Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Kusvika ikozvino, takatarisa kumashure kune imwe neimwe yekuedza katatu kwekutanga kuvaka kombiyuta yemagetsi yemagetsi: kombiyuta yeAtanasoff-Berry ABC, yakagadzirwa naJohn Atanasoff; chirongwa cheBritish Colossus, chinotungamirwa naTommy Flowers, uye ENIAC, chakagadzirwa paMoore Chikoro cheYunivhesiti yePennsylvania. Mapurojekiti ese aya aive, chokwadi, akazvimirira. Kunyange zvazvo John Mauchly, mukuru wekufambisa mberi kweprojekti ye ENIAC, aiziva nezvebasa raAtanasov, iyo ENIAC yakagadzirwa haina kufanana neABC nenzira ipi zvayo. Kana paiva nemadzitateguru akafanana emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, ndiyo yakazvininipisa Wynne-Williams counter, chigadziro chekutanga chekushandisa vacuum tubes yekuchengetedza digital uye kuisa Atanasoff, Flowers, uye Mauchly munzira yekugadzira makombiyuta emagetsi.
Mumwe chete wemichina iyi mitatu, zvisinei, wakaita basa muzviitiko zvakatevera. ABC haina kumbobvira yagadzira chero basa rinobatsira uye, kazhinji, vanhu vashoma vaiziva nezvazvo vatorikanganwa. Michina miviri yehondo yakaratidza kuti inokwanisa kukunda mamwe makomputa aivepo, asi Colossus yakaramba yakavanzika kunyangwe mushure mekukunda Germany neJapan. ENIAC chete ndiyo yakazozivikanwa zvakanyanya uye nekudaro yakave muridzi weyero yemagetsi komputa. Uye zvino chero munhu aida kugadzira komputa mudziyo wakavakirwa pavacuum chubhu aigona kunongedzera kubudiriro yechikoro chaMoore kuti chisimbiswe. Kusava nechokwadi kwakadzika midzi munzanga yainjiniya iyo yakanga yakwazisa zvirongwa zvose zvakadaro pamberi pa1945 kwakanga kwanyangarika; vatsoropodzi vakachinja pfungwa kana kuti kunyarara.
EDVAC report
Yakaburitswa muna 1945, gwaro, zvichibva pane ruzivo rwekugadzira nekushandisa ENIAC, yakaisa toni yekutungamira kwekombuta tekinoroji mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Yakanzi "yekutanga dhizaini mushumo paEDVAC" [Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer], uye yakapa template yezvivakwa zvemakomputa ekutanga aive akarongeka mupfungwa yemazuva ano - ndiko kuti, kuita mirairo yakadzoserwa kubva mukumhanyisa ndangariro. Uye kunyangwe mabviro chaiwo epfungwa dzakanyorwa mariri ichiri nyaya yekukakavadzana, yakasainwa nezita renyanzvi yemasvomhu. (akaberekwa Janos Lajos Neumann). Muenzaniso wepfungwa dzemasvomhu, bepa rakaitawo kuyedza kwekutanga kubvisa magadzirirwo ekombuta kubva pane zvakatemwa zveimwe muchina; akaedza kupatsanura iyo chaiyo chaiyo yechimiro chekombuta kubva kune akasiyana-siyana anogoneka uye asina kujairika incarnations.
Von Neumann, akaberekerwa muHungary, akauya kuENIAC kuburikidza nePrinceton (New Jersey) uye Los Alamos (New Mexico). Muna 1929, semudiki akagona masvomhu ane mipiro inocherekedza yekuseta dzidziso, quantum mechanics, uye dzidziso yemitambo, akabva kuEurope kunotora chinzvimbo paPrinceton University. Makore mana gare gare, iri pedyo Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) yakamupa chinzvimbo chekubata-track. Nekuda kwekusimuka kweNazi muEurope, von Neumann akasvetuka nemufaro mukana wekugara nekusingaperi kune rimwe divi reAtlantic - uye akazova, mushure mechokwadi, mumwe wevapoteri vekutanga vechiJudha kubva kuEurope yaHitler. Hondo yapera, akachema-chema kuti: βManzwiro andinoita kuEurope akapesana neshungu, sezvo kona iri yose yandinoziva ichindiyeuchidza nezvenyika yakanyangarika nematongo asingaunzi nyaradzo,β uye akayeuka βkuodzwa mwoyo kwangu kwakakwana muunhu hwevanhu vari munyika. kubva muna 1933 kusvika muna 1938.β
Asemburwa neEurope yakarasika yemarudzi akawanda yehudiki hwake, von Neumann akatungamira njere dzake dzese kubatsira muchina wehondo waive wenyika yakamudzivirira. Mumakore mashanu akatevera, akatenderera nenyika, achiraira nekubvunza pamusoro pezvakasiyana zvezvirongwa zvezvombo zvitsva, asi neimwe nzira achikwanisa kunyora pamwe bhuku rakawanda pamusoro pedzidziso yemitambo. Basa rake rakavanzika uye rakakosha semurairidzi raive chinzvimbo chake paManhattan Project - kuyedza kugadzira bhomba reatomu - boka rekutsvagisa iro raive muLos Alamos (New Mexico). Robert Oppenheimer akamutora muzhizha ra1943 kuti abatsire nekuenzanisa kwemasvomhu yeprojekiti, uye kuverenga kwake kwakagonesa vamwe veboka kuti vaende kubhomba rinopfuririra mukati. Kuputika kwakadaro, kuvonga kune zvinoputika zvinofambisa zvinhu zvinoputika mukati, zvingabvumira kuti kugadzirisa kweketani yekuzvidzivirira kunowanikwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hukuru hwekuverenga hwaidiwa kuti uwane yakakwana spherical kuputika kwakanangidzirwa mukati kune yaidiwa kudzvanywa - uye chero kukanganisa kwaizotungamira mukukanganiswa kweketani yekuita uye bhomba fiasco.
Von Neumann paaishanda kuLos Alamos
PaLos Alamos, pakanga paine boka remakumi maviri emakarukureta evanhu vaive nemakarukureta epadesktop kwavaiita, asi vakatadza kumirisana nemutoro wekombuta. Vesainzi vakavapa michina kubva kuIBM kuti vashande nemakadhi akaboorwa, asi havana kukwanisa kuenderera mberi. Vakada midziyo yakavandudzwa kubva kuIBM, vakaigamuchira muna 1944, asi zvakadaro havana kukwanisa kuenderera.
Panguva iyoyo, von Neumann akanga awedzera imwe seti yesaiti kurwendo rwake rwekuyambuka-nyika: akashanyira pese panogona kuwanikwa michina yemakomputa inogona kubatsira kuLos Alamos. Akanyora tsamba kuna Warren Weaver, mukuru wechikamu cheMasvomhu chakashandiswa cheNational Defence Research Committee (NDRC), uye akatambira magwara akawanda akanaka. Akaenda kuHarvard kunotarisa Mark I, asi akanga atozara nebasa reNavy. Akataura naGeorge Stibitz uye akafunga kuodha Bell relay komputa yeLos Alamos, asi akasiya zano mushure mekudzidza kuti yaizotora nguva yakareba sei. Akashanyira boka raibva kuColumbia University iro rakanga rabatanidza makomputa akati wandei eIBM mune yakakura otomatiki sisitimu pasi pekutungamirwa naWallace Eckert, asi pakanga pasina kuvandudzwa kunooneka pamakomputa eBM atove kuLos Alamos.
Nekudaro, Weaver haana kubatanidza chirongwa chimwe chete pane rondedzero yaakapa von Neumann: ENIAC. Zvechokwadi aiziva nezvazvo: pachinzvimbo chake semutungamiriri weApplyed mathematics, aive nebasa rekutarisa mafambiro emapurojekiti ekombuta enyika. Weaver neNDRC zvechokwadi vanogona kunge vasina chokwadi nezve kugona uye nguva ye ENIAC, asi zvinoshamisa kuti haana kana kumbotaura nezvekuvapo kwayo.
Chero chikonzero, mhedzisiro yaive yekuti von Neumann akangodzidza nezve ENIAC kuburikidza nemusangano wemukana pachikuva chechitima. Nyaya iyi yakataurwa naHerman Goldstein, mubatsiri paMoore School test lab pakavakwa ENIAC. Goldstein akasangana navon Neumann pachiteshi chechitima cheAberdeen muna Chikumi 1944 - von Neumann aienda kune imwe yekubvunza kwake, iyo yaaipa senhengo yekomiti yezano resainzi kuAberdeen Ballistic Research Laboratory. Goldstein aiziva mukurumbira wavon Neumann semurume mukuru uye akatanga hurukuro naye. Achida kuita zvinoyemurika, haana chaaigona kuita kunze kwekutaura chirongwa chitsva uye chinonakidza chirikuitika muPhiladelphia. Maitiro aVon Neumann akabva achinja kubva kune yemumwe waanoshanda naye akasununguka kuenda kune wemutongi akaomarara, uye akaisa Goldstein nemibvunzo ine chekuita neruzivo rwekombuta nyowani. Akawana sosi itsva inonakidza yesimba rekombuta reLos Alamos.
Von Neumann akatanga kushanyira Presper Eckert, John Mauchly nedzimwe nhengo dzeboka re ENIAC muna September 1944. Akabva atanga kuda chirongwa ichi uye akawedzera chimwe chinhu pandandanda yake refu yemasangano aifanira kubvunza. Mativi ose akabatsirwa neizvi. Zviri nyore kuona kuti nei von Neumann akakwezvwa nekugona kweiyo high-speed electronic computing. ENIAC, kana muchina wakafanana nawo, waive nekwaniso yekukunda zvipingamupinyi zvese zvekombuyuta izvo zvakakanganisa kufambira mberi kweManhattan Project uye zvimwe zvakawanda zviripo kana zvirongwa zvingangoitika (zvisinei, Say's Law, uchiri kushanda nanhasi, wakavimbisa kuti kuuya kwe komputa kugona kwaizokurumidza kugadzira kudiwa kwakaenzana kwavari) . Kuchikoro cheMoore, kuropafadzwa kwenyanzvi inozivikanwa savon Neumann kwaireva kupera kwekusava nechokwadi kwavari. Uyezve, tichipiwa hungwaru hwake hwakadzama uye ruzivo rwakadzama munyika yose, hupamhi nekudzika kwezivo yake mundima yeotomatiki komputa yakanga isingaenzaniswi.
Aya ndiwo mapindiro akaita von Neumann muchirongwa chaEckert naMauchly chekugadzira mutsivi weENIAC. Pamwe chete naHerman Goldstein uye imwe nyanzvi yemasvomhu yeENIAC, Arthur Burks, vakatanga kudhirowa zvimiro zvechizvarwa chechipiri chekombuta yemagetsi, uye yaive pfungwa dzeboka iri idzo von Neumann akapfupisa mu "first draft" mushumo. Muchina mutsva waifanira kuve une simba rakawanda, uve nemitsara yakapfava, uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, kukunda chipingamupinyi chikuru chekushandisa ENIAC - maawa mazhinji ekuseta kune rimwe nerimwe basa idzva, panguva iyo iyi ine simba uye inodhura zvakanyanya komputa yakagara isina basa. Vagadziri vechizvarwa chazvino chemichina yemagetsi, Harvard Mark I neBell Relay Computer, vakanzvenga izvi nekuisa mirairo mukombuta vachishandisa tepi yepepa ine maburi akabayiwa mairi kuitira kuti mushandisi agadzirise bepa muchina uchiita mamwe mabasa. . Nekudaro, kupinza data kwakadaro kwaizoramba kumhanyisa mukana wemagetsi; hapana bepa raigona kupa data nekukurumidza seyaigona kugamuchirwa neENIAC. ("Colossus" yakashanda nebepa ichishandisa photoelectric sensors uye imwe neimwe yemamodules ayo mashanu ekombuyuta akanyura data nekumhanya kwemavara 5000 pasekondi, asi izvi zvakangogoneka nekuda kwekukurumidza kupururudza kwebepa tepi. tepi yaida kunonoka kwe0,5. 5000 s pamitsetse XNUMX yega yega).
Mhinduro yedambudziko, yakatsanangurwa mu "gwaro rekutanga", yaive yekufambisa kuchengetwa kwemirayiridzo kubva kune "kunze kwekurekodha svikiro" kuenda ku "memory" - iri izwi rakashandiswa kekutanga maererano nekombuta yekuchengetedza data (von Neumann akanyatsoshandisa izvi uye mamwe mazwi ehupenyu mubasa - aifarira zvikuru basa rehuropi uye maitiro anoitika mutsinga). Pfungwa iyi yakazonzi "chirongwa chekuchengetedza." Zvisinei, izvi zvakabva zvatungamirira kune rimwe dambudziko - iro rakatovhiringidza Atanasov - kudhura kwakanyanya kwemagetsi emagetsi. "First draft" inofungidzira kuti komputa inokwanisa kuita mabasa akawanda ekombuyuta yaizoda ndangariro ye250 binary manhamba kuti ichengete mirairo uye data yenguva pfupi. Tube memory yehukuru ihwohwo yaizodhura mamirioni emadhora uye isingavimbike zvachose.
Mhinduro yedambudziko iri yakatsanangurwa naEckert, akashanda pakutsvagisa radar mukutanga kwema1940 pasi pechibvumirano pakati peMoore School neRad Lab yeMIT, nzvimbo yepakati yekutsvagisa yeradar tekinoroji muUnited States. Kunyanya, Eckert aishanda pane radar system inonzi Moving Target Indicator (MTI), iyo yakagadzirisa dambudziko re "ground flare": chero ruzha pachiratidziro cheradar chakagadzirwa nezvivakwa, zvikomo nezvimwe zvinhu zvakamira izvo zvakaita kuti zviome kune anoshanda. kuparadzanisa ruzivo rwakakosha - saizi, nzvimbo uye kumhanya kwekufamba kwendege.
MTI yakagadzirisa dambudziko remoto uchishandisa mudziyo unonzi . Yakashandura mapuruzi emagetsi eradar kuita masaisai eruzha, ichibva yatumira masaisai iwayo pasi nechubhu yemercury kuitira kuti ruzha rusvike kune rumwe rutivi uye ruchidzorerwe kuita mhepo yemagetsi sezvo radar yaiongororazve nzvimbo imwe chete mudenga (mitsetse yekunonoka. yekuparadzira Inzwi rinogonawo kushandiswa nemamwe midhiya: zvimwe zvinwiwa, makristasi akasimba uye kunyange mweya (maererano nemamwe masosi, pfungwa yavo yakagadzirwa neBell Labs nyanzvi yefizikisi William Shockley, nezvake gare gare). Chero chiratidzo chaisvika kubva ku radar panguva imwe chete sechiratidzo pamusoro pechubhu chaionekwa sechiratidzo kubva kune chinhu chakamira uye chakabviswa.
Eckert akaziva kuti mapuruzi eruzha mumutsara wekunonoka anogona kunzi manhamba ebhinari - 1 inoratidza kuvepo kwezwi, 0 inoratidza kusavapo kwayo. Imwe mercury chubhu inogona kuve nemazana ezviverengero izvi, imwe neimwe ichipfuura nemutsetse kakawanda millisecond yega yega, zvichireva kuti komputa yaizofanira kumirira mazana mashoma emamicroseconds kuti iwane iyo digit. Muchiitiko ichi, kuwana manhamba akatevedzana muruwoko kunenge kuri kukurumidza, sezvo manhamba akaparadzaniswa nemamicroseconds mashoma.
Mercury kunonoka mitsara muBritish EDSAC komputa
Mushure mekugadzirisa matambudziko makuru nemagadzirirwo ekombuta, von Neumann akaunganidza pfungwa dzeboka rese kuita mushumo wepeji 101 we "first draft" muchirimo cha1945 ndokuupa kune vanhu vakakosha muchirongwa chechipiri cheEDVAC. Nenguva isipi akabva apinda mune mamwe madenderedzwa. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu Leslie Comrie, somuenzaniso, akaenda nekopi kumba kuBritain pashure pokushanyira chikoro chaMoore muna 1946 ndokuigovera kuvashandi biyake. Kutenderera kwemushumo kwakatsamwisa Eckert naMauchly nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri: chekutanga, yakapa mbiri kumunyori wechirongwa, von Neumann. Chechipiri, pfungwa huru dzese dziri muhurongwa hwacho, dzakadhindwa kubva pakuona kwehofisi yepatent, iyo yakakanganisa zvirongwa zvavo zvekutengesa komputa yemagetsi.
Hwaro chaihwo hwekutsamwa kwaEckert naMauchly hwakakonzerawo, kushatirwa kwenyanzvi dzemasvomhu: von Neumann, Goldstein naBurks. Mukuona kwavo, mushumo wakanga uri ruzivo rutsva rwakakosha rwaida kuparadzirwa zvakafara sezvinobvira mumweya wokufambira mberi kwesayenzi. Pamusoro pezvo, bhizinesi rese iri raipihwa mari nehurumende, uye nekudaro pamutengo wevateresi vekuAmerica. Vakatsamwiswa nekutengeserana kwaEckert naMauchly kuedza kuita mari kubva muhondo. Von Neumann akanyora, kuti: βNdingadai ndisina kutongobvuma basa rokubvunza yunivhesiti ndichiziva kuti ndaipa zano boka rezvokutengeserana.β
Mapoka akaparadzana muna 1946: Eckert naMauchly vakavhura kambani yavo zvichibva pane yairatidzika kunge yakachengeteka patent yakavakirwa patekinoroji yeENIAC. Vakambotumidza kambani yavo kuti Electronic Control Company, asi gore rakatevera vakaitumidza kuti Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Von Neumann akadzokera kuIAS kuti avake komputa yakavakirwa paEDVAC, uye akabatanidzwa naGoldstein naBurks. Kuti vadzivise kudzokororwa kwemamiriro eEckert naMauchly, vakaita shuwa kuti zvinhu zvese zveuchenjeri zvepurojekiti itsva zvakava nzvimbo yeruzhinji.
Von Neumann pamberi pekombuta yeIAS, yakavakwa muna 1951.
Retreat yakatsaurirwa kuna Alan Turing
Pakati pevanhu vakaona EDVAC report in a roundabout way was British mathematician Alan Turing. Turing yakanga isiri pakati pevasayendisiti vekutanga kugadzira kana kufungidzira komputa otomatiki, yemagetsi kana neimwe nzira, uye vamwe vanyori vakawedzeredza basa rake munhoroondo yekombuta. Nekudaro, isu tinofanira kumupa mbiri yekuve munhu wekutanga kuziva kuti makomputa anogona kuita zvinopfuura "kuverenga" chimwe chinhu nekungogadzirisa kutevedzana kukuru kwenhamba. Pfungwa yake huru yakanga iri yokuti mashoko akagadziridzwa nepfungwa dzomunhu anogona kumiririrwa muchimiro chenhamba, naizvozvo muitiro upi noupi wepfungwa unogona kushandurwa kuva chiverengero.
Alan Turing muna 1951
Pakupera kwa1945, Turing akaburitsa rondedzero yake, iyo yakataura von Neumann, ine musoro unoti "Proposal for an Electronic Calculator", uye yakanangana neBritish National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Haana kunyatsoongorora zvakadzama nezvemagadzirirwo ekombuta yemagetsi yakarongwa. Dhiagiramu yake yairatidza pfungwa dzenyanzvi. Yakanga isina kuitirwa kuve neyakakosha hardware yemabasa epamusoro-soro, sezvo yaigona kuumbwa kubva kune yakaderera-level primitives; kungava kukura kwakashata pane yakaisvonaka symmetry yemotokari. Turing zvakare haina kugovera chero mutsara ndangariro kuchirongwa chekombuta - data nemirayiridzo yaigona kuvapo mundangariro sezvo dzaingova nhamba. Murayiridzo wakazongove murayiridzo pawakadudzirwa sewakadaro (bepa raTuring ra1936 "panhamba dzinoverengeka" rakanga ratoongorora hukama huripo pakati pe data static nemirayiridzo ine simba. Akatsanangura iyo yakazonzi "Turing machine" uye akaratidza kuti inogona kushandurwa kuita nhamba uye kupihwa sekuisa kumushini weTuring wepasirese unokwanisa kududzira nekuita chero mumwe muchina weTuring). Nekuti Turing aiziva kuti nhamba dzaigona kumiririra chero nzira yeruzivo rwakanyatsotsanangurwa, akabatanidza mune rondedzero yezvinetso zvinogadziriswa pakombuta iyi kwete chete kuvakwa kwematafura e artillery uye mhinduro yehurongwa hwemitsara equation, asiwo mhinduro yemapuzzle zvidzidzo zve chess.
Iyo otomatiki Turing Injini (ACE) haina kumbovakwa muchimiro chayo chepakutanga. Yakanga yakanyanya kunonoka uye yaifanira kukwikwidza nemapurojekiti ekombuta eBritish ane tarenda repamusoro. Basa racho rakamira kwemakore anoverengeka, uye ipapo Turing akarasikirwa nechido mazviri. Muna 1950, NPL yakagadzira Pilot ACE, muchina mudiki une dhizaini yakati siyanei, uye akati wandei mamwe magadzirirwo emakombuta akatora kurudziro kubva kuACE architecture mukutanga 1950s. Asi akakundikana kuwedzera simba rake, uye akakurumidza kunyangarika.
Asi zvese izvi hazvideredze kunaka kwaTuring, zvinongobatsira kumuisa mumamiriro chaiwo. Kukosha kwepesvedzero yake munhoroondo yemakomputa haina kubva pamagadzirirwo emakombuta e1950s, asi padzidziso yaakapa iyo sainzi yekombuta yakabuda muma1960. Mabasa ake ekutanga pane masvomhu logic, ayo akaongorora miganhu yekombuta uye isingapindike, yakava zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvechirango chitsva.
Slow Revolution
Sezvo nhau dze ENIAC uye mushumo weEDVAC wakapararira, chikoro chaMoore chakava nzvimbo yekufambira. Vashanyi vazhinji vakauya kuzodzidza pamakumbo evatenzi, kunyanya kubva kuU.SA neBritain. Kuti agadzirise kuyerera kwevaikumbira, mukuru wechikoro muna 1946 aifanira kuronga chikoro chechirimo pamichina yekombuta otomatiki, ichishanda nokukoka. Hurukuro dzakapiwa nevanovheneka vakadai saEckert, Mauchly, von Neumann, Burks, Goldstein, uye Howard Aiken (mugadziri weHarvard Mark I electromechanical computer).
Zvino anenge munhu wese aida kugadzira michina maererano nemirairo kubva mushumo yeEDVAC (zvinoshamisa kuti muchina wekutanga kuita chirongwa chakachengetwa mundangariro yaive ENIAC pachayo, iyo muna 1948 yakashandurwa kuti ishandise mirayiridzo yakachengetwa mundangariro. Ipapo ndipo payakatanga shanda zvinobudirira mumusha wayo mutsva, Aberdeen Proving Ground). Kunyangwe mazita emagadzirirwo matsva emakombuta akagadzirwa mu1940s uye 50s akafurirwa neENIAC neEDVAC. Kunyange kana iwe usingafungi UNIVAC neBINAC (yakagadzirwa mukambani itsva yeEckert naMauchly) uye EDVAC pachayo (yakapedza paMoore School mushure mokunge vatangi vayo vasiya), kuchine AVIDAC, CSIRAC, EDSAC, FLAC, ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC, ORDVAC, SEAC, SILLIAC, SWAC uye WEIZAC. Vazhinji vavo vakakopa zvakananga dhizaini yakaburitswa yeIAS (ine shanduko diki), vachitora mukana weiyo von Neumann mutemo wekuvhurika maererano nenjere pfuma.
Nekudaro, shanduko yemagetsi yakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, ichichinja iyo iripo kurongeka nhanho nhanho. Yekutanga EDVAC-maitiro muchina hauna kuoneka kusvika 1948, uye yaingova diki-ye-chirevo chirongwa, Manchester "mucheche" yakagadzirirwa kuratidza kugona kwendangariro pa. (makomputa mazhinji akachinja kubva kumachubhu emercury kuenda kune imwe mhando yendangariro, inovawo yakabva kune tekinoroji yeradar. Chete pachinzvimbo chechubhu, yakashandisa sikirini yeCRT. Injiniya wekuBritain Frederick Williams ndiye akatanga kufunga nzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. kugadzikana kwechiyeuchidzo ichi, semugumisiro wekuti madhiraivha akagamuchira zita rake). Muna 1949, mamwe machina mana akagadzirwa: saizi yakazara Manchester Mark I, EDSAC paYunivhesiti yeCambridge, CSIRAC muSydney (Australia) neAmerican BINAC - kunyangwe iyo yekupedzisira haina kuzomboshanda. Mudiki asi akatsiga yakaenderera mberi kwemakore mashanu akatevera.
Vamwe vanyori vakatsanangura ENIAC sekunge yakadhirowa chidzitiro munguva yakapfuura uye yakatiunza ipapo munguva yemagetsi komputa. Nekuda kweizvi, humbowo chaihwo hwakamonyaniswa zvikuru. "Kuuya kweyemagetsi ese ENIAC kwakangoita kuti Mark I isashande (kunyangwe yakaramba ichishanda zvinobudirira kwemakore gumi nemashanu gare gare)," akanyora kudaro Katherine Davis Fishman, The Computer Establishment (1982). Chirevo ichi chiri pachena kuti chinozvipikisa zvekuti munhu angafunga kuti ruoko rwaMuzvare Fishman rwaisaziva zvaiitwa nerudyi. Iwe unogona, hongu, kutaura izvi kune zvinyorwa zvemutori wenhau ari nyore. Zvisinei, tinowana vanoverengeka vezvenhau chaivoivo vachisarudza zvakare Mark I somukomana wavo anorova netyava, vachinyora, kuti: βHarvard Mark I yakanga isati iri bedzi mugumo woruzivo rwokuzviwanira, haina kuita chinhu chinobetsera zvikuru mukati mamakore ayo ane gumi namashanu okushanda. Yakashandiswa mune akati wandei mapurojekiti eNavy, uye ipapo muchina uyu wakaratidza kubatsira zvakakwana kuti Navy kuraira mimwe michina yemakomputa yeAiken Lab." [Aspray naCampbell-Kelly]. Zvakare, kupesana kwakajeka.
Muchokwadi, makombiyuta erelay aive nezvaakanakira uye akaramba achishanda pamwe chete nehama dzavo dzemagetsi. Makomputa akawanda matsva emagetsi akagadzirwa mushure meHondo Yenyika II, uye kunyangwe mukutanga kwema1950 muJapan. Michina yekudzosera yaive nyore kugadzira, kuvaka, nekuchengetedza, uye yaisada yakawandisa magetsi uye mhepo yekudziya (kubvisa huwandu hukuru hwekupisa hunoburitswa nezviuru zvevacuum chubhu). ENIAC yakashandisa 150 kW yemagetsi, makumi maviri ayo akashandiswa kuitonhodza.
Mauto eUS akaramba ari mutengi mukuru wesimba remakomputa uye haana kuregeredza "ekare" mamodeli emagetsi. Mukupera kwema1940, Mauto aive nemakomputa mana ekudzosera uye Navy yaive neshanu. Iyo Ballistics Research Laboratory muAberdeen yaive neyakakura kuunganidzwa kwesimba remakomputa pasirese, iine ENIAC, relay calculator kubva kuBell neIBM, uye yekare musiyano muongorori. Mumushumo waSeptember 1949, imwe neimwe yakapiwa nzvimbo yayo: ENIAC yakashanda zvakanakisisa nekuverenga kwenguva refu, kwakapfava; Bell's Model V Calculator yaive nani pakugadzirisa macalculator akaomarara nekuda kwehurefu hwayo husina muganho hwetepi yekuraira uye kugona kunoyangarara kwenzvimbo, uye IBM yaigona kugadzirisa huwandu hukuru hweruzivo rwakachengetwa pamakadhi akabayiwa. Zvichakadaro, mamwe mashandiro, akadai sekutora cube midzi, aive achiri nyore kuita nemaoko (uchishandisa musanganiswa wemaspredishiti uye desktop calculator) uye kuchengetedza muchina nguva.
Mucherechedzo wakanakisa wekupera kwemagetsi computing revolution yaisazova 1945, apo ENIAC yakazvarwa, asi 1954, pakaonekwa macomputer IBM 650 uye 704. Aya akange asiri ekutanga macomputer emagetsi ekutengesa, asi aive ekutanga, akabudiswa mukati. mazana, uye yakatsunga kutonga kweIBM muindasitiri yemakomputa, yakagara makore makumi matatu. Muchirevo chemashoko , makombiyuta emagetsi akanga asisina kushamisika kusinganzwisisiki kwema1940, aripo chete muzviroto zvevakadzingwa seAtanasov naMauchly; vave sainzi yakajairika.
Imwe yemakomputa akawanda IBM 650-mune iyi nyaya, muenzaniso weTexas A&M University. Iyo magnetic drum memory (pazasi) yakaita kuti iite zvishoma, asi zvakare isingadhure.
Kusiya dendere
Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1950, kutenderera uye dhizaini yedhijitari komputa dhizaini yakanga yasunungurwa kubva kwayakabva mumagadzirirwo eanalogi uye maamplifiers. Magadzirirwo emakombuta ema1930 nekutanga '40s aitsamira zvakanyanya pamazano kubva kufizikisi uye radar marabhoritari, uye kunyanya mazano kubva kune mainjiniya enharembozha nemadhipatimendi ekutsvagisa. Zvino makombiyuta akanga aronga nzvimbo yawo amene, uye nyanzvi dzebasa racho dzakanga dzichigadzira mifungo yadzo dzimene, mashoko, uye maturusi okupedza zvinetso zvadzo dzimene.
Iyo komputa yakaonekwa mune yazvino pfungwa, uye saka yedu iri kusvika kumagumo. Nekudaro, iyo nyika yenharembozha yaive neimwe inonakidza ace kumusoro kwayo. Vacuum chubhu yakapfuura relay nekusava nezvikamu zvinofamba. Uye iyo yekupedzisira relay munhoroondo yedu yaive nemukana wekushaikwa zvachose kwechero zvikamu zvemukati. Iro bundu rinotaridzika risina mhosva rine waya shoma dzakabuda kunze kwaro rabuda nekuda kwebazi idzva remagetsi rinozivikanwa se "solid-state."
Kunyange zvazvo machubhu evacuum aikurumidza, akanga achiri kudhura, akakura, achipisa, uye asina kunyatsovimbika. Zvakanga zvisingaite, toti, laptop navo. Von Neumann akanyora muna 1948 kuti "hazvigoneki kuti tichakwanisa kudarika nhamba yekuchinja kwe10 (kana zvichida makumi ezviuru zvezviuru) chero bedzi isu tichimanikidzwa kushandisa teknolojia yezvino uye uzivi)." Iyo yakasimba nyika relay yakapa makomputa kugona kusunda iyi miganho zvakare uye zvakare, ichityora kakawanda; inotanga kushandiswa mumabhizinesi madiki, zvikoro, dzimba, midziyo yemumba uye inokwana muhomwe; kugadzira nyika yemashiripiti yedhijitari izere nehupenyu hwedu nhasi. Uye kuti tiwane kwaakabva, isu tinofanirwa kudzoreredza wachi makore makumi mashanu apfuura, uye todzokera kumazuva anonakidza ekutanga ehunyanzvi husina waya.
Zvimwe zvekuverenga:
- David Anderson, "Mwana weManchester akaberekwa kuBletchley Park?", British Computer Society (Chikumi 4, 2004)
- William Aspray, John von Neumann uye Mavambo eMakomputa Yemazuvano (1990)
- Martin Campbell-Kelly naWilliam Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine (1996)
- Thomas Haigh, nevamwe. al., Eniac muChiito (2016)
- John von Neumann, "Kunyorwa Kwekutanga kweChinyorwa paEDVAC" (1945)
- Alan Turing, "Yakarongwa Yemagetsi Calculator" (1945)
Source: www.habr.com