Wese munhu, chokwadi, anoziva nhaurirano dzichangoburwa muHurumende Duma maererano nekuzvimiririra RuNet. Vazhinji vakanzwa nezvazvo, asi havana kumbofunga kuti chii uye kuti chine chekuita nazvo. Muchikamu chino, ndakaedza kutsanangura kuti nei izvi zvichidikanwa uye kuti zvichabata sei vashandisi veRussia vepasi rese network.
Mukutaura kwakawanda, zano rekuita mubhiri rinotsanangurwa sezvizvi:
"... bhiri rekutonga kwehurumende pamusoro pekupfuura kweInternet traffic muRussia. Kunyanya, inopa kugadzirwa kwerejista yeIP kero yeRunet uye "kutarisa kushandiswa kwepasi rese kero zviwanikwa uye pasi rose Internet identifiers (DNS uye IP kero)," uye inopawo kugadzwa kwekutonga kwehurumende pamusoro pekutaurirana kwenyika. zviteshi nenzvimbo dzekuchinjana traffic...β
Ndinoda kukwevera pfungwa dzako kune "Kudzora kwehurumende pamusoro penzira yekukurukurirana yepasi rose uye nzvimbo dzekuchinjana traffic" - Iri ndiro "bhiriji rinodhiroka" pakati pemaseva / chiteshi chekupana ruzivo mukati menyika uye nenzira dzakafanana / vashandisi veInternet pasi rese. Kana, zviri nyore kuisa, switch. Verenga kuti uone kuti izvi zvinorevei.
Ehe, ruzhinji rwevezvematongerwo enyika nderwe, iwe unofanirwa kuzvidzivirira kubva kuvavengi, ivo vakatenderedza uye chero nguva vanogona kugura kuwana katsi nembwa mune vaunodzidza navo. Asi iyi igakava riri kure-kure, sezvo World Wide Web yakakura zvokuti vanhu vekuAmerica, kunyange dai vaida, vaisagona kukanganisa basa reRuNet yose, sezvo iri GLOBAL.
Izvo chete nharo (mumaonero angu) e "kuremara" iyo RuNet inogona kuva 2 hypotheses
1. Kuburikidza IΕannes isangano repasi rose risingabatsiri rakanyoreswa muUnited States iro rinogovera mazita emadomasi. Vezvematongerwo enyika veRussia vanoti sangano rinotungamirirwa nevakuru veAmerica uye vanogona, pamirairo yavo, kubvisa nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro ru uye ΡΡ. Asi izvi hazvina kumbobvira zvaitika munhoroondo, kunyangwe nevatambi vane hutsinye uye vadiki (nyika) idzo Washington isingadi. Zvakare, muna 2015, Dhipatimendi reCommerce reUS, iro ICANN yaifanirwa kubvunzana nayo pazvisarudzo zvehungwaru, yakarasikirwa nemabasa aya.
2. Kuburikidza nenharaunda yeInternet IP kero registrar RIPE NCC isangano rakazvimirira reDutch iro rakaramba richisimbisa kuti haribatanidzi mune zvematongerwo enyika, asi rinongochengeta kero. Uyezve, kana vakasarudza kutora zvidhinha zve IP kero kubva kuRussia, izvi zvinokanganisa Internet kune dzimwe nyika.
Kuti uzvinzwisise sei, sei uye sei, mumaonero angu, tinofanira kutanga nenhoroondo pfupi yekuumbwa kweRunet.
Nhoroondo pfupi yeRuNet
Nhoroondo yeInternet yeRussia inogona kutanga zvakachengeteka muna 1990, apo munaJanuary, nemari kubva kuAmerican Association for Progressive Communications kubva kuSan Francisco, sangano revanhu Glasnet rakagadzirwa. Iri sangano reruzhinji rakagadzirirwa kupa hukama kune vadzidzisi, vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu, vezvezvakatipoteredza uye vamwe vanovimbisa nzanga yakavhurika.
1991 - 1995, kubatanidza kwekutanga kuWorld Wide Web kunoonekwa, kazhinji mukati memasangano ekutsvagisa; mukuwirirana, vanopa vekutanga vanobuda uye vanobatanidza vashandisi vashoma. Kunyoreswa kweiyo RU domain kuKurchatov Institute, kugadzira chivakwa chemusana chekubatanidza yunivhesiti network RUNNet (Russian Universities Network). Kuonekwa kwekutanga server.
1996 - Iyo Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) yatanga kuita chirongwa che "University Internet Centers", chakagadzirirwa makore mashanu - kusvika 2001. Chirongwa ichi chinoitwa pamwe chete neHurumende yeRussian Federation. Kutengwa kwemidziyo uye rutsigiro rwemari kuYunivhesiti Internet Centers mumari inosvika zana remamiriyoni emadhora kunopihwa neSoros Foundation. Izvi zvakashanda sekuwedzera kwehunyanzvi hwekusimudzira Internet muRussia.
Nhamba yevashandisi 384 zviuru.
1997 - kubuda kwejini yekutsvaga Yandex.ru yekutsvaga muchikamu chemutauro weRussia.
June 28 inogona kutorwa seyekutanga inozivikanwa chiitiko munhoroondo yakaruramisa iyo Internet - se nzvimbo yemahara. Zvadaro chikamu chakatsaurirwa SORM-2(hurongwa hwekushanda-kutsvaga mabasa), izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kuti vakuru veFSB vakwanise kunzvenga zvinodikanwa zveBumbiro reMitemo nemutemo uripo maererano nezvinosungirwa kuita mutongo wedare kudzikamisa kuvanzika kwetsamba, kune network yemakomputa.
Kuburitswa kwenhau, tsvakiridzo, makomendi, pamwe nekuita kwezviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanangana neSORM-2, zvakakonzera kuti ruzivo nezve chirongwa cheSORM-2, chinobvumira kuongororwa kwevagari, chave kuwanikwa kune veruzhinji.
Huwandu hwevashandisi hwasvika miriyoni 1,2.
1998 - 2000 Nhamba yevashandisi inosvika mamiriyoni 2. Mabhuku makuru ekutanga epaIndaneti anooneka, vanopfuura mazana matatu evashandi veInternet vanoshanda munyika, maumbirwo emagetsi ari kukura nekukura kukuru, mitambo yekutanga yekushambadzira inooneka, kukanganisa kwekutanga kwehungwaru, nezvimwewo.
Kazhinji, iyo 90s inogona kunzi ndiyo hwaro hwekuumbwa nekuvandudzwa kweInternet muRussia, iyo yakasikwa mumamiriro erusununguko uye kushaikwa kwekutonga nehurumende uye, kazhinji, pamutengo wezvekutengeserana uye masangano anobatsira. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mune yayo yemukati decentralized topology yemanetiweki uye maseva, ayo asina kusungirirwa kune chaiwo matunhu uye asingawire pasi pehutongi hweimwe nyika. Zvadaro, zvese izvi zvakabvumira chikamu cheRussia kuti chikure kusvika kuhukuru hunoshamisa.
Nhoroondo yekuedza kutonga kwehurumende
Kutyisidzirwa kwekutonga kwehurumende pamusoro peRunet kwakamuka kare muna 1999, ipapo Minister of Communications Leonid Reiman uye Minister of Press Mikhail Lesin yakarongedzerwa kubvisa chiremera chekutonga nzvimbo yeRU domain kubva kusangano reruzhinji rakagadzirwa kuKurchatov Institute (RosNIIros), iyo yakaisa simba uye mari mukugadzira yekutanga network. Mushure memusangano wemakurukota anotungamirwa neMutungamiriri (Putin) nenhamba dzepaInternet (nekurwa kwakasimba nevekupedzisira), kutonga pamusoro penzvimbo yeRU domain kwakatorerwa kubva kusangano risingadzoreki reruzhinji.
Kubva mubhuku reRed Web - nezve nhoroondo yekutonga kwemasevhisi ehungwaru hwepamba pane telecom:
Musoro weiyo Foundation for Effective Policy (EFP) Gleb Pavlovsky akatanga musangano wenhamba dzeInternet naVladimir Putin, aive Prime Minister panguva iyoyo. Pavlovsky inyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika uyo panguva iyoyo aive pedyo nePresidential Administration. FEP yake yakabva yagadzira akati wandei anozivikanwa mapurojekiti eInternet - Gazeta.ru, Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru, nezvimwe.
Pamusangano uyu, Putin akaudza vanhu vepaInternet nezvezvikumbiro zvaReiman naLesin. Soldatov (mukuru weRelcom, chinyorwa chemunyori), uyo panguva iyoyo Rykov (chipangamazano wehurumende paruzivo rwemichina, chinyorwa chemunyori) akatozivisa nezvezvikumbiro izvi, zvakava kuramba zvachose. Akapikisawo Anton Nosik ("baba vaRunet," sekumudanwa nevezvenhau - mutori wenhau, akamira pamavambo ekuumbwa kweRunet, panguva iyoyo aive nhengo yekanzuru yeFEP uye aitarisira mapurojekiti akadai seVesti.ru, Lenta.ru , chinyorwa chemunyori). Pakati pevamiriri veInternet indasitiri, mugadziri chete Artemy Lebedev yakatsigira kugadzirisa RosNIIros, ichipomera sangano kuchengetedza mitengo yakakwira.
"Kana mutemo unodzora zviitiko paInternet ukagamuchirwa muRussia, izvi zvinoreva kugovewazve kwemidziyo mumusika weInternet mukuda kwevanhu vanoraira mutemo uyu." βAnton Borisovich Nosik
Muna 2000, Putin akasaina dzidziso yekuchengetedza ruzivo, yaive nekutyisidzira kwakadai se "chinangwa chenyika dzinoverengeka kutonga uye kutyora zvido zveRussia munharaunda yeruzivo." Mukati megadziriro yeiyi dzidziso, basa rakatanga pakugadzirira nekuvandudzwa kwematanho akateedzana: kutsvaga nekugadzirwa kwevashandi, kuwedzera nekuvhurwa kwemadhipatimendi akakosha mukati memadhipatimendi akakodzera nehushumiri, nezvimwe.
Kubva mukupera kwa2000s, zviremera zveRussia zvakawedzera kuyedza kutorera sangano reAmerica ICANN, iro riri pasi pehurumende yeUS, mvumo yekugovera pasi rose nzvimbo dzemadomasi nekero dzeIP. Nekudaro, vamiriri veUS vakakwazisa iyi pfungwa zvinotonhorera.
Ipapo vanhu vekuRussia vakachinja maitiro uye vakaedza kutora masimba kubva kuICANN kuburikidza neInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), iyo inodzora nhare dzechinyakare uye inotungamirwa naMaltese Hamadoun Tour, akapedza kudzidza kuLeningrad Institute of Communications. Muna 2011, Mutungamiriri wenguva iyoyo Vladimir Putin akasangana neTour muGeneva uye akamuudza nezve kukosha kwekuendesa masimba pamusoro pekugoverwa kwezviwanikwa zveInternet kubva kuICANN kuenda kuITU. Russia yakagadzirira gwaro reITU uye yakatanga kuunganidza rutsigiro kubva kuChina neCentral Asia nyika.
Musi waZvita 8, 2012, mukuru wevamiriri veAmerica, Terry Kramer, akadana zvikumbiro izvi kuedza kuunza censorship paInternet. Achiona kuti chikumbiro chaisazopfuura, musi waDecember 10, Tur akanyengetedza divi reRussia kuti ribvise.
Chaizvoizvo, apa ndipo apo kuyedza kweRussia kugadzira pekutangira uye kuwana tsanga yepesvedzero yekudzora iyo Internet padanho renyika yakakundikana. Uye zviremera zveRussia zvakachinja zvachose kune chikamu chepamba.
Dambudziko reYandex
Mukupera kwa2008, kambani yeYandex yakatanga kusangana nedambudziko rimwe mushure meimwe: nzvimbo yayo itsva yedata haigoni kutangwa nekuda kwezvinetso zvehurumende, mhosva yemhosva yakavhurwa umo mukuru wekambani akabatanidzwa. Arkady Volozh, uye muzvinabhizimisi akaratidza kufarira kutenga kambani Alisher Usmanov. Yandex yaitya kutorwa kwehasha.
Zvikonzero zvekusagutsikana kwezviremera zvakatsanangurwa kuna Arkady Volozh nenzira yezvidzitiro kubva papeji huru yeYandex.News aggregator, yakatorwa munguva yehondo yeRussia-Georgia. Kujekesa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, vashumiri vaviri (Vladislav Surkov ΠΈ Konstantin Kostin) vakashanyira hofisi yeYandex, kwavakaedza kutsanangurira vakuru vakuru kuti kusarudzwa kwenhau mubasa iri hakuitwi nevanhu, robhoti, kushanda maererano special algorithm.
Maererano nekurangarirwa kwaGershenzon, mukuru weYandexNews, Surkov akavhiringidza kutaura kwake uye akanongedza kuhurukuro yakasununguka paYandex.News. "Ava vavengi vedu, hatidi izvi," akadaro mutevedzeri wemukuru wePresidential Administration. Konstantin Kostin akarayira kuti vakuru vakuru vapihwe mukana wekushandisa sevhisi.
Yandex yakashamiswa nemigumisiro yekutaurirana nevakuru. Asi pakupedzisira, kurwa nevakuru kwakapera nekupihwa chinzvimbo chemudiwa nechiratidzo "mumiriri wemutori wenhau anofarira" uye panguva imwecheteyo akabatana nebhodhi revatungamiriri veYandex. Alexander Voloshin, aimbova mukuru weDhipatimendi reMutungamiri Boris Yeltsin naVladimir Putin.
Anenge mamiriro akafanana, asi kune akasiyana madhigirii ehunyoro, anogona kuoneka muzviitiko zvekudzvanya-kunze kweKaspersky Lab () uye VKontakte () Uye idzi ndidzo chete nyaya dzinozivikanwa nemunyori.
Kupfuurirazve, muchina wekurambidza uye mutemo weRunet waive wave kutowedzera kukurumidza uye wakawana maficha emazuva ano. Mitemo yakakosha yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisina kujeka kuitira kuti irege kutariswa zvakananga kuva censorship, pasi pekuchengetedza kwekuchengetedza kana kurwisa mhirizhonga. Kuvhara zvisiri pamutemo, kuburikidza nekuwedzera masimba eRoskomnadzor, kwatove kwakapararira. Masimba anoitwa "nhaurirano" nevatambi vakuru muchikamu ichi. Zvakanaka, semagumo edanho rino, nyaya dzekutonga chaidzo dzakatotanga nefaindi uye kupomerwa mhosva kwevashandisiwo zvavo, izvo zvakadzika midzi mukuziva kweveruzhinji se "Zvekuda uye repost."
Naizvozvo, kuitira kuti pakupedzisira vadzore network, avo vane simba vane chinhu chimwe chete chasara kuita - kutora ruzivo rweChina (vakafunga nezveizvi kunyange pakutanga) uye vanotanga basa rekuisa pakati Runet. Kune nyanzvi dzakawanda, izvi zvinoratidzika zvakaoma kuita uye "zvinofadza" zvinodhura, sezvo China yakavaka network yayo pakarepo nekusvika kweInternet munharaunda, uye muRussia, sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, yakavakwa pachayo. Asi chinhu chikuru ndechokutanga, nokuti pane kare chibvumirano neChinese uye ruzivo, sekutaura, runoyerera serukova runobva kudenga.
Ndine maonero vakuru vehurumende kuti bhiri iri rakanangana chete nekuchengetedza bhizinesi reRussia (pedyo-nyika bhizinesi, hongu) uye masevhisi ehurumende kubva kumano evaAmerica. Sezvineiwo isu tinoda kuvadzivirira kubva pakubviswa uye kuchengetedza data ravo. Asi chokwadi chekuti ose ari kutoshanda Nechimwe chikonzero, vakuru vakuru havatauri pamaseva emukati (ese mawebhusaiti ehurumende, mabhizinesi ehurumende, mabhizinesi epamusoro-soro mukati memauto-maindasitiri, nezvimwewo). Zvakare, iyo yazvino MIR yekubhadhara system yakaunzwa ine chekuita nekugona kwevanhu vekuAmerica kuvharira yatove yakakurumbira masystem ekubhadhara. Nditende, ivo vanodzivirirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira uye yakasarudzika hardware ine dziviriro kubva pakutyisidzirwa necyber yave iripo kwenguva yakareba.
Sei uyu uri musungo?
Bhiri iri paInternet yakasununguka richabvumira basa kutanga pakugadzira yemukati network network, uko traffic yese kumaseva ekunze inotanga kupfuura ne βmagedhiβ anodzorwa nehurumende.
- Vanopa Internet vanozoisa yakakosha michina yakanangana nekurwisa kutyisidzira kwecyber (kunyangwe ivo vari kutoita izvi sechikamu cheYarovaya Package).
- Kuve nechokwadi chekutonga kwese traffic yevashandisi veRussia.
- Kugadzira registry yetraffic exchange points, DNS uye IP kero.
- Kuunganidzwa kwedata kubva kumakambani anoronga basa reNetwork.
Uye apo "nharo" iri kuenderera mberi, Ministry of Telecom neMass Communications yakatogadzirira sarudzo inopa kudzora nzira yeRussia traffic kunze kweRuNet kuitira kutidzivirira isu vagari, kubva "wiretapping" nenyika dzisina ushamwari. Mutemo mutsva uchasunungura maoko avo uye kuvapa nzira yekuita izvi. Chisarudzo ichi chinoti zvakare: "... panosvika 2020, chikamu chekutengesa kwemukati muchikamu cheRussia cheInternet chinoenda nemaseva ekunze chinofanira kuderera kusvika pa5%....." Izvi hazvikuyeuchidze nezveIron Curtain, asi kusvika zvino chete munzvimbo chaiyo?
Uye iwe unonyatso funga here kuti mushure mekuita kutonga pamusoro pekunze traffic uye inomanikidzirwa matanho ekuchengetedza data pamaseva muRuNet, ivo vanosiya zvese sezvazviri?
Migumisiro
Matanho ese aya achabata vese vanoshanda vekuRussia nevashandisi veRussia network vasina kuitiswa manyawi ekuda nyika.
Zvamazvirokwazvo uye pasina madimikira, nyika ichatora mari muhomwe yako kudzikamisa kugamuchira kwako ruzivo.
Pasina kuwedzeredza, kuita kweketani kubva muzviito zvakadaro kwakakura.
Isu tinoshandisa masevhisi uye magajeti, ayo anenge ese akagadzirwa nemakambani ekunze; haasi ese emakambani aya achada kudzokorora ruzivo pamaseva eRussia, achibhadhara kuchengetedza kwavo, nekudaro izvi zvichakanganisa kubuda kwesevhisi kubva pamusika (iyo kurasikirwa kwevashandisi veRussia hakuna kukosha), Chokwadi, havasi vese vanozosiya, nekudaro vachideredza kukwikwidza, izvo zvinozokanganisa mutemo wemitengo. Tisingatauri kuti ivo vacharamba vachiputsika nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwekubatana nemaseva avo kunze kwenyika.
Hazvizivikanwe kuti vachange vakagadzirira here.
Facebook/Instagram/Reddit/Twitter/YouTube/Vimeo/Vine/WhatsApp/Viber nemamwe masevhisi akakurumbira ehofori dzeInternet seAmazon/Google/Microsoft, etc. kuendesa ruzivo kumaseva munzvimbo yeRussia, iyi huwandu hwe data uye shanda pa kutamisa kwavo , mukuona kwangu, hakuenzaniswi nemari inobva kumusika wedu ikozvino, uye zvakatonyanya zvakadaro mune ramangwana.
Matoyi mazhinji anomira kushanda kana kudonha ega ega maminetsi gumi ekutamba online; emahara torrent trackers haazovepo kunyangwe kuburikidza neproxy server. Iwe hauchazotarisi mafirimu ako aunofarira "pasina kunyoreswa uye SMS"; iwe uchavhunduka kuona kuti injini dzekutsvaga hadzichawani Marvel neDC, nekuti kuwana zviwanikwa izvi kunze kwenyika kuchavharwa.
Uye imwezve, mukuona kwangu, chinhu chakakosha zvakanyanya icho vashandisi vanogona kusafunga nezve matambudziko ekutaurirana avanozosangana nawo. masayendisiti nevatsvakurudzi. Sezvo iyi iri nharaunda inonyanya kutsamira pakuvhurika kwekugamuchira ruzivo. Mushure mezvose, hazvizove chakavanzika kune ani zvake kuti masayendisiti makuru uye dhatabhesi rekutsvaga ari kunze kwenyika.
Mushure mekuparadzanisa iyo Internet kubva kune dzimwe nyika uye kugovera zvakare network yekuvaka mukati meRuNet, zviremera zvichakwanisa kuenderera kune chinotevera chikamu (kana chakafanana) - uku ndiko kusikwa (zvichienderana neruzivo rwakakosha rweMiddle Kingdom. ) yesoftware uye hardware ye otomatiki kudzora uye kuvharika kwezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo. Uye iyi yatove analogue yeiyo huru Chinese firewall (link iri pazasi yekureva)
Uye izvi zvese ndezvemari yedu
Ehe, zvese zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa zvinoda nguva nemari yakawanda, tekinoroji uye ruzivo. Pachave nematambudziko akakwana neyekupedzisira, uye ndizvo zvatingangotarisira. Uyezve, uku kufanotaura kunosiririsa. Kana iri mari, hazvina basa, pane zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa - ivo vachaunza imwe mutero kune vanopa Internet uye usashamisika paunowana mutero wako wakawedzera ne 100-200 rubles.
Mhedziso muchinyorwa ipfungwa yemunyori chete. Kana iwe uchikahadzika humbowo hwakaratidzwa, saka uchine Google - Google zviitiko zvinotsanangurwa muchinyorwa, verenga uye unyure mberi mune iri gomba retsuro.
Verenga nezvenyaya iyi
Nguva yekutarisira kubva kuUFO
Ichi chinyorwa chinogona kunge chichipokana, saka usati wataura, ndapota zorodza ndangariro dzako nezvechimwe chinhu chakakosha:
Nzira yekunyora mhinduro uye kupona
- Usanyore zvinogumbura, usazviwanire wega.
- Rega mutauro wakashata uye maitiro ane chepfu (kunyangwe muchimiro chakavharwa).
- Kuti utaure mashoko anotyora mitemo yepasaiti, shandisa bhatani rekuti βReportβ (kana riripo) kana .
Zvekuita, kana: |
β ΠΈ
β
Source: www.habr.com