Hazvina mhosva kuti iwe unogadzirisa zvakadii ngano uye ngano dzakatenderedza kutevedzera 152-FZ, chimwe chinhu chinogara chiri kumashure kwezviitiko. Nhasi tinoda kukurukura mamwe asingawanzo anoonekwa nuances ayo ese makambani makuru uye madiki mabhizinesi angasangana nawo:
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zvinyengeri zvePD kupatsanura muzvikamu - kana diki online chitoro chinounganidza data rine chekuita nechikamu chakakosha pasina kana kuziva nezvazvo;
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kwaunogona kuchengeta mabhekisheni ePD akaunganidzwa uye kuita mashandiro paari;
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ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pechitupa uye mhedziso yekuteerera, ndeapi magwaro aunofanira kukumbira kubva kumupi, uye zvinhu zvakadaro.
Chekupedzisira, isu tichagovana newe isu pachedu ruzivo rwekupasa certification. Enda!
Nyanzvi munyaya yanhasi ichava Alexey Afanasyev, Inyanzvi yevanopa makore IT-GRAD uye #CloudMTS (chikamu cheboka reMTS).
Subtleties of classification
Isu tinowanzo kusangana nechishuwo chemutengi chekukurumidza, pasina kuongororwa kweIS, kuona iyo inodiwa nhanho yekuchengetedza yeISPD. Zvimwe zvekushandisa paInternet pane iyi nyaya zvinopa fungidziro yenhema yekuti iri ibasa riri nyore uye rakanyanya kuoma kuita chikanganiso.
Kuti uone KM, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise kuti ndeipi data ichaunganidzwa uye kugadziriswa neIS yemutengi. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kunetsa kuona zvisina kujeka zvinodiwa zvekudzivirira uye chikamu che data rako pachako iro bhizinesi rinoshanda. Iwo marudzi akafanana e data remunhu anogona kuongororwa uye kurongeka nenzira dzakasiyana zvachose. Naizvozvo, mune zvimwe zviitiko, maonero ebhizinesi anogona kusiyana nemaonero emuongorori kana kunyange inspector. Ngatitarisei mienzaniso mishoma.
Car park. Zvingaite senge bhizinesi rerudzi rwechinyakare. Zvikepe zvakawanda zvemotokari zvave zvichishanda kwemakumi emakore, uye varidzi vazvo vanohaya vatengesi vega uye vanhu. Sezvo mutemo, data yevashandi inowira pasi pezvinodiwa zveUZ-4. Nekudaro, kuti ushande nevatyairi, zvinodikanwa kwete chete kuunganidza data rako pachako, asiwo kuita kutonga kwekurapa munharaunda yezvikepe zvemotokari usati waenda kune imwe shanduko, uye ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa mukuita rinobva rawira muchikamu che data yezvokurapa - uye iyi idata remunhu wechikamu chakakosha. Mukuwedzera, zvikepe zvinogona kukumbira zvitupa, izvo zvinozochengetwa mufaira remutyairi. Kuongorora kwechitupa chakadaro mufomu yemagetsi - data yehutano, data yemunhu yeboka rakakosha. Izvi zvinoreva kuti UZ-4 haichakwane, pari kudiwa UZ-3.
Online store. Zvingaita sekuti mazita, maemail nenhamba dzenhare dzakaunganidzwa dzinokwana muboka revanhu. Nekudaro, kana vatengi vako vakaratidza chikafu chavanoda, senge halal kana kosher, ruzivo rwakadaro rungatorwa sehukama hwechitendero kana data rekutenda. Naizvozvo, kana uchitarisa kana kuita zvimwe zviitwa zvekutonga, inspector inogona kuisa iyo data yaunounganidza sechikamu chakakosha che data rako pachako. Zvino, kana chitoro chepamhepo chakaunganidza ruzivo rwekuti mutengi wacho anoda nyama kana hove, iyo data inogona kuverengerwa seimwe data yega. Nenzira, zvakadini nevanodya miriwo? Mushure mezvose, izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve zvakakonzerwa nekutenda kwehuzivi, izvo zvakare zviri zvechikamu chakakosha. Asi kune rumwe rutivi, aya angangova mafungire omunhu anenge abvisa nyama muzvokudya zvake. Maiwe, hapana chiratidzo chinotsanangura zvisina kujeka chikamu chePD mumamiriro ezvinhu "akavanzika" akadaro.
Advertising agency Ichishandisa imwe Western Cloud sevhisi, inogadzirisa data inowanikwa pachena yevatengi vayo - mazita akazara, email kero uye nhamba dzenhare. Aya data ega, hongu, ane chekuita nedata remunhu. Mubvunzo unomuka: zviri pamutemo kuita kugadzirisa kwakadaro? Zvinotoita here kufambisa data rakadaro pasina depersonalization kunze kweRussian Federation, semuenzaniso, kuchengetedza backups mune mamwe makore ekunze? Chokwadi unogona. Sangano rine kodzero yekuchengetedza iyi data kunze kweRussia, zvisinei, kuunganidza kwekutanga, maererano nemutemo wedu, kunofanira kuitwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation. Kana iwe ukatsigira ruzivo rwakadaro, verenga mamwe manhamba kubva pairi, ita tsvakiridzo kana kuita mamwe maoperation nawo - zvese izvi zvinogona kuitwa pazviwanikwa zvekuMadokero. Chinhu chakakosha kubva pakuona kwemutemo ndiko uko data remunhu rinounganidzwa. Saka zvakakosha kuti tisakanganise kuunganidza kwekutanga nekugadzirisa.
Sezvinotevera kubva mumienzaniso mipfupi iyi, kushanda nedata rako pachako hakusi nyore uye kwakapusa. Iwe haufanirwe kungoziva chete kuti uri kushanda navo, asi zvakare unokwanisa kurongedza nenzira kwayo, kunzwisisa kuti iyo IP inoshanda sei kuitira kuti uone nemazvo nhanho inodiwa yekuchengetedza. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mubvunzo unogona kumuka wekuti ingani data rako pachako iro sangano rinoda kushanda. Zvinoita here kuramba iyo yakanyanya "yakakomba" kana kungoita zvisina basa data? Uye zvakare, iyo regulator inokurudzira depersonalization yemunhu data pazvinogoneka.
Senge mumienzaniso iri pamusoro, dzimwe nguva unogona kusangana nenyaya yekuti zviremera zvekuongorora zvinodudzira iyo data yakaunganidzwa zvakasiyana zvishoma pane iwe pachako wavaongorora.
Ehe, iwe unogona kuhaya muongorori kana system yekubatanidza semubatsiri, asi "mubatsiri" achave nemutoro wezvisarudzo zvakasarudzwa muchiitiko chekuongorora? Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti basa rinogara riri nemuridzi weISPD - mushandisi wedata rako. Ndokusaka, kana kambani ichiita basa rakadaro, zvakakosha kutendeukira kune vakakomba vatambi mumusika kune masevhisi akadaro, semuenzaniso, makambani anoita basa retifiketi. Makambani ekupa zvitupa ane ruzivo rwakakura mukuita basa rakadaro.
Sarudzo dzekugadzira ISPD
Kuvakwa kweISPD hakusi kwehunyanzvi chete, asiwo zvakanyanya nyaya yemutemo. CIO kana director director anofanirwa kugara achitaurirana negweta rezvemitemo. Sezvo kambani isingagare iine nyanzvi ine chimiro chaunoda, zvakakodzera kutarisa kune vaongorori-vanopa mazano. Mapoinzi akawanda anotsvedza anogona kunge asiri pachena zvachose.
Iko kubvunza kuchakubvumidza kuti uone kuti ndeipi data rako rauri kubata naro uye kuti ndeipi nhanho yekudzivirira yainoda. Saizvozvo, iwe unowana iyo pfungwa yeIP inoda kugadzirwa kana kuwedzeredzwa nekuchengetedza uye mashandiro ekuchengetedza matanho.
Kazhinji sarudzo yekambani iri pakati pezviviri zvingasarudzwa:
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Vaka iyo inoenderana IS pane yako wega hardware uye software mhinduro, pamwe mune yako wega server kamuri.
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Bata mupi wegore uye sarudza elastic mhinduro, yakatosimbiswa "virtual server room".
Mazhinji masisitimu eruzivo anogadzirisa data remunhu anoshandisa nzira yechinyakare, iyo, kubva pakuona kwebhizinesi, haigone kunzi iri nyore uye yakabudirira. Pakusarudza iyi sarudzo, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise kuti dhizaini yekugadzira ichasanganisira tsananguro yemidziyo, kusanganisira software uye hardware mhinduro uye mapuratifomu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti uchafanirwa kutarisana nematambudziko anotevera uye zvisingakwanisi:
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kuoma kwekuyera;
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kureba kwekuita purojekiti nguva: zvinodikanwa kusarudza, kutenga, kuisa, kugadzirisa uye kutsanangura sisitimu;
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basa rakawanda re "mapepa", semuenzaniso - kuvandudzwa kwepakiti yakazara yezvinyorwa zveISPD yese.
Mukuwedzera, bhizinesi, sekutonga, rinonzwisisa chete "yepamusoro" nhanho yeIP yayo - mashandisirwo ebhizinesi aanoshandisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, vashandi veIT vane hunyanzvi munzvimbo yavo chaiyo. Iko hakuna kunzwisiswa kwekuti ese "mazinga epasi" anoshanda sei: software uye kuchengetedzwa kwehardware, masisitimu ekuchengetedza, backup uye, hongu, maitiro ekugadzirisa maturusi ekudzivirira mukutevedzera zvese zvinodiwa, kuvaka iyo "hardware" chikamu chekugadzirisa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise: iyi idanho rakakura reruzivo riri kunze kwebhizinesi remutengi. Apa ndipo apo chiitiko chemupi wegore anopa yakasimbiswa "virtual server room" inogona kuuya inobatsira.
Nekudaro, vanopa gore vane akati wandei mabhenefiti ayo, pasina kuwedzeredza, anogona kuvhara 99% yezvido zvebhizinesi mumunda wekuchengetedza data rega:
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mari yemari inoshandurwa kuita mari yekushandisa;
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mupi, kune chikamu chayo, anovimbisa kupihwa kweyero inodiwa yekuchengetedza uye kuwanikwa kunoenderana neyakagadziriswa chiyero mhinduro;
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hapana chikonzero chekuchengetedza vashandi venyanzvi vanozovimbisa kushanda kweISPD padanho rehardware;
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vanopa vanopa zvakanyanya kuchinjika uye elastic mhinduro;
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nyanzvi dzevanopa vane zvitupa zvese zvinodiwa;
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kutevedzera hakuna kuderera pane paunenge uchivaka yako yekuvaka, uchifunga nezve zvinodiwa uye kurudziro yevatongi.
Ngano yekare yekuti data rako pachako harigone kuchengetwa mugore richiri kufarirwa zvakanyanya. Icho chikamu chechokwadi chete: PD haigone kutumirwa mune yekutanga inowanikwa gore. Kutevedzera mamwe matanho ehunyanzvi uye kushandiswa kwedzimwe mhinduro dzakasimbiswa kunodiwa. Kana mupi wacho achienderana nezvose zvinodiwa nemutemo, njodzi dzine chekuita nekudonha kwedata remunhu dzinoderedzwa. Vazhinji vanopa vane zvivakwa zvakaparadzana zvekugadzirisa data remunhu zvinoenderana ne152-FZ. Nekudaro, kusarudzwa kwemupi kunofanirwa kusvikwa neruzivo rwemamwe maitiro; isu tichabata pazviri pazasi.
Vatengi vanowanzouya kwatiri nezvimwe zvinonetsa nezvekuiswa kwedata rako pachako mugore remupi. Zvakanaka, ngatikurukurei pakarepo.
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Data inogona kubiwa panguva yekufambisa kana kutama
Iko hakuna chikonzero chekutya izvi - mupi anopa mutengi kugadzirwa kweiyo yakachengeteka data yekufambisa chiteshi yakavakirwa pane zvakasimbiswa mhinduro, akakwidziridzwa echokwadi matanho kune makondirakiti nevashandi. Chinosara ndechekusarudza nzira dzakakodzera dzekudzivirira uye kudzishandisa sechikamu chebasa rako nemutengi.
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Ratidza masiki achauya otora / chisimbiso / cheka simba kune server
Izvo zvinonzwisisika kune vatengi vanotya kuti maitiro avo ebhizinesi achakanganiswa nekuda kwekusakwana kutonga pamusoro pezvivakwa. Semutemo, vatengi avo vane hardware yaimbove iri mumakamuri madiki evhavha kwete nzvimbo dze data dzinofunga nezve izvi. Muchokwadi, nzvimbo dze data dzakashongedzerwa nenzira dzemazuva ano dzezvese muviri uye ruzivo rwekudzivirira. Zvinenge zvisingaite kuita chero mashandiro munzvimbo yakadai yedata pasina zvikonzero zvakakwana uye mapepa, uye zviitiko zvakadaro zvinoda kuteedzera akati wandei maitiro. Uye zvakare, "kudhonza" sevha yako kubva kudhata data kunogona kukanganisa vamwe vatengi veanopa, uye izvi hazvifanirwe kune chero munhu. Pamusoro pezvo, hapana achakwanisa kunongedza chigunwe zvakanangana ne "yako" chaiyo sevha, saka kana mumwe munhu achida kuiba kana kuita danho remasiki show, ivo vanozotanga vatarisana nekunonoka kwakawanda. Munguva ino, iwe unogona kunge uine nguva yekutamira kune imwe saiti kakawanda.
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MaHackers anobira gore nekuba data
Indaneti uye mudhindi wekudhinda azere nemisoro pamusoro pekuti rimwe gore rakawira sei kune matsotsi epamhepo, uye mamirioni emarekodhi emunhu aburitswa online. Muhuwandu hwakawanda hwezviitiko, kusasimba kwakawanikwa kusiri kudivi remupi zvachose, asi mumasisitimu eruzivo rwevakabatwa: mapassword asina simba kana nyangwe asina kukwana, "maburi" muinjini dzewebhusaiti uye dhatabhesi, uye kusava nehanya kwebhizinesi rekurambidza pakusarudza matanho ekuchengetedza uye. kuronga nzira dzekuwana data. Ese macertified solution anotariswa kuti ane vulnerability. Isu tinogara tichiita "kutonga" pentest uye chengetedzo yekuongorora, zvese zvakazvimirira uye kuburikidza nemasangano ekunze. Kune mupi, iyi inyaya yemukurumbira uye bhizinesi mune zvese.
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Mupi/vashandi veanopa vanoba dhata remunhu kuti riwane pundutso
Iyi inguva yakaoma. Makambani akati wandei kubva munyika yekuchengetedza ruzivo "anotya" vatengi vavo uye anosimbirira kuti "vashandi vemukati vane njodzi kupfuura matsotsi ekunze." Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri zvechokwadi mune dzimwe nguva, asi bhizinesi harigone kuvakwa pasina kuvimba. Nguva nenguva, nhau dzinopenya kuti vashandi vesangano pachavo vanoburitsa data revatengi kune vanorwisa, uye chengetedzo yemukati dzimwe nguva inorongwa zvakaipisisa kupfuura chengetedzo yekunze. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise pano kuti chero mupi mukuru haafarire zvakanyanya muzviitiko zvisina kunaka. Zviito zvevashandi veanopa zvakadzorwa zvakanaka, mabasa uye nzvimbo dzemutoro zvakakamurwa. Ese mabhizinesi maitirwo akagadzirwa nenzira yekuti nyaya dzekudonha kwedata hazvigoneke uye dzinogara dzichionekwa kune emukati masevhisi, saka vatengi havafanirwe kutya matambudziko kubva kudivi rino.
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Iwe unobhadhara zvishoma nekuti iwe unobhadhara masevhisi nebhizinesi rako data.
Imwe ngano: mutengi anorenda zvivakwa zvakachengeteka nemutengo wakasununguka anobhadhara nedata rake - izvi zvinowanzo fungwa nenyanzvi dzisinganetseke kuverenga dzinoverengeka dzidziso dzekurangana vasati varara. Chekutanga, mukana wekuita chero mashandiro nedata rako kunze kweaya akarongedzerwa muhurongwa akanyanya zero. Chechipiri, mupi akakwana anokoshesa hukama newe uye nemukurumbira wake - kunze kwako, ane vamwe vatengi vakawanda. Izvo zvakapesana nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinowanzoitika, umo mupi achachengetedza nekushingaira data yevatengi vayo, iyo bhizinesi rayo rinogara.
Kusarudza gore rinopa ISPD
Nhasi, musika unopa akawanda mhinduro kumakambani ari PD vanoshanda. Pazasi pane rondedzero yakajairika yekurudziro yekusarudza iyo chaiyo.
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Mupi anofanira kunge akagadzirira kupinda muchibvumirano chepamutemo chinotsanangura mabasa emapato, SLA uye nzvimbo dzemutoro mukiyi yekugadzirisa data remunhu. Muchokwadi, pakati pako nemupi, mukuwedzera kune chibvumirano chebasa, odha yekugadziriswa kwePD inofanirwa kusainwa. Chero zvazvingava, zvakakodzera kunyatsoadzidza. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kupatsanurwa kwemabasa pakati pako nemupi.
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Ndokumbira utarise kuti chikamu chinofanirwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa, zvinoreva kuti chinofanira kunge chine chitupa chinoratidza mwero wechengetedzo isiri yakaderera pane inodiwa neIP yako. Izvo zvinoitika kuti vanopa vanoburitsa chete peji rekutanga retifiketi, kubva pane zvishoma zvakajeka, kana kutaura kune maodhita kana maitiro ekuteerera pasina kuburitsa chitupa pachacho ("paive nemukomana here?"). Zvakakodzera kuibvunza - iri igwaro reruzhinji rinoratidza kuti ndiani akaita chitupa, nguva yechokwadi, nzvimbo yegore, nezvimwe.
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Mupi anofanira kupa ruzivo rwekuti nzvimbo dzayo (zvinhu zvakadzivirirwa) dziri kupi kuitira kuti iwe ugone kudzora kuiswa kwedata rako. Ngatikuyeuchidzei kuti kuunganidzwa kwekutanga kwedata remunhu kunofanirwa kuitirwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation; nekudaro, zvinokurudzirwa kuona kero dzenzvimbo yedata muchibvumirano / chitupa.
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Mupi anofanirwa kushandisa yakasimbiswa ruzivo chengetedzo uye masisitimu ekudzivirira ruzivo. Ehe, vazhinji vanopa havashambadzire tekinoroji yekuchengetedza matanho uye mhinduro yekuvaka yavanoshandisa. Asi iwe, semutengi, haugone kubatsira asi kuziva nezvazvo. Semuenzaniso, kuti ubatanidze kure kune manejimendi system (management portal), zvinodikanwa kushandisa matanho ekuchengetedza. Mupi haazokwanisi kudarika ichi chinodiwa uye achakupa (kana kuti anoda kuti ushandise) mhinduro dzakasimbiswa. Tora zviwanikwa zvebvunzo uye iwe unobva wanzwisisa kuti sei uye chii chinoshanda.
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Zvinonyanya kudiwa kuti mupi wegore ape mamwe masevhisi mumunda wekuchengetedza ruzivo. Aya anogona kuve akasiyana masevhisi: kudzivirira kubva kuDDoS kurwiswa uye WAF, anti-virus sevhisi kana sandbox, nezvimwe. Zvese izvi zvinokutendera kuti ugamuchire dziviriro sevhisi, kwete kukanganiswa nemasisitimu ekudzivirira ekuvaka, asi kushanda pamashandisirwo ebhizinesi.
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Mupi anofanira kunge ari rezinesi reFSTEC neFSB. Sezvo mutemo, ruzivo rwakadaro runotumirwa zvakananga pawebsite. Iva nechokwadi chekukumbira magwaro aya uye tarisa kana kero dzekupa masevhisi, zita rekambani inopa, nezvimwe.
Ngatipfupikisai. Zvivakwa zvekurenda zvinokutendera kuti usiye CAPEX uye uchengete chete bhizinesi rako zvikumbiro uye iyo data pachayo munzvimbo yako yebasa, uye kuendesa mutoro unorema wetifiketi yehardware uye software uye hardware kune anopa.
Kuti takapasa sei chitupa
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, takabudirira kupasa recertification yezvivakwa zve "Secure Cloud FZ-152" yekutevedzera zvinodiwa zvekushanda nedata remunhu. Basa racho rakaitwa neNational Certification Center.
Parizvino, iyo "FZ-152 Yakachengeteka Cloud" inopihwa chitupa chekubata masisitimu eruzivo anobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa, kuchengetedza kana kuendesa data remunhu (ISPDn) zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvedanho UZ-3.
Iyo certification maitiro inosanganisira kutarisa kutevedza kweiyo cloud provider zvivakwa pamwero wekudzivirira. Mupi wacho pachake anopa IaaS sevhisi uye haasi mushandisi we data yega. Iyo nzira inosanganisira kuongororwa kwezvose zviri zviviri sangano (zvinyorwa, mirairo, nezvimwewo) uye matanho ehunyanzvi (kumisikidza midziyo yekudzivirira, nezvimwewo).
Hachigoni kunzi chisingakoshi. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti GOST pamapurogiramu uye nzira dzekuita zvitupa zviitiko zvakaonekwa kumashure muna 2013, zvirongwa zvakasimba zvezvinhu zvefu hazvipo. Nzvimbo dzezvitupa dzinogadzira zvirongwa izvi zvichibva pahunyanzvi hwavo. Nekuuya kwetekinoroji nyowani, zvirongwa zvinova zvakaomarara uye zvechizvino-zvino; saizvozvo, certifier anofanira kunge aine ruzivo rwekushanda nemafu mhinduro uye kunzwisisa izvo chaizvo.
Muchiitiko chedu, chinhu chakadzivirirwa chine nzvimbo mbiri.
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Cloud zviwanikwa (maseva, masisitimu ekuchengetedza, network network, maturusi ekuchengetedza, nezvimwewo) anowanikwa zvakananga munzvimbo yedata. Ehe, yakadaro chaiyo data data yakabatana kune veruzhinji network, uye nekudaro, zvimwe zvinodiwa firewall zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa, semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kweakasimbiswa firewall.
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Chikamu chechipiri chechinhu chacho cloud management tools. Aya ndiwo maworkstations (madhijitari's workstations) kubva iyo yakachengetedzwa chikamu chinotungamirwa.
Nzvimbo dzinotaurirana kuburikidza neVPN chiteshi chakavakirwa paCIPF.
Sezvo virtualization tekinoroji ichigadzira preconditions yekubuda kwekutyisidzira, isu tinoshandisawo mamwe maturusi ekudzivirira akasimbiswa.
Vhara dhizaini "kuburikidza nemeso emuongorori"
Kana mutengi achida certification yeISPD yake, mushure mekurenda IaaS, anozongofanira kuongorora hurongwa hweruzivo pamusoro peiyo chaiyo data data. Iyi nzira inosanganisira kutarisa zvivakwa uye software inoshandiswa pairi. Sezvo iwe uchigona kutaura kune chitupa cheanopa kune ese nyaya dzezvivakwa, zvese zvaunofanirwa kuita kushanda nesoftware.
Kuparadzana padanho rekubvisa
Mukupedzisa, heino runyoro rudiki rwemakambani ari kutoshanda nedata remunhu kana ari kuronga. Saka, kuti ungazvibata sei pasina kupiswa.
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Kuongorora uye kugadzira mhando dzekutyisidzira uye vapambi, koka mupi wezano ane ruzivo kubva pakati pezvitupa marabhoritari anozobatsira kugadzira magwaro anodiwa uye kuunza iwe padanho rehunyanzvi mhinduro.
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Paunosarudza mupi wegore, teerera kuvapo kwechitupa. Zvingave zvakanaka kana kambani ikaiisa pachena pawebhusaiti. Mupi anofanira kunge ari muridzi werezinesi reFSTEC neFSB, uye sevhisi yaanopa inofanirwa kuve yakasimbiswa.
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Ita shuwa kuti une chibvumirano chepamutemo uye yakasainwa rairo yekugadzirisa data rako pachako. Zvichienderana neizvi, iwe unozokwanisa kuita zvese zviri zviviri cheki yekutevedzera uye ISPD certification.Kana iri basa padanho rehunyanzvi purojekiti uye kugadzirwa kwedhizaini uye zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvinoita sekurema kwauri, unofanirwa kubata wechitatu-bato makambani ekubvunza. kubva pakati pezvitupa marabhoritari.
Kana nyaya dzekugadziriswa kwedata rako dzichienderana newe, munaGunyana 18, Chishanu chino, isu tichafara kukuona iwe pane webinar. .
Source: www.habr.com