ARPA computer network diagram yaChikumi 1967. Denderedzwa risina chinhu ikombiyuta ine mukana wekugoverana, denderedzwa rine mutsara iteminari yemushandisi mumwechete.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Pakupera kwa1966 nemari yeARPA, akatanga chirongwa chekubatanidza makomputa mazhinji muhurongwa humwe chete, achikurudzirwa nepfungwa "Β» .
Taylor akaisa mutoro wokuitwa kweprojekti mumaoko anokwanisa . Mugore rakatevera, Roberts akaita sarudzo dzakati wandei dzaizodzokorodza mukati mehunyanzvi hwekuvaka uye tsika yeARPANET nevatevedzeri vayo, mune dzimwe nguva kwemakumi emakore anotevera. Sarudzo yekutanga mukukosha, kunyangwe isiri mukuverenga nguva, kwaive kutsunga kwenzira yekufambisa mameseji kubva kune imwe komputa kuenda kune imwe.
dambudziko
Kana komputa A ichida kutumira meseji kune komputa B, meseji iyoyo ingawane sei nzira kubva kune imwe ichienda kune imwe? Mune dzidziso, iwe unogona kubvumira imwe neimwe node mune yekutaurirana network kuti itaurirane neimwe imwe node nekubatanidza imwe neimwe node kune yega yega netambo dzemuviri. Kuti utaure naB, komputa A inongotumira meseji pamwe netambo inobuda ichiibatanidza neB. Network yakadaro inonzi mesh network. Nekudaro, kune chero akakosha saizi yetiweki, nzira iyi inokurumidza kuita isingashande sezvo huwandu hwekubatanidza hunowedzera seskweya yenhamba yenhamba (se (n2 - n) / 2 kuve chaiyo).
Naizvozvo, imwe nzira yekugadzira meseji nzira inodiwa, iyo, kana yasvika meseji panzvimbo yepakati, yaizoitumira mberi kune chinangwa. Mukutanga kwema1960, pakanga paine nzira mbiri dzekutanga dzekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Yekutanga inzira yechitoro-uye-mberi yekuchinjisa meseji. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa neTelegraph system. Apo shoko rakasvika panzvimbo yepakati, raichengetwa ipapo kwenguva pfupi (kazhinji muchimiro chetepi yepepa) kusvikira yakwanisa kupfuudzwa mberi kune chinangwa, kana kuti kune imwe nzvimbo yepakati iri pedyo nevavariro.
Ipapo nhare yakauya uye paida imwe nzira itsva. Kunonoka kwemaminetsi akati wandei mushure mekutaura kwega kwega parunhare, iyo yaifanirwa kududzirwa uye kuendeswa kwayaienda, kwaizopa kunzwa kwekutaurirana neanopindirana ari paMars. Pane kudaro, foni yakashandisa kuchinja kwedunhu. Munhu aifona aitanga runhare rumwe norumwe nokutumira mashoko airatidza kuti aida kufonera ani. Kutanga vakaita izvi nekutaura nemushandisi, uye vobva vafonera nhamba, iyo yakagadziriswa neotomatiki michina pane switchboard. Mushandi kana mudziyo wakagadzira kubatanidza magetsi kwakatsaurirwa pakati peanofona neari kudanwa. Panyaya yekufona kure kure, izvi zvinogona kuda akati wandei kubatanidza kufona kuburikidza neakawanda switch. Kana kubatanidzwa kwangotangwa, hurukuro pachayo inogona kutanga, uye kubatana kwakaramba kuripo kusvikira mumwe wemapato akanganisa nekurembera.
Digital communication, iyo yakasarudzwa kushandisa muARPANET kubatanidza makombiyuta anoshanda maererano nechirongwa , akashandisa mativi ezvose zviri zviviri teregirafu norunhare. Kune rimwe divi, mameseji edata aifambiswa mumapaketi akaparadzana, sepateregirafu, kwete sekukurukurirana kunoenderera parunhare. Nekudaro, mameseji aya anogona kunge ari ehukuru hwakasiyana nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana, kubva pamirairo yekoni yemavara akati wandei pakureba, kusvika kune makuru mafaira edata anotamiswa kubva kune imwe komputa kuenda kune imwe. Kana mafaira akanonoka kufambiswa, hapana akanyunyuta nezvazvo. Asi kudyidzana kure kwaida mhinduro nekukurumidza, senge runhare.
Imwe mutsauko wakakosha pakati pemakomputa data network kune rumwe rutivi, uye runhare neteregirafu kune rimwe, yaive yekunzwa kune zvikanganiso mune data rakagadziriswa nemichina. Shanduko kana kurasikirwa panguva yekufambiswa kwemunhu mumwechete muteregiramu, kana kunyangarika kwechikamu chezwi muhurukuro yefoni hakugone kukanganisa zvakanyanya kutaurirana kwevanhu vaviri. Asi kana ruzha pamutsara rukachinja kamwe chete kubva pa0 kuenda ku1 mumurairo wakatumirwa kukombiyuta iri kure, inogona kuchinja zvachose zvinoreva murairo. Naizvozvo, meseji yega yega yaifanira kutariswa zvikanganiso uye kudzoserwa kana paine yakawanikwa. Kudzokororwa kwakadaro kwaizodhura kune mameseji makuru uye kwainyanya kukonzera kukanganisa nekuti kwaitora nguva yakareba kuti itumirwe.
Mhinduro yedambudziko iri yakauya kuburikidza nezviitiko zviviri zvakazvimiririra zvakaitika muna 1960, asi iyo yakauya gare gare yakaonekwa kekutanga naLarry Roberts neARPA.
Musangano
Mukupera kwa1967, Roberts akasvika muGatlinburg, Tennessee, kubva mhiri kwepamusoro pemasango eGreat Smoky Mountains, kuti ape gwaro rinotsanangura zvirongwa zvenetiweki zveARPA. Akanga achishanda muInformation Processing Technology Office (IPTO) kwerinenge gore, asi zvakawanda zvemashoko eprojekti yetiweki akanga asati anyatsojeka, kusanganisira mhinduro yedambudziko rekufambisa. Kunze kwekungotaura zvisina kujeka nezvemabhuroko uye hukuru hwawo, iyo chete yaingotaurwa nezvayo mubhuku raRoberts yaive kutaura kupfupi uye kunonzvenga pakupedzisira chaiko: βZvinoita sezviri madikanwa kuchengetedza tambo yekurukurirano inoshandiswa nguva nenguva kuti uwane mhinduro muchikamu chegumi kune chimwe. kechipiri inodiwa kuti ishandiswe kushanda. Izvi zvinodhura zvakanyanya maererano nenetiweki zviwanikwa, uye kunze kwekunge isu takwanisa kufona nekukurumidza, meseji switching uye kuisa pfungwa kune zvakakosha kune vatori vechikamu. Zviripachena, panguva iyoyo, Roberts akange asati afunga kusiya nzira yaaive ashandisa naTom Marrill muna 1965, ndiko kuti, kubatanidza makomputa kuburikidza neinochinjika nhare network vachishandisa autodial.
Sezvineiwo, mumwe munhu aivepo pane imwe symposium aine zano riri nani rekugadzirisa dambudziko rekufamba mumadhata network. Roger Scantlebury akayambuka Atlantic, achisvika kubva kuBritish National Physical Laboratory (NPL) aine chirevo. Scantlebury akatora Roberts parutivi mushure mekutaura kwake ndokumuudza nezvepfungwa yake. . Iyi tekinoroji yakagadziriswa nemukuru wake kuNPL, Donald Davis. MuUnited States, zvakaitwa naDavis uye nhoroondo hazvizivikanwe, kunyangwe mukudonha kwa1967 boka raDavis kuNPL raive riine gore pamberi peARPA nemazano ayo.
Davis, semapiyona mazhinji ekutanga emagetsi komputa, aive fizikisi nekudzidziswa. Akapedza kudzidza kubva kuImperial College London muna 1943 pazera 19 uye akabva apinzwa muchirongwa chakavanzika chezvombo zvenyukireya. . Ikoko akatarisira chikwata chevanhu vaishandisa ma calculator emagetsi nemagetsi kuti akurumidze kubudisa mhinduro dzenhamba dzezvinetso zvine chokuita nenyukireya fusion (mukuru wake aiva. , imwe nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuGermany iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga yatotanga kuendesa zvakavanzika zvezvombo zvenyukireya kuUSSR). Mushure mehondo, akanzwa kubva kune nyanzvi yemasvomhu John Womersley nezve purojekiti yaaitungamira paNPL - yaive kusikwa kwekombuta yemagetsi yaifanirwa kuita masvomhu akafanana nekumhanya kwakanyanya. inonzi ACE, "automatic computing engine".
Davis akasvetukira papfungwa ndokusaina neNPL nekukasira. Mushure mekubatsira mukugadzirwa kwakadzama uye kuvaka komputa yeACE, akaramba akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mumunda wekombuta semutungamiri wekutsvagisa kuNPL. Muna 1965 aive muUS kumusangano wehunyanzvi une chekuita nebasa rake uye akashandisa mukana uyu kushanyira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemakombuta dzinogovana nguva kuti aone kuti bopoto rese raive rei. Munzvimbo yeBritish komputa, kugovana nguva muAmerican pfungwa yekudyidzana kwekugovana komputa nevashandisi vakawanda kwaisazivikanwa. Pane kudaro, kugovana nguva kwaireva kugovera basa rekombuta pakati pezvirongwa zvakawanda zvekugadzira batch (kuitira kuti, semuenzaniso, imwe chirongwa chaizoshanda apo imwe yaive yakabatikana kuverenga tepi). Zvadaro sarudzo iyi ichanzi multiprogramming.
Kudzungaira kwaDavis kwakamuendesa kuProjekti MAC kuMIT, JOSS Project paRAND Corporation muCalifornia, uye Dartmouth Time Sharing System muNew Hampshire. Vari munzira kuenda kumba, mumwe wevaaishanda navo akakurudzira kuita musangano wekugovana kudzidzisa nharaunda yeBritish nezvehunyanzvi hutsva hwavakanga vadzidza nezvahwo kuUS. Davis akabvuma, uye akagashira vazhinji vevakuru vanotungamira muAmerican computing field, kusanganisira (mugadziri we "Interoperable Time Sharing System" kuMIT) uye Larry Roberts pachake.
Munguva yemusangano (kana kuti zvichida pakarepo mushure), Davis akashamiswa nepfungwa yokuti kugoverana nguva uzivi hunogona kushandiswa kumitsara yekukurukurirana kwekombiyuta, kwete kumakombiyuta pachavo. Makomputa ekugovana nguva anopa mushandisi wega wega chunk yeCPU nguva uye obva achinja kune mumwe, achipa mumwe nemumwe mushandisi manyepo ekuva neyake komputa inopindirana. Saizvozvovo, nekucheka meseji yega yega kuita zvidimbu zvakaenzana, izvo Davis akadana "mapaketi," imwe nzira yekutaurirana inogona kugoverwa pakati pemakomputa mazhinji kana vashandisi vekombuta imwe. Zvakare, yaizogadzirisa ese maficha ekufambiswa kwedata ayo nhare uye telegraph switch dzaive dzisina kukodzera. Mushandisi anoshanda inodyidzana terminal kutumira mapfupi mirairo uye kugamuchira pfupi mhinduro haizovharirwe neiyo hombe faira kutumira nekuti iyo kuendesa ichatsemurwa mumapakiti mazhinji. Chero huwori hunenge huri mumameseji makuru kudaro huchakanganisa pakiti imwe chete, inogona kutumirwa zvakare kuti ipedze meseji.
Davis akatsanangura pfungwa dzake mune pepa risina kudhindwa ra1966, "Chirevo cheDigital Communications Network." Panguva iyoyo, nharembozha dzepamusoro-soro dzaive padhuze nekuchinja kwekombuta, uye Davis akaronga kuisa packet switching kune inotevera chizvarwa network network, kugadzira imwe chete Broadband communications network inokwanisa kushandira zvakasiyana-siyana zvikumbiro, kubva parunhare mbozha kuenda kure kure. kuwana makombiyuta. Panguva iyoyo, Davis akange akwidziridzwa kuita maneja weNPL uye akaumba boka redhijitari rekukurukurirana pasi peScantlebury kuti aite chirongwa chake nekugadzira demo inoshanda.
Mugore rinotungamira kumusangano weGatlinburg, timu yaScantlebury yakagadzirisa zvese zvekugadzira pakiti-inochinja network. Kukundikana kwenodhi imwe chete kwaigona kuponeswa nekugadzirisa nzira iyo yaigona kubata nzira dzakawanda dzekuenda kwainoenda, uye kutadza kwepaketi imwe chete kunogona kugadziriswa nekuitumira zvakare. Simulation uye ongororo yakataura kuti iyo yakakwana saizi yepakiti yaizova 1000 bytes - kana iwe ukaita kuti ive diki zvakanyanya, ipapo bandwidth kushandiswa kwemitsara yemetadata mumusoro ichave yakawandisa, zvakanyanya - uye nguva yekupindura yevashandisi vanopindirana ichawedzera. kazhinji nekuda kwemameseji makuru .
Basa raScantlebury raisanganisira zvinhu zvakaita sepakeji fomati...
... uye kuongororwa kwemaitiro emapaketi saizi pane network latency.
Zvichakadaro, tsvakiridzo yaDavis naScantlebury yakakonzera kuwanikwa kwemapepa ekutsvagisa ane hudzamu akaitwa nemumwe muAmerica aive auya nepfungwa yakafanana makore akati wandei pamberi pavo. Asi panguva imwe chete , injiniya wemagetsi paRAND Corporation, akanga asina kumbofunga zvachose nezvezvinodiwa nevashandisi vekombiyuta vanogovana nguva. RAND yaive Dhipatimendi reDziviriro-yakapihwa mari yekufunga tank muSanta Monica, California, yakagadzirwa mushure meHondo Yenyika II kuti ipe kuronga kwenguva refu uye kuongororwa kwematambudziko ehondo. Vavariro yaBaran yaive yekunonotsa hondo yenyukireya nekugadzira network yakavimbika yemauto yekutaurirana inokwanisa kupona kunyangwe kurwisa kukuru kwenyukireya. Network yakadaro yaizoita kuti kurova kwekutanga kweUSSR kusanyanya kukwezva, sezvo zvingave zvakaoma zvikuru kuparadza kugona kweUS kurova mapoinzi akawanda ekupindura. Kuti aite izvi, Baran akaronga sisitimu yakapaza mameseji mune yaakadaidza kuti meseji mabhuroki ayo anogona kufambiswa akazvimirira pamharadzano yetiweki dzemanodhi akawandisa obva aungana pamwe chete kumagumo.
ARPA yaikwanisa kuwana mishumo yaBaran yeRAND, asi sezvo yakanga isina hukama nemakomputa anodyidzana, kukosha kwavo kuARPANET kwakanga kusiri pachena. Roberts naTaylor, sezviri pachena, havana kumbovaona. Pane kudaro, semhedzisiro yemusangano wemukana mumwe, Scantlebury akapa zvese kuna Roberts mundiro yesirivheri: yakanyatso dhizaini yekuchinjisa mashini, kushanda kune dambudziko rekugadzira anodyidzana makomputa network, mareferensi zvinyorwa kubva kuRAND, uye kunyangwe zita rekuti "package." Basa reNPL rakaitawo kuti Roberts atende kuti kumhanya kwepamusoro kwaizodiwa kupa hutano hwakanaka, saka akavandudza zvirongwa zvake kune 50 Kbps links. Kugadzira iyo ARPANET, chikamu chakakosha chedambudziko renzira chakagadziriswa.
Ichokwadi, kune imwe vhezheni yekwakabva pfungwa yekuchinja kwepaketi. Roberts akazotaura kuti akange atove nepfungwa dzakafanana mumusoro make, nekuda kwebasa remumwe wake, Len Kleinrock, uyo anonzi akatsanangura pfungwa iyi kumashure muna 1962, mugwaro rake rehudhigirii pamanetiweki ekutaurirana. Zvisinei, zvakaoma zvikuru kubvisa pfungwa yakadaro kubva mubasa iri, uye kunze, handina kuwana humwe uchapupu hweiyi vhezheni.
Manetiweki asina kumbovapo
Sezvatinoona, zvikwata zviviri zvaive pamberi peARPA mukugadzira packet switching, tekinoroji yakaratidza kushanda zvekuti yave pasi pese kutaurirana. Sei ARPANET yaive yekutanga yakakosha network kuishandisa?
Zvose zviri pamusoro pezvinyengeri zvesangano. ARPA yakanga isina mvumo yepamutemo yekugadzira network yekukurukurirana, asi kwaive nenhamba huru yenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzaive nemakomputa avo, tsika ye "mahara" tsika dzaive dzisingatarisirwi, uye makomo emari. Chikumbiro chaTaylor chepakutanga muna 1966 chemari yekugadzira ARPANET chaida $1 miriyoni, uye Roberts akaramba achishandisa mari yakawanda kudaro gore rega rega kubva muna 1969 zvichienda mberi kuti network itange kushanda. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune ARPA, mari yakadaro yakanga iri shanduko shoma, saka hapana wevashandi vake ainetseka pamusoro pezvakaitwa naRoberts nazvo, chero bedzi zvingave zvakasungirirwa kune zvinodiwa zvekudzivirirwa kwenyika.
Baran kuRAND akange asina simba kana mvumo yekuita chero chinhu. Basa rake raive rekuongorora nekuongorora chete, uye raigona kushandiswa pakudzivirira kana zvichidiwa. Muna 1965, RAND yakakurudzira hurongwa hwake kuAir Force, iyo yakabvuma kuti chirongwa chacho chaigona kushanda. Asi kuita kwayo kwakawira pamapfudzi eDefence Communications Agency, uye ivo havana kunyanya kunzwisisa kutaurirana kwedhijitari. Baran akatendeudzira vakuru vake veRAND kuti zvingave nani kubvisa chikumbiro ichi pane kuchitendera kuti chiitwe zvakadaro uye kukanganisa mukurumbira wekufambiswa kwemashoko edhijitari.
Davis, semukuru weNPL, aive nesimba rakawanda kupfuura Baran, asi bhajeti rakaomarara kupfuura ARPA, uye akange asina yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa magariro uye tekinoroji network yemakomputa ekutsvagisa. Akakwanisa kugadzira prototype yepakiti-yakachinja network (paingova node imwe chete asi materminals mazhinji) paNPL mukupera kwema1960, aine bhajeti rine mwero weΒ£120 mumakore matatu. ARPANET yakashandisa inenge hafu yemari iyi pagore pakushanda nekugadzirisa pane imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzakawanda dzenetiweki, kusasanganisa mari yekutanga muhardware nesoftware. Sangano rinokwanisa kugadzira network yakakura yeBritish packet-switching network yaive yeBritish Post Office, iyo yaitarisira nharembozha munyika, kunze kweiyo postal service pachayo. Davis akakwanisa kufarira vakuru vakuru vane simba nemafungiro ake edhijitari network yakabatana pachiyero chenyika, asi haana kukwanisa kushandura mafambiro ehurongwa hwakakura kudaro.
Licklider, kuburikidza nemusanganiswa werombo uye kuronga, akawana yakakwana greenhouse uko yake intergalactic network yaigona kubudirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, hazvigone kutaurwa kuti zvese kunze kwekuchinja kwepakeji zvakauya kumari. Kuitwa kwepfungwa kwakabatsirawo. Zvakare, zvimwe zvakati wandei zvakakosha dhizaini sarudzo dzakaumba mweya weARPANET. Naizvozvo, chinotevera tichatarisa kuti mutoro wakagoverwa sei pakati pemakomputa akatumira uye akagamuchira meseji, uye netiweki yavakatumira mameseji aya.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
- Janet Abbate, Kugadzira Indaneti (1999)
- Katie Hafner naMatthew Lyon, uko Varoyi Vanogara Kunononoka (1996)
- Leonard Kleinrock, "Nhoroondo Yokutanga yeInternet," IEEE Communications Magazine (Nyamavhuvhu 2010)
- Arthur Norberg naJulie O'Neill, Kushandura Computer Technology: Information Processing yePentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider uye Revolution Yakaita Computing Personal (2001)
Source: www.habr.com