana-siyana yakapawo akasiyana masitaera: troche, sponde, sapphic vhesi, alcaean stanza uye, hongu, yakakurumbira hexameter. Saizi yangu yandinofarira iambic trimeter. (joke) Meta zvinoreva chiyero. Rimwe izwi rekuunganidza kwedu.
Hexameter yaiva mita yenziyo (himnos - munamato kuna vamwari) uye nhetembo dzakanyanya kufanana nedzaHomer. Iwe unogona kutaura nezvazvo kwenguva yakareba, ini ndichataura chete kuti vazhinji, uye gare gare, kusanganisira vadetembi veRoma, vakanyora muhexameter, semuenzaniso, Virgil muAeneid yake, nhetembo yekutevedzera yeOdyssey, umo munhu mukuru Aeneas. vanotiza Troy yakaparadzwa vachienda kumusha wavo mutsva, Italy.
Anoyerera nzizi, uye zvikavava pamusoro pePeridhi: mwoyo une simba
Muminhenga yegamba, ine mvere pakati pezviviri, pfungwa dzakapishana:
Kana, pakarepo achivhomora bakatwa rakapinza kubva kumukadzi,
Kuparadzira vanosangana naye uye kuuraya ishe Atiridhi;
Kana kuninipisa hutsinye, kudzora mweya wakashungurudzika ... "
Homer. "Iliad" (yakashandurwa naGnedich)
Sezvo ini ndichiita sendatotaura, maAeds pachavo vakatanga kuimba zviitiko zveTrojan War nguva pfupi mushure mekupedzwa kwayo. Saka mu "Odyssey" chimiro chezita, ari kure nemusha, mugore regumi rekudzungaira, anonzwa rwiyo rweAeda pamusoro pake uye anotanga kuchema, achivanza misodzi yake kubva kune wese pasi pejasi rake.
Saka, zvinoitika kuti nziyo dzakaonekwa muzana remakore re XIII, Homer akaimba yake "Iliad" muzana remakore reVIII. Rugwaro rwayo rwechokwadi rwakanyorwa makore mazana maviri gare gare, muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC muAtene pasi pemudzvinyiriri Peisistratus. Magwaro aya akauya sei uye akasvika sei kwatiri? Uye mhinduro ndeiyi: Imwe neimwe yaitevera aed yakagadziridza kodhi kodhi yevanyori vekare, uye kazhinji yakaforodha nziyo dzevamwe vanhu, uye yakazviita sechinhu chechokwadi, sezvo ichi chaionekwa sechinyakare. Copyright mumazuva iwayo kwete chete yakanga isipo, kazhinji uye zvikuru gare gare, nekuuya kwekunyora, "copyright in reverse" yakanga ichishanda: apo munyori anozivikanwa zvishoma akasaina mabasa ake nezita guru, nokuti haana pasina chikonzero. aidavira kuti izvi zvaizoita kuti basa rake ribudirire.
Git yakashandiswa nevadzidzi nevateereri veAeds, avo vakazova vaimbi, pamwe nemakwikwi eAed, aiitwa nguva nenguva uye kwavaigona kunzwa mumwe nemumwe. Saka, somuenzaniso, kwaiva nepfungwa yokuti kana Homer naHesiodhi vangosvika pakupedzisira kwevadetembi uye kuti, maererano nevatongi vakawanda, zvinoshamisa, Hesiod akahwina nzvimbo yokutanga. (sei ndiri kusiirira pano)
Kuitwa kwega kwega kwerwiyo rwake naAed kwakange kusiri kuita kwekuita chete, asiwo chiitiko chekugadzira: pese paainyora rwiyo rwake, sokunge zvakadaro, kubva munhevedzano yezvivharo zvakagadzirirwa-zvakagadzirwa uye mitsara - mafomula, ane imwe chiyero. yekuvandudza uye kukwereta, kupukuta uye kushandura zvidimbu zve "code" "pane nhunzi". Panguva imwecheteyo, sezvo zviitiko uye vanhu vainyatsozivikanwa kune vateereri, akaita izvi zvichibva pane imwe "musimboti" uye, zvakakosha, pamutauro unokosha wenhetembo - mutauro wepurogiramu, sezvatingataura zvino. Chimbofungidzira kuti inotaridzika sei senge kodhi yemazuva ano: nhanganyaya, mabhuroko emamiriro uye zvishwe, zviitiko, mafomula, uye zvese izvi mumutauro unokosha wakasiyana nemutauro unotaurwa! Kutevera ndimi kwaive kwakaomarara uye mushure memazana emakore mabasa enhetembo akasiyana akanyorwa nemitauro yawo chaiyo (Ionian, Aeolian, Dorian), zvisinei nekuti munyori aibva kupi! Kungotevedzera zvinodiwa ne "code"!
Nokudaro, kubva mukukwereta kubva kune mumwe kune mumwe, rugwaro rwechokwadi rwakatangwa. Sezviri pachena, Homer pachake akakwereta, asi kusiyana neavo vakanga vanyura mukukanganwa (Leta ndeimwe yenzizi dzoumambo hwepasi pevhu hweHadhesi, kutyisidzira kukanganwa), akazviita nounyanzvi, achigadzira rwiyo rumwe kubva kune vakawanda, achiita kuti ruve rwakakwana, rwakajeka, rwekufungidzira. uye isingaenzaniswi muchimiro uye mune zvemukati sarudzo. Zvikasadaro, zita rake rakaramba risingazivikanwi uye ringadai rakatsiviwa nevamwe vanyori. Yakanga iri nyanzvi ye "chinyorwa" chake, chakachengetwa nezvizvarwa zvevaimbi shure kwake (pasina mubvunzo yakagadziridzwa, asi kusvika pamwero muduku), iyo yakachengetedza nzvimbo yake munhoroondo. Panyaya iyi, Homer akazova nhanho yakaoma-kusvika-kusvika, chiyero, kutaura nenzira yekufananidzira, monolithic "core" yezvisikwa zvose zvenziyo, kuti, maererano nemasayendisiti, akasvika pakunyorwa kwake kwakanyorwa mushanduro iri pedyo zvikuru. original. Uye izvi zvinoita sechokwadi. Zvinoshamisa kuti mavara ake akanaka sei! Uye kuti zvinoonekwa sei nemuverengi akagadzirira. Zvakanga zvisiri pasina kuti Pushkin naTolstoy vaiyemura Homer, uye kunyange Tolstoy, Alexander the Great pachake, haana kugovera mupumburu weIliad kwezuva rimwe chete - ichokwadi chakanyorwa kare.
Ndakataura pamusoro peTrojan cycle, iyo yaive nenhevedzano yemabasa anoratidza chimwe kana chimwe chikamu cheTrojan War. Muchikamu, aya aive ekutanga "maforogo" eHomer's Iliad, akanyorwa muhexameter uye achizadza zvikamu zvisina kuratidzwa muIliad. Vanenge vese havana kusvika kwatiri zvachose, kana kuti vakapona muzvidimbu zvidimbu. Ndiko kutonga kwenhoroondo - sezviri pachena, vaive vakaderera zvakanyanya kunaHomer uye havana kupararira zvakanyanya pakati pevanhu.
Rega ndipfupise. Imwe mutauro wakasimba wenziyo, maforomu avakagadzirwa kubva, rusununguko rwekugovera uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, kuvhurika kwavo kune nguva dzose kugadziridzwa kwevamwe - iyi ndiyo yatinoti yakavhurika sosi - yakamuka mukutanga kwetsika yedu. Mumunda wemvumo uye panguva imwechete yekugadzira pamwe chete. Ichokwadi. Kazhinji, zvakawanda zvatinoona se-ultra-modern zvinogona kuwanikwa mumazana emakore. Uye zvatinoona sezvitsva zvingave zvakambovapo. Muna ikoku, tinorangarira mashoko anobva muBhaibheri, anobva muna Muparidzi (anonzi akanyorwa naMambo Soromoni):
βPane chimwe chinhu chavanoti nezvacho: βTarirai, ichi chitsva,β asi ichochi chakanga chatova mumazana amakore akatitangira. Okutanga haarangarirwi; uye pamusoro pezvichazovepo, hapazovi nekuyeukwa kweavo vanozotevera ... "
kupera chikamu 1
Chikoro (chikoro) - varaidzo, nguva yekusununguka.
Academy - grove pedyo neAtene, nzvimbo yechikoro chefilosofi chaPlato
Gymnasium (gymnos - yakashama) - gymnasiums yainzi gyms yekudzidzisa muviri. Mavari vakomana vaidzidzira vasina kupfeka. Nokudaro mazwi e-single-root: gymnastics, gymnast.
Philosophy (phil - kuda, sophia - huchenjeri) ndiye mambokadzi wesainzi.
Fizikisi (fizikisi - zvisikwa) - dzidziso yenyika yezvinhu, zvisikwa
Metaphysics - chaizvoizvo "kunze kwezvisikwa". Aristotle akanga asingazivi pokuisa huMwari uye akadana basa seizvi: "Kwete zvisikwa."
Masvomhu (math - lesson) - zvidzidzo
Technique (tehne - craft) muGreece - vanyori nevavezi, sevagadziri vezvirongo zvevhu, vaive hunyanzvi, mhizha. Saka "craft of the artist"
Chorus - pakutanga kutamba. (saka choreography). Gare gare, sezvo matambiro akaitwa nekuimba kwevakawanda, kwaya iyi yave kuimba ine mazwi akawanda.
Danho (skena) - tende rekupfekedza vanyori. Yakamira pakati peamphitheatre.
Gitare - kubva muchiGiriki chekare "cithara", chiridzwa chine tambo.
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Ndinotaura kutenda kwangu pakugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi.
Source: www.habr.com