Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Kushandisa ARPANET Robert Taylor naLarry Roberts akawanda akasiyana masangano ekutsvagisa, imwe neimwe yaive nekombuta yayo, yesoftware uye hardware iyo yakatakura mutoro wakazara. Nekudaro, iyo software uye hardware yetiweki pachayo yaive munzvimbo ine mhute yepakati, uye yakanga isiri yeimwe yenzvimbo idzi. Munguva kubva ku1967 kusvika ku1968, Roberts, mukuru weInformation Processing Technology Office (IPTO) network project, aifanira kuona kuti ndiani anofanira kuvaka nekuchengetedza network, uye kuti miganhu pakati petiweki nemasangano inofanira kurara kupi.
Vanyengeri
Dambudziko rekugadzirisa network raive rezvematongerwo enyika sezvazvaive zvehunyanzvi. Vatungamiri vekutsvagisa veARPA kazhinji vaisatendera zano reARPANET. Vamwe vakaratidza zvakajeka kusada kujoina network chero nguva; vashoma vavo vaiva nechido. Nzvimbo yega yega yaizofanira kuita nhamburiko huru kubvumidza vamwe kushandisa komputa yavo inodhura zvakanyanya uye isingawanzo. Iyi gadziriro yekuwana yakaratidza kuipa kwakajeka (kurasikirwa kwechinhu chakakosha), nepo mabhenefiti ayo anogona kuramba asina kujeka uye asina kujeka.
Kusatenda kumwe chete pamusoro pekugovaniswa kuwana zviwanikwa kwakanyudza chirongwa cheUCLA networking makore mashoma apfuura. Zvisinei, munyaya iyi, ARPA yakanga ine simba rakawanda, sezvo yaibhadhara zvakananga kune zvose izvi zvakakosha zviwanikwa zvekombuta, uye yakaramba iine ruoko mukufamba kwese kwemari yezvirongwa zvekutsvaga. Uye kunyangwe pasina kutyisidzira kwakananga kwakaitwa, hapana "kana zvimwe" yakataurwa, mamiriro acho aive akajeka - neimwe nzira, ARPA yaizovaka network yayo kubatanidza michina iyo, mukuita, ichiri yayo.
Nguva yacho yakauya pamusangano wevatungamiri vezvesayenzi paAtt Arbor, Michigan, muchirimo che 1967. Roberts akapa chirongwa chake chekugadzira network inobatanidza makombiyuta akasiyana-siyana pane imwe neimwe yenzvimbo. Akazivisa kuti mukuru wega wega aizopa komputa yake yemuno ine yakakosha networking software, iyo yaaizoshandisa kufonera mamwe makomputa panharembozha (izvi zvakaitika Roberts asati aziva nezvepfungwa iyi. ) Mhinduro yaive gakava uye kutya. Pakati pevasina kuda kuita zano iri paive nenzvimbo hombe dzaive dzave kushanda pamapurojekiti makuru anotsigirwa neIPTO, iyo MIT yaive iyo huru. Vatsvagiri veMIT, vakanyura nemari kubva kuProjekti yavo yeMAC yekugovana nguva uye yekugadzira njere lab, havana kuona pundutso mukugovana zviwanikwa zvavo zvavakawana zvakaoma neWestern riffraff.
Uye, pasinei nechimiro chayo, muzinda wega wega waikoshesa pfungwa dzayo. Imwe neimwe yaive neyayo yakasarudzika software nemidziyo, uye zvaive zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti vaigona sei kutanga kutaurirana kwekutanga, ndoda kushanda pamwe chete. Kungonyora nekumhanyisa network zvirongwa zvemuchina wavo zvinotora yakakosha nguva yavo uye zviwanikwa zvekombuta.
Zvaishamisa asi zvakare zvinoshamisa zvakakodzera kuti mhinduro yaRoberts kune aya matambudziko emagariro uye ehunyanzvi yakabva kuna Wes Clark, murume aisafarira zvese kugovana nguva uye network. Clark, mutsigiri wepfungwa yequixotic yekupa munhu wese komputa yega, akange asina chinangwa chekugovana zviwanikwa zvekombuta nemumwe munhu, uye akachengeta kambasi yake, Washington University muSt. Naizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti ndiye akagadzira dhizaini yetiweki, iyo isingawedzeri yakakosha kune komputa zviwanikwa zveimwe neimwe yenzvimbo, uye haidi kuti mumwe nemumwe wavo ashandise simba mukugadzira yakakosha software.
Clark akaronga kuisa mini-kombuta mune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo kuti ibate mabasa ese ane chekuita netiweki. Nzvimbo yega yega yaingofanirwa kuona kuti yekubatanidza sei kumubatsiri wayo wepanzvimbo (iyo yakazonzi interface meseji processors, kana ), iyo yakabva yatumira meseji nenzira kwayo kuti isvike paIMP yakakodzera panzvimbo yekugamuchira. Chaizvoizvo, akakurudzira kuti ARPA igovere mamwe makomputa emahara kunzvimbo yega yega, iyo yaizotora yakawanda yezviwanikwa zvetiweki. Panguva iyo makomputa akange achiri mashoma uye achidhura zvakanyanya, chikumbiro ichi chaive nehushingi. Nekudaro, ipapo, madiki macomputer akatanga kuoneka aidhura makumi ezviuru zvemadhora chete, pachinzvimbo chemazana akati wandei, uye pakupedzisira zano racho rakazove rinogoneka mumusimboti (IMP yega yega yakaguma inodhura madhora zviuru makumi mana nezvishanu, kana madhora zviuru mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemazana mana. mari yanhasi).
Maitiro eIMP, uku achidzikisa kushushikana kwevatungamiriri vesainzi nezve network pasimba ravo rekombuta, yakagadzirisawo rimwe dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika reARPA. Kusiyana nemamwe mapurojekiti esangano panguva iyoyo, network haina kuganhurirwa kune imwe nzvimbo yekutsvagisa, iyo yaizofambiswa nemukuru mumwe chete. Uye ARPA pachayo yakanga isina hunyanzvi hwekuzvimiririra kugadzira uye kubata yakakura-chiyero tekinoroji chirongwa. Aizofanira kuhaya makambani ekunze kuti aite izvi. Kuvapo kweIMP kwakagadzira kupatsanurwa kwakajeka kwemutoro pakati pe network inotungamirwa nemumiriri wekunze uye komputa inodzorwa munharaunda. Kondirakiti yaizodzora maIMP nezvose zviri pakati, uye nzvimbo dzaizoramba dzichitarisira hardware uye software pamakomputa avo.
IMP
Roberts akabva atoda kusarudza kontrakta iyeye. Maitiro echinyakare aLicklider ekunyengerera chikumbiro kubva kune waanofarira muongorori haana kushanda mune iyi nyaya. Chirongwa ichi chaifanira kuiswa muokisheni yeruzhinji semamwe makondirakiti ehurumende.
Yakanga isati yasvika muna July 1968 apo Roberts akakwanisa kuisa kunze kwekupedzisira kwekutsvaga. Inenge mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura kubvira pakatanga tekinoroji chidimbu chepuzzle panzvimbo pakaziviswa packet switching system pamusangano muGatlinburg. Vaviri vevagadziri vemakomputa makuru, Control Data Corporation (CDC) neInternational Business Machines (IBM), vakabva varamba kutora chikamu nekuti vaive vasina madiki madiki anokodzera basa reIMP.
Honeywell DDP-516
Pakati pevakasara vatori vechikamu, vazhinji vakasarudza komputa itsva kubva kuHoneywell, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vaifarira . Sarudzo yaHoneywell yainyanya kuyevedza nekuti yaive neI/O interface yakanyatso kugadzirirwa chaiyo-nguva masisitimu ekushandisa akadai sekutonga kwemaindasitiri. Kukurukurirana, hongu, kwaidawo kurongeka kwakakodzera - kana komputa yakapotsa meseji yaipinda ichiri mubishi nerimwe basa, pakanga pasina mukana wechipiri wekuibata.
Pakupera kwegore, anyatsofunga Raytheon, Roberts akapa basa iri kukambani inokura yeCambridge yakavambwa naBolt, Beranek naNewman. Muti wemhuri wekudyidzana komputa yaive panguva ino yakadzika midzi, uye Roberts aigona kupomerwa zviri nyore nepotism yekusarudza BBN. Licklider akaunza interactive computing kuBBN asati ava mutungamiriri wekutanga weIPTO, achidyara mhodzi dzeintergalactic network uye kudzidzisa vanhu vakaita saRoberts. Pasina pesvedzero yaLeake, ARPA neBBN vangadai vasina kufarira kana kukwanisa kushandira chirongwa cheARPANET. Zvakare, chikamu chakakosha chechikwata chakaunganidzwa neBBN kuvaka iyo IMP-based network yakauya zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga kubva kuLincoln Labs: Frank Hart (mutungamiri wechikwata), Dave Walden, uye North Ornstein. Makanga muri mumarabhoritari umo Roberts pachake akapinda chikoro chevakapedza kudzidza, uye ndipo apo mukana waLeake kusangana naWes Clark wakamutsa kufarira kwake makomputa anodyidzana.
Asi kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu angave akaita sekubatana, chaizvoizvo boka reBBN rakanga rakanyatsokodzera kushanda kwenguva chaiyo seHoneywell 516. PaLincoln, vaishanda pamakombiyuta akabatanidzwa kune radar systems - mumwe muenzaniso wekushanda umo iyo data haimiriri kusvikira komputa yagadzirira. Hart, semuenzaniso, akashanda pakombuta yeWhirlwind semudzidzi muma1950s, akabatana nechirongwa cheSAGE, uye akapedza makore gumi nemashanu ari paLincoln Laboratories. Ornstein akashanda paSAGE cross-protocol, iyo yakaendesa data rekutevera radar kubva kune imwe komputa kuenda kune imwe, uye gare gare paWes Clark's LINC, komputa yakagadzirirwa kubatsira masayendisiti kushanda zvakananga murabhoritari ine data online. Crowther, iye zvino anozivikanwa semunyori wemutambo wemavara , akapedza makore gumi achivaka masisitimu chaiwo-nguva, kusanganisira Lincoln Terminal Experiment, nhare yesatellite yekutaurirana nekombuta diki yaidzora antenna uye kugadzirisa masaini aiuya.
IMP timu kuBBN. Frank Hart ndiye murume ari panzvimbo yepamusoro. Ornstein akamira pamucheto wekurudyi, padivi peCrowther.
IMP yaive nebasa rekunzwisisa nekugadzirisa mafambiro uye kutumira mameseji kubva kune imwe komputa kuenda kune imwe. Komputa yaigona kutumira mabhayiti anosvika 8000 panguva kuIMP yeko, pamwe chete nekero yekuenda. Iyo IMP yakabva yacheka meseji mumapaketi madiki akafambiswa akazvimiririra kune yakananga IMP pamusoro pe50-kbps mitsetse yakarejeswa kubva kuAT&T. Iyo IMP inogashira yakabatanidza meseji ndokuiendesa kune komputa yayo. Imwe neimwe IMP yaichengeta tafura yaichengeta mucherechedzo wekuti ndeupi wevavakidzani vayo aive nenzira inokurumidza kusvika kune chero chinangwa chinobvira. Yakagadziridzwa zvine simba zvichienderana neruzivo rwakagamuchirwa kubva kuvavakidzani ava, kusanganisira ruzivo rwekuti muvakidzani akanga asingasvikike (apo kunonoka kutumira nenzira iyoyo kwakaonekwa kusingagumi). Kuti isangane nekumhanya kwaRoberts uye kubuditsa zvinodiwa kune zvese izvi kugadzirisa, timu yaHart yakagadzira art-level kodhi. Chirongwa chese chekugadzirisa cheIMP chaingotora zviuru gumi nezviviri chete; chikamu chaibata nematafura ekufambisa chaitora mazana matatu chete.
Chikwata ichi zvakare chakatora matanho ekuzvidzivirira, zvichipihwa kuti zvaive zvisingaite kutsaurira timu yekutsigira kune yega yega IMP mumunda.
Chekutanga, vakapa komputa imwe neimwe michina yekutarisa kure uye kutonga. Pamusoro pekutangazve otomatiki kwakatanga mushure mekudzima kwega kwega, maIMP akarongwa kuti akwanise kutangisa vavakidzani nekuvatumira shanduro itsva dzesoftware yekushandisa. Kubatsira nekugadzirisa uye kuongorora, IMP inogona, pakuraira, kutanga kutora mafoto emamiriro ayo aripo nguva nenguva. Zvakare, yega yega IMP package yakanamatira chikamu kuitevera, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kunyora akadzama matanda ebasa. Nekugona kwese uku, matambudziko mazhinji anogona kugadziriswa zvakananga kubva kuhofisi yeBBN, iyo yakashanda senzvimbo yekudzora kubva kwaigona kuonekwa chimiro chetiweki yese.
Chechipiri, vakakumbira vhezheni yemauto ye516 kubva kuHoneywell, yakashongedzerwa nekesi gobvu kuti idzivirire kubva pakudengenyeka uye kumwe kutyisidzira. BBN yaida kuti ive chiratidzo chekuti "gara kure" kune vadzidzi vane ruzivo, asi hapana chaitsanangura muganho pakati pemakomputa emunharaunda neBBN-run subnet senge shell iyi ine zvombo.
Makabati ekutanga akasimbiswa, anenge saizi yefiriji, akasvika panzvimbo paUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) musi waNyamavhuvhu 30, 1969, mwedzi misere chete mushure mekunge BBN yawana kondirakiti yayo.
Hosts
Roberts akafunga kutanga mambure nemauto mana-kuwedzera kune UCLA, IMP yaizoiswa kumahombekombe kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Santa Barbara (UCSB), imwe kuStanford Research Institute (SRI) kuchamhembe kweCalifornia, uye. wekupedzisira paYunivhesiti yeUtah. Aya ese aive echipiri-chikamu masangano kubva kuWest Coast, vachiedza neimwe nzira kuzviratidza mumunda wesainzi komputa. Zvisungo zvemhuri zvakaramba zvichishanda sevaviri vevatariri vesainzi, kubva kuUCLA uye kubva kuYunivhesiti yeUtah, vaivewo vashandi vekare vaRoberts kuLincoln Laboratories.
Roberts akapa mauto maviri mamwe mabasa ane chekuita netiweki. Kare muna 1967, Doug Englebart weSRI akazvipira kumisa network network information centre pamusangano wehutungamiriri. Achishandisa SRI's sophisticated information retrieval system, akatanga kugadzira iyo ARPANET dhairekitori: yakarongeka muunganidzwa weruzivo pane zvese zviwanikwa zviripo pane dzakasiyana node, uye kuita kuti iwanikwe kune wese ari pamambure. Tichipihwa hunyanzvi hwaKleinrock mukuongorora traffic network, Roberts akagadza UCLA senzvimbo yekuyera network (NMC). Kune Kleinrock uye UCLA, ARPANET yakanga yakarongedzerwa kuti ive kwete chete chishandiso chinoshanda, asiwo kuyedza kubva iyo data yaigona kutorwa uye kuunganidzwa kuitira kuti ruzivo rwakawanikwa rugone kushandiswa kuvandudza network dhizaini uye vatevedzeri vayo.
Asi chakanyanya kukosha mukusimudzira ARPANET pane kugadzwa kuviri uku yaive nharaunda isina kurongeka uye yakasununguka yevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza inonzi Network Working Group (NWG). Subnet kubva kuIMP yakabvumira chero muenzi panetiweki kuti aendese meseji zvakavimbika kune chero imwe; Chinangwa cheNWG chaive chekugadzira mutauro wakafanana kana seti yemitauro inogona kushandiswa nevagamuchiri kutaurirana. Vakadzidaidza kuti "host protocols." Iro zita rekuti "protocol," rakakweretwa kubva kuvamiriri, rakatanga kushandiswa kune network muna 1965 naRoberts naTom Marill kutsanangura ese mafomati yedata uye matanho ealgorithmic anoona kuti makomputa maviri anotaurirana sei.
Iyo NWG, pasi pehutungamiriri husina kurongeka asi hunoshanda hwaSteve Crocker weUCLA, yakatanga kusangana nguva nenguva muchirimo cha1969, ingangoita mwedzi mitanhatu isati yatanga IMP. Akazvarwa uye akakurira munharaunda yeLos Angeles, Crocker akaenda kuVan Nuys High School uye aive zera rimwe chete nevaaizoshanda navo mubhendi reNWG, Vint Cerf naJon Postel. Kuti anyore mhedzisiro yeimwe yemisangano yeboka, Crocker akagadzira imwe yekona yeARPANET tsika (uye yeramangwana Internet), chikumbiro chekutaura [kushanda chikumbiro] () RFC 1 yake, yakaburitswa muna Kubvumbi 7, 1969, uye yakagoverwa kune ese emangwana ARPANET node kuburikidza netsamba yekare, yakaunganidza hurukuro dzekutanga dzeboka nezve host protocol software dhizaini. MuRFC 3, Crocker akaenderera mberi nerondedzero, achinyatso kutsanangura maitiro ekugadzira kune ese emangwana maRFC:
Zviri nani kutumira mhinduro nenguva pane kuita kuti dzive dzakakwana. Maonero ehuzivi asina mienzaniso kana zvimwewo, zvirevo zvakananga kana matekinoroji ekuita pasina tsananguro yekusuma kana tsananguro yemamiriro ezvinhu, mibvunzo chaiyo pasina kuedza kuipindura inogamuchirwa. Hurefu hudiki hwenoti kubva kuNWG mutsara mumwechete. Tinotarisira kufambisa nhaurirano nenhaurirano pamazano asina kurongeka.
Sechikumbiro chekotesheni (RFQ), nzira yakajairwa yekukumbira mabhidhi pazvibvumirano zvehurumende, RFC yakagamuchira mhinduro, asi kusiyana neRFQ, yakakokawo nhaurirano. Chero ani ari munharaunda yakagoverwa yeNWG anogona kuendesa RFC, uye oshandisa mukana uyu kuita nharo, kubvunza, kana kushoropodza chikumbiro chakapfuura. Chokwadika, somunzanga ipi neipi, mamwe mirangariro aikosheswa kupfuura mamwe, uye mumazuva okutanga mirangariro yaCrocker neboka rake guru revasonganiri yakatakura chiremera chikuru zvikuru. Muna Chikunguru 1971, Crocker akasiya UCLA achiri mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza kuti atore chinzvimbo semaneja wechirongwa kuIPTO. Nezvipo zvakakosha zvekutsvagisa kubva kuARPA zvaainazvo, iye, nekuziva kana nekusaziva, aive nesimba risingarambike.
Jon Postel, Steve Crocker naVint Cerf vaunodzidza navo uye vaunoshanda navo paNWG; makore akatevera
Hurongwa hwekutanga hweNWG hwaida maprotocol maviri. Remote login (telnet) yakabvumira imwe komputa kuita senge terminal yakabatana neiyo inoshanda sisitimu yeimwe, ichiwedzera nharaunda yekudyidzana yechero ARPANET-yakabatana system nenguva ichigovana zviuru zvemakiromita kune chero mushandisi pane network. Iyo FTP faira yekufambisa protocol yakabvumira komputa imwe kuendesa faira, senge chirongwa chinobatsira kana seti yedata, kuenda kana kubva kuchengetedzo yeimwe system. Nekudaro, pakusimbirira kwaRoberts, NWG yakawedzera chetatu chiri pasi peprotocol kuti itsigire izvi zviviri, kusimbisa hukama pakati pevatambi vaviri. Yakanzi Network Control Program (NCP). Iyo network ikozvino yaive nematatu akaturikidzana ekubvisa - packet subnet inotungamirwa neIMP pazasi chaipo, host-to-host communication inopihwa neNCP pakati, uye application protocol (FTP uye telnet) kumusoro.
Kukundikana?
Yakanga isiri kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 1971 iyo NCP yakatsanangurwa zvizere uye yakashandiswa mukati metiweki, iyo panguva iyoyo yaive negumi neshanu node. Kuitwa kwe telnet protocol kwakakurumidza kutevera, uye tsanangudzo yekutanga yakagadzikana yeFTP yakaonekwa gore rakatevera, muzhizha ra 1972. Kana tikaongorora mamiriro eARPANET panguva iyoyo, makore mashomanana mushure mokunge yatangwa, inogona kuva. akafunga kukundikana kana achienzaniswa nehope dzekuparadzanisa zviwanikwa izvo Licklider akafungidzira uye akaiswa mukuita neprotegΓ© yake, Robert Taylor.
Kutanga, zvakangooma kufunga kuti ndezvipi zviwanikwa zviripo online zvataigona kushandisa. Iyo network's information Center yakashandisa yekuzvidira kutora chikamu modhi - imwe neimwe node yaifanira kupa ruzivo rwakagadziridzwa nezve kuwanikwa kwedata uye zvirongwa. Nepo munhu wese aizobatsirwa nekuita kwakadai, pakanga pasina kurudziro kumunhu chero upi zvake kuti ashambadze kana kupa mukana kune zviwanikwa zvayo, ndoda kupa zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano kana zano. Naizvozvo, NIC yatadza kuve dhairekitori repamhepo. Zvichida basa rayo rakanyanya kukosha mumakore ekutanga raive rekupa zvemagetsi kutambira seti iri kukura yeRFCs.
Kunyangwe, toti, Alice anobva kuUCLA aiziva nezve kuvapo kwechinhu chinobatsira paMIT, chipingamupinyi chakakomba chakaonekwa. Telnet yakabvumira Alice kuti asvike kuMIT yekupinda skrini, asi kwete mberi. Kuti Alice anyatsowana chirongwa kuMIT, aifanira kutanga ataurirana neMIT kuti vamugadzirire account pakombuta yavo, iyo yaiwanzoda kuzadza mafomu emapepa kumasangano ese uye chibvumirano chekubhadhara mari. kushandiswa kweMIT komputa zviwanikwa. Uye nekuda kwekusawirirana pakati pehardware uye system software pakati penodhi, kuendesa mafaera kazhinji kwaisaita zvine musoro sezvo usingakwanise kumhanyisa zvirongwa kubva kumakomputa ari kure pane ako.
Sezvineiwo, budiriro yakakosha yekugovana zviwanikwa haisi munzvimbo yekudyidzana nguva yekugovana iyo ARPANET yakagadzirwa, asi munzvimbo yechinyakare isiri-inopindirana data data. UCLA yakawedzera isina basa IBM 360/91 batch processing machine kunetiweki uye yakapa kubvunzana parunhare kutsigira vashandisi vari kure, ichiunza mari yakakosha kunzvimbo yekombuta. Iyo ARPA-inotsigirwa neILLIAC IV supercomputer paYunivhesiti yeIllinois uye Datacomputer paComputer Corporation yeAmerica muCambridge yakawanawo vatengi vari kure kuburikidza neARPANET.
Asi mapurojekiti ese aya haana kusvika pedyo nekushandisa zvizere network. Mukudonha kwa1971, nemauto gumi neshanu pamhepo, network yese yaifambisa avhareji ye15 miriyoni bits pa node, kana 45 bps pamusoro petiweki ye520 bps akarenda mitsetse kubva kuAT&T. Zvakare, yakawanda yeiyi traffic yaive test traffic, yakagadzirwa netiweki kuyerwa nzvimbo paUCLA. Kunze kwekufarira kwevamwe vashandisi vepakutanga (saSteve Cara, mushandisi wemazuva ese wePDP-50 paYunivhesiti yeUtah muPalo Alto), zvishoma zvakaitika paARPANET. Kubva pamaonero echimanjemanje, pamwe budiriro inonakidza yaive kutangwa kweiyo Project Guttenberg digital library muna Zvita 000, yakarongwa naMichael Hart, mudzidzi paUniversity yeIllinois.
Asi munguva pfupi ARPANET yakaponeswa kubva pakupomerwa kwekuora nechitatu application protocol - chinhu chidiki chinonzi email.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
β’ Janet Abbate, Kugadzira Indaneti (1999)
β’ Katie Hafner naMatthew Lyon, Ikoko Varoyi Vanogara Kunononoka: Mavambo eInternet (1996)
Source: www.habr.com