Nhoroondo Yemagetsi Makomputa, Chikamu 1: Prologue

Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:

• Nhoroondo yerelay
  • Nzira ye "kukurumidza kutumira ruzivo", kana kwakabva relay
  • Farscriber
  • Galvanism
  • Vemabhizimusi
  • Uye pakupedzisira, relay
  • kutaura telegraph
  • Ingobatanidza
  • The Forgotten Generation of Relay Makomputa
  • nguva yemagetsi
• Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
  • Nhungamidzo
  • Colossus
  • ENIAC
  • Electronic Revolution
• Nhoroondo ye transistor
  • Ndichiita nzira yangu yekubata murima
  • Kubva pakuparara kwehondo
  • Multiple revention
• Internet nhoroondo
  • Reference network
  • Kuora, chikamu 1
  • Kuora, chikamu 2
  • Kutsvaga interactivity
  • Kuwedzera interactivity
  • ARPANET - kuberekwa
  • ARPANET - package
  • ARPANET - subnet
  • Kombuta semudziyo wekutaurirana
  • Nhoroondo yeInternet: Interworking

Sezvatakaona mu chinyorwa chekupedzisira, mainjiniya eredhiyo nenhare achitsvaka maapurofita ane simba zvikuru akawana imwe nzvimbo younyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu yakakurumidza kunzi magetsi. Iyo yemagetsi amplifier inogona kushandurwa nyore nyore kuita dhijitari, inoshanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya kupfuura iyo electromechanical cousin, iyo nhare relay. Nekuda kwekuti paive pasina ma mechanic parts, vacuum chubhu yaigona kuvhurwa nekudzimwa mumicrosecond kana isingasviki, pane mamilliseconds gumi kana anopfuura anodiwa nerelay.

Kubva muna 1939 kusvika muna 1945, makombiyuta matatu akagadzirwa achishandisa izvi zvitsva zvemagetsi. Hazvina kungoerekana zvaitika kuti mazuva ekuvaka kwavo anopindirana nenguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Kurwisana uku - kusingaenzaniswi munhoroondo nenzira iyo yakasunga vanhu kungoro yehondo - yakashandura zvachose hukama pakati pehurumende uye pakati pesayenzi ne teknolojia, uye yakaunzawo nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa zvitsva kunyika.

Nyaya dzemakomputa matatu ekutanga emagetsi anopindirana nehondo. Yekutanga yaive yakazvipira kutsanangura mameseji echiGerman, uye yakaramba iri pasi pechakavanzika kusvika kuma1970s, apo yaive isisina chekufarira kunze kwenhoroondo. Yechipiri iyo vaverengi vazhinji vaifanira kunge vakanzwa nezvayo yaive ENIAC, chiverengero chemauto chakapedzwa kunonoka kubatsira muhondo. Asi pano isu tinotarisa yekutanga kwemichina iyi mitatu, brainchild ye John Vincent Atanasoff.

Atanasov

Muna 1930, Atanasov, mwanakomana wekuAmerica akaberekwa kubva kune imwe nyika Ottoman Bulgaria, akazozadzisa chiroto chake chehuduku ndokuva nyanzvi yefizikisi. Asi, sezvizhinji zvevavariro dzakadaro, chokwadi chakanga chisiri icho iye aitarisira. Kunyanya, kufanana nevadzidzi vakawanda veinjiniya nesayenzi yepanyama muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechiXNUMX, Atanasov aifanira kutambura mitoro inorwadza yekuverenga nguva dzose. Dissertation yake kuYunivhesiti yeWisconsin pamusoro pepolarization yehelium yaida mavhiki masere ekuverenga kunonetesa achishandisa mechanical desk calculator.

John Atanasov pauduku hwake

Pakazosvika 1935, atogamuchira chigaro chepurofesa paYunivhesiti yeIowa, Atanasov akasarudza kuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemutoro uyu. Akatanga kufunga nezvenzira dzingabvira dzekugadzira kombiyuta itsva, ine simba zvikuru. Achiramba nzira dzeanalog (senge MIT differential analyzer) nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekudzikisira uye kusarongeka, akafunga kuvaka muchina wedhijitari waibata nenhamba sezviyero zvedistrict kwete sezviyero zvinoenderera. Kubva paudiki hwake, aive akajairana neiyo binary nhamba system uye ainzwisisa kuti inokodzera zvirinani muiyo on / off chimiro chedhijitari switch pane yakajairwa nhamba dzedesimali. Saka akasarudza kugadzira muchina wemabhinari. Uye pakupedzisira, akasarudza kuti kuitira kuti ive iyo inokurumidza uye yakanyanya kuchinjika, inofanirwa kuve yemagetsi, uye shandisa vacuum machubhu ekuverenga.

Atanasov aifanirawo kusarudza pane dambudziko nzvimbo - rudzii rwekuverenga kombiyuta yake inofanira kunge yakakodzera? Nekuda kweizvozvo, akafunga kuti achaita nekugadzirisa masisitimu emutsetse equation, achizvidzikisa kune imwechete dhizaini (achishandisa Gauss nzira)—kuverenga dzimwe chetedzo dzaidzora rondedzero yake. Ichatsigira anosvika makumi matatu equation, aine anosvika makumi matatu akasiyana. Kombiyuta yakadaro inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akakosha kune masayendisiti uye mainjiniya, uye panguva imwechete yaisazoratidzika kunge yakaoma kwazvo.

Chikamu cheunyanzvi

Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1930, tekinoroji yemagetsi yakanga yasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kwayakabva makore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura. Zviitiko zviviri zvakanyatsokodzera purojekiti yeAtanasov: trigger relay uye mita yemagetsi.

Kubva muzana remakore rechi1918, mainjiniya eteregirafu neefoni ave aine mudziyo unoshanda unonzi switch. Switch is a bistable relay inoshandisa magineti echigarire kuibata munzvimbo yawakaisiya iri-yakavhurika kana kuvharwa-kusvika yagamuchira chiratidzo chemagetsi chekuchinja nyika. Asi machubhu evacuum aisakwanisa kuita izvi. Vakanga vasina mechanical component uye vaigona "kuvhurika" kana "kuvharwa" apo magetsi aive kana kuti aisayerera nepadunhu. Muna 1, nyanzvi mbiri dzefizikisi dzekuBritain, William Eccles naFrank Jordan, vakabatanidza marambi maviri newaya kuti vagadzire “trigger relay” - relay yemagetsi inoramba yakabatidzwa mushure mekubatidzwa nechisungo chekutanga. Eccles naJoridhani vakagadzira hurongwa hwavo hwezvinangwa zvekufonerana zveBritish Admiralty pakupera kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Asi dunhu reEccles-Jordan, iro gare gare rakazozivikanwa sechinhu chinonyandura [chiRungu. flip-flop] inogonawo kutorwa semudziyo wekuchengeta dijiti yebhinari - 0 kana chiratidzo chikafambiswa, uye XNUMX neimwe nzira. Nenzira iyi, kuburikidza nen flip-flops zvaigoneka kumiririra nhamba yebhinari yen bits.

Anenge makore gumi mushure mekutanga, yechipiri yakakura kubudirira mune zvemagetsi yakaitika, ichipokana nenyika yekombuta: emagetsi metres. Zvekare, sezvaiwanzoitika munhoroondo yekutanga yekombuta, kufinhwa kwakava mai vekugadzira. Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzichidzidza nezvekuburitswa kwezvikamu zvesubatomic vaifanira kuteerera kuti tinya kana kupedza maawa vachidzidza marekodhi emifananidzo, vachiverenga huwandu hwezvakaonekwa kuti zviyere chiyero chekubuda kwechikamu kubva muzvinhu zvakasiyana. Mechanical kana electromechanical metres yaive sarudzo inoyedza kufambisa zviito izvi, asi dzakafamba zvishoma nezvishoma: hadzina kukwanisa kunyoresa zviitiko zvakawanda zvakaitika mukati memilliseconds yeumwe neumwe.

Chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirisa dambudziko iri raive Charles Eril Wynne-Williams, uyo akashanda pasi paErnest Rutherford paCavendish Laboratory muCambridge. Wynne-Williams aiva neunyanzvi hwemagetsi, uye akanga atoshandisa machubhu (kana kuti mavharuvhu, sokudanwa kwaaiitwa kuBritain) kugadzira maamplifiers aiita kuti zvikwanisike kunzwa zvaiitika kuzvidimbu. Mukutanga kwema1930, akaziva kuti mavharuvhu aigona kushandiswa kugadzira kaunda, yaakadana kuti “binary scale counter”—kureva kuti, kaunda yebhinari. Chaizvoizvo, yaive seti yeflip-flops yaigona kufambisa switch kumusoro cheni (mukuita, yaishandisa. thyratrons, mhando dzemarambi dzine kwete vacuum, asi gasi, iyo inogona kuramba iri panzvimbo panzvimbo mushure mokunge ionization yakakwana yegesi).

Iyo Wynne-Williams counter yakakurumidza kuve imwe yemidziyo yerabhoritari inodiwa kune chero ani anobatanidzwa muchikamu chefizikisi. Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakavaka makaunda madiki, kazhinji aine manhamba matatu (kureva, anokwanisa kuverenga kusvika kunomwe). Izvi zvaive zvakakwana kugadzira buffer yemeta inononoka, uye yekurekodha zviitiko zviri kuitika nekukurumidza kupfuura mita ine inononoka inofamba michina zvikamu zvinogona kurekodha.

Asi mudzidziso, makaunta akadaro anogona kukwidziridzwa kusvika kunhamba dzehukuru husina tsarukano kana nemazvo. Aya aive, kutaura chaiko, ekutanga edhijitari emagetsi kuverenga michina.

Atanasov-Berry kombiyuta

Atanasov aiziva nyaya iyi, iyo yakamuita kuti ave nechokwadi chekukwanisa kuvaka kombiyuta yemagetsi. Asi haana kushandisa zvakananga mabhanari counters kana flip-flops. Pakutanga, kune hwaro hwehurongwa hwekuverenga, akaedza kushandisa zviverengero zvakagadziridzwa zvishoma - mushure mezvose, chii chiri kuwedzera kana isingadzokororwe kuverenga? Asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero aisakwanisa kuita kuti matunhu ekuverenga avimbike zvakakwana, uye aitofanira kugadzira matunhu ake ekuwedzera nekuwanza. Haana kukwanisa kushandisa flip-flops kuchengetedza kwenguva pfupi nhamba dzebhinari nekuti aive nebhajeti shoma uye chinangwa chekuchengeta makumi matatu coefficients panguva. Sezvatichaona munguva pfupi iri kutevera, mamiriro ezvinhu aya akava nemigumisiro yakakomba.

Pakazosvika 1939, Atanasov akanga apedza kugadzira kombiyuta yake. Zvino akanga ava kuda mumwe munhu ane zivo yakarurama kuti aivake. Akawana munhu akadaro muIowa State Institute engineering akapedza kudzidza anonzi Clifford Berry. Pakupera kwegore, Atanasov naBerry vakanga vagadzira diki diki. Gore rakatevera vakapedza shanduro yakazara yekombuta ine makumi matatu coefficients. Mumakore ekuma1960, munyori akachera nhoroondo yavo akaitumidza kuti Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), uye zita racho rakaramba. Zvisinei, zvikanganiso zvose hazvina kukwanisa kubviswa. Kunyanya, ABC yakaita kukanganisa kwechidimbu chimwe chete chebhinari mu10000, zvinova zvinouraya kune chero kuverenga kukuru.

Clifford Berry uye ABC muna 1942

Zvisinei, muAtanasov neABC yake munhu anogona kuwana midzi uye tsime remakombiyuta ose emazuva ano. Haana here kugadzira (nerubatsiro runokwanisa rwaBerry) yekutanga bhinary electronic digital computer? Aya handiwo here maitiro akakosha emabhiriyoni emidziyo inoumba uye inofambisa hupfumi, nzanga, uye tsika pasi rose?

Asi ngatidzokerei. Iwo adjectives edhijitari uye bhinari haisi iyo domain yeABC. Semuenzaniso, iyo Bell Complex Number Computer (CNC), yakagadziridzwa panguva imwe chete, yaive digital, binary, electromechanical komputa inokwanisa kuita komputa pane yakaoma ndege. Zvakare, ABC neCNC dzakanga dzakafanana pakuti dzakagadzirisa matambudziko munzvimbo shoma, uye dzaisakwanisa, kusiyana nemakombiyuta emazuva ano, kugamuchira kutevedzana kwemirairo.

Chinosara ndeche "electronic". Asi kunyangwe maABC's mathematical innards aive emagetsi, aishanda nekumhanya kwemagetsi. Sezvo Atanasov naBerry vakanga vasingakwanisi nemari kushandisa vacuum chubhu kuchengeta zviuru zvemabhinari manhamba, vakashandisa electromechanical components kuita kudaro. Mazana akati wandei matatu matatu, achiita zvekutanga masvomhu masvomhu, akakomberedzwa nezvigubhu zvinotenderera uye muchina wekupuruzira punching, uko ukoshi hwepakati hwematanho ese ekombuta akachengetwa.

Atanasoff naBerry vakaita basa reugamba rekuverenga nekunyora data pamakadhi akaroverwa nekumhanya kukuru nekuapisa nemagetsi pane kuarova nemakanika. Asi izvi zvakakonzera matambudziko azvo: chaive chibatiso chekupisa chaikonzera kukanganisa kwe1 panhamba zviuru gumi. Uyezve, kunyangwe nepavaigona napo, muchina uyu waisakwanisa "kubaya" nekukurumidza kupfuura mutsara mumwe pasekondi, saka ABC yaigona kuita kuverenga kumwe chete pasekondi neimwe yezvikamu makumi matatu zvemasvomhu. Kwenguva yose, machubhu evacuum aigara asina chaanoita, asingashiviriri “achirovera minwe yawo patafura” nepo muchina uyu wose waitenderera zvinorwadza paari zvishoma nezvishoma. Atanasov naBerry vakarovera bhiza rakazara kungoro yeuswa. (Mutungamiri wepurojekiti yekugadzirazve ABC mumakore ekuma10000 akafungidzira kukurumidza kukuru kwemuchina, achifunga nezvenguva yose yakashandiswa, kusanganisira basa remushandisi pakutsanangura basa racho, pazvishanu zvekuwedzera kana kubvisa pasekondi. Izvi, zvechokwadi, inomhanya kupfuura komputa yemunhu, asi haina kumhanya kwakafanana, yatinosanganisa nemakombuta emagetsi.)

ABC mufananidzo. Madhiramu aichengeta kupinza kwechinguvana uye kubuda pamacapacitor. Iyo thyratron kadhi punching redunhu uye kadhi muverengi akarekodha uye akaverenga mhedzisiro yenhanho yese yegorgorithm (kubvisa imwe yemhando kubva kuhurongwa hweequations).

Basa paABC rakamira pakati pa1942 apo Atanasoff naBerry vakasaina muchina wehondo weUS waikura nekukurumidza, waida huropi pamwe nemiviri. Atanasov akadanwa kuNaval Ordnance Laboratory muWashington kuti atungamirire boka rinogadzira migodhi yeacoustic. Berry akaroora munyori waAtanasov uye akawana basa pakambani yekondirakiti yemauto muCalifornia kuti arege kunyorwa muhondo. Atanasov akaedza kwenguva yakati kuti ave nekodzero yezvisikwa zvake muIowa, asi pasina. Hondo yapera, akatamira kune zvimwe zvinhu uye akanga asingachabatiki zvakanyanya nemakombiyuta. Kombiyuta pachayo yakatumirwa kunzvimbo inoraswa tsvina muna 1948 kuti iwane nzvimbo muhofisi yemudzidzi mutsva kubva pachikoro.

Zvichida Atanasov akangotanga kushanda nekukurumidza. Aivimba nemari shoma yekuyunivhesiti uye aingokwanisa kushandisa zviuru zvishoma zvemadhora kugadzira ABC, saka hupfumi hwakakunda zvimwe zvese zvainetsa muchirongwa chake. Dai akamirira kusvika kutanga kwema1940, angadai akawana rubatsiro rwehurumende rwechigadzirwa chemagetsi chakazara. Uye mune ino nyika - inogumira mukushandiswa, yakaoma kudzora, isingavimbike, isina kukurumidza - ABC yanga isiri kushambadzira inovimbisa kune mabhenefiti emagetsi komputa. Hondo yeAmerica, pasinei nenzara yayo yose yekombiyuta, yakasiya ABC kuita ngura muguta reAmes, Iowa.

Computing michina yehondo

Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakagadzira uye yakatanga hurongwa hwekudyara kukuru musainzi uye tekinoroji, ndokuigadzirira Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Mumakore mashomanana chete, muitiro wehondo panyika nomugungwa wakabva wachinja kushandisa magasi ane chepfu, zvimbambaira zvemagineti, kuongorora mundege uye kubhomba, zvichingodaro. Hapana mutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti weuto angatadza kuona kuchinja kunokurumidza kwakadaro. Vaimhanya zvekuti tsvakiridzo yakatanga kukasika yaigona kupinza zvikero kune rimwe divi kana rimwe divi.

IUnited States yakanga ine zvinhu zvakawanda uye huropi (vazhinji vavo vakanga vatiza kuGermany kwaHitler) uye vakanga vari kure nehondo dzekare dzekupona uye kutonga kunobata dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvakabvumira nyika kudzidza chidzidzo ichi zvakanyanya zvakajeka. Izvi zvakaratidzwa pakuti zviwanikwa zvemaindasitiri nenjere zvakatsaurirwa pakusikwa kwechombo chekutanga cheatomu. Kudyara kushoma, asi kwakakosha zvakaenzana kana kudiki kwaive kudyara kweradar tekinoroji yakanangana neMIT's Rad Lab.

Saka iyo nascent ndima yeautomatic computing yakagamuchira chikamu chayo chemari yemauto, kunyangwe padiki diki. Takatoona zvakasiyana-siyana zve electromechanical computing mapurojekiti anogadzirwa nehondo. Iko kugona kwemakomputa anoenderana nerelay yaive, tichitaura, yaizivikanwa, sezvo nharembozha nezviuru zverelay dzaive dzichishanda kwemakore mazhinji panguva iyoyo. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi hazvisati zvaratidza kushanda kwavo pachiyero chakadaro. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakatenda kuti komputa yemagetsi yaizove isingavimbike (ABC yaive muenzaniso) kana yaizotora nguva yakareba kuti ivake. Pasinei nekuuya kwemari yehurumende kamwe kamwe, mapurojekiti euto remagetsi ekombiyuta akanga ari mashoma uye ari pakati. Mitatu chete yakatangwa, uye miviri chete ndiyo yakaguma nemichina inoshandiswa.

MuGermany, mainjiniya wezvekufambiswa kwemashoko Helmut Schreyer akaratidza kushamwari yake Konrad Zuse kukosha kwemuchina wemagetsi pamusoro pemagetsi emagetsi "V3" aigadzirwa naZuse kuitira indasitiri yezvemuchadenga (yakazozivikanwa seZ3). Zuse akazobvuma kushanda purojekiti yechipiri naSchreyer, uye Aeronautical Research Institute yakapa mari ye100-tube prototype mukupera kwa1941. Asi varume vaviri ava vakatanga vatora basa rehondo repamusoro-soro uye basa ravo rakadzikiswa zvakanyanya nekukuvadzwa kwebhomba, zvichivasiya vasingakwanisi kuita kuti muchina wavo ushande zvakavimbika.

Zuse (kurudyi) naSchreyer (kuruboshwe) vanoshanda pakombiyuta yemagetsi mufurati reBerlin revabereki vaZuse.

Uye komputa yekutanga yemagetsi yakaita basa rinobatsira yakagadzirwa murabhoritari yakavanzika muBritain, uko mainjiniya ekufambisa mashoko akakurudzira nzira itsva yakadzama yevhavha-based cryptanalysis. Tichaburitsa nyaya iyi nguva inotevera.

Zvimwe zvekuverenga:

• Alice R. Burks naArthur W. Burks, The First Electronic Computer: The Atansoff Story (1988)
• David Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers (1986)
• Jane Smiley, Murume Akagadzira Kombuta (2010)

Source: www.habr.com